CHAPTER 24Section 2

CLASH OF PHILOSOPHIESConservative- wealthy property owners and nobility; want to keep traditional monarchies of Europe

Liberal- middle-class business leaders and merchants; want to give more power to elected parliaments (only educated and landowners can vote

Radical- want drastic change to give democracy to all people; believe governments should practice liberty, equality, and brotherhood

NATIONALISM DEVELOPS

Nationalism emerges- people's greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

Mostly radicals and liberals were nationalists

Nation-state defends a nations territory and way of life

1815- only France, England, and Spain are considered nation-states

NATIONALISTS CHALLENGE CONSERVATIVE POWER

Greeks were first to win self-rule

Part of Ottoman Empire until their rebellion in 1821

Ottomans controlled the Balkan territory (Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia)

GREEKS GAIN INDEPENDENCE

Most powerful European governments opposed revolution, but Greek independence was popular around the world

1827- British, French, and Russian fleets helped Greece to destroy the Ottomans at the Battle of Navarino

1830- Britain, France, Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece

1830S UPRISINGS CRUSHED

Liberals and nationalists were revolting against conservative government's

October 1830- Belgians declare independence from the Dutch

Italy worked to unite, but Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order

Polish, under the control of Russia, revolt

Took one year, but Russians finally overpowered the Poles

1848 REVOLUTIONS FAIL TO UNITEAngry mob in Vienna, Austria clashed with Police

Metternich resigned and liberal uprisings erupted

Revolutionaries failed to unite themselves, thus allowing conservatives to regain control

RADICALS CHANGE FRANCE1830- King Charles X tried to return to absolute monarchy

Riots erupted around the country, and Charles flees to Great Britain

Louis-Philippe replaces Charles X

THE THIRD REPUBLIC1848- Louis-Philippe resigned after reigning for 18 years

A Paris mob overturns the monarchy and makes France a republic

Radicals had two different views:

One group wanted only political reform

The other wanted political, social, and economic reform

Their differences caused bloody battles, thus causing people to move away from radicalism

1848- constitution created with a parliament and president elected by the people

FRANCE ACCEPTS STRONG RULER

December 1848- Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew) becomes president

1852- becomes Emperor Napoleon III

The people were weary of instability, but welcomed a ruler who would bring peace to France

He built railroads, pushed for industrialization, and public works

Unemployment rate decreases

REFORM IN RUSSIASerfs were bound to Nobles who had unlimited power over them

Citizens wanted to free the serfs but the czars were afraid to upset nobles and lose their support

1853- Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over Ottoman Empire

Russian army didn't have proper supplies

1856- lost war against France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottomans

Alexander II moved Russia toward modernization

REFORM AND REACTION

1861- decree to free serfs

Instead of giving land to individual peasants, the entire peasant community received half of the farmland in the country and had 49 years to pay the debt off

Serfs are now legally free, but have debts to pay

1881-Alexander II assassinated by terrorists

Alexander III takes over

Encourages industrial development to expand power

Nationalism was a major force behind Russia's drive toward industrial expansion