Chapter 24 / Sections II and III: Pages 566-Chapter 24 / Sections II and III: Pages 566-575575

Imperialism Divides AfricaImperialism Divides AfricaBritish Imperialism in IndiaBritish Imperialism in India

Chapter 24 / Sections II and III: Pages 566-Chapter 24 / Sections II and III: Pages 566-575575

Imperialism Divides AfricaImperialism Divides AfricaBritish Imperialism in IndiaBritish Imperialism in India

This section is about:This section is about: Early European exploration Early European exploration

and colonization of Africa.and colonization of Africa. How European nations How European nations

established established ““spheres of spheres of influenceinfluence”” in Africa in Africa

How India became the How India became the most important overseas most important overseas possession of the British possession of the British Empire.Empire.

Why feelings of nationalism Why feelings of nationalism grew in the opening years grew in the opening years of the twentieth century.of the twentieth century.

(We(We’’re going through 2 sections at once re going through 2 sections at once today)today)

Imperialism in Africa and India Imperialism in Africa and India

Remember what Remember what Imperialism means: a Imperialism means: a process where one nation process where one nation gets political, social, and gets political, social, and economic control over economic control over another nation.another nation.

Imperialism in Africa and Imperialism in Africa and Asia have some Asia have some similarities.similarities.

Africa in the Nineteenth Africa in the Nineteenth CenturyCentury

When Europe first showed an When Europe first showed an interest in Africa, it was usually interest in Africa, it was usually about their coastline and their about their coastline and their ports (Henry the Navigator).ports (Henry the Navigator).

In the late 1800In the late 1800’’s, British s, British explorer Henry Morton Stanley explorer Henry Morton Stanley was given an assignment: to was given an assignment: to look for Dr. look for Dr. David LivingstoneDavid Livingstone (a Scottish (a Scottish medical missionarymedical missionary).).

Livingstone had been exploring Livingstone had been exploring Africa and looking for the Africa and looking for the source of the Nile River.source of the Nile River.

He also might have been the He also might have been the first European to see the first European to see the Kalahari Desert, the Zambezi Kalahari Desert, the Zambezi River, and Victoria Falls.River, and Victoria Falls.

…………………………………………....

Livingstone died in Africa in Livingstone died in Africa in 1873 (after spending 30 1873 (after spending 30 years there).years there).

H.M. StanleyH.M. Stanley went back a went back a second time, but was more second time, but was more interested in making a profit.interested in making a profit.

He made treaties with local He made treaties with local chiefs and set up a company chiefs and set up a company to produce raw rubber (in to produce raw rubber (in the Congo).the Congo).

This was the start of using This was the start of using African lands for direct African lands for direct profit.profit.

Since Africa had no official Since Africa had no official kingdoms, boundaries, or kingdoms, boundaries, or frontiers, it seemed like it frontiers, it seemed like it was open to a new phase of was open to a new phase of Yankee Imperialism.Yankee Imperialism.

Statue commemorating the Congregationalist missionary, explorer of Africa and enemy of slavery who became the popular hero of an entire late-Victorian generation. The statue was proposed in 1874, a year after reports arrived of Livingstone's death in Zambia. He shares the plinth with the lion he shot in Mabotsa. Savaged by the enraged animal before it was brought down by a spear, Livingstone lost the effective use of his left arm which was crushed; but his right arm retains the power to extend the Bible.

Livingstone and his tools

Soon, a conference was set Soon, a conference was set up in Europe (The Berlin up in Europe (The Berlin Conf.).Conf.).

It was decided any country It was decided any country that had claims along the that had claims along the coast, also could claim the coast, also could claim the land further in from their land further in from their ports.ports.

But it was also decided that But it was also decided that all nations had the right to all nations had the right to conduct business in Africa. conduct business in Africa.

By 1900, there was soon an By 1900, there was soon an explosion of colonies being explosion of colonies being set up in Africa.set up in Africa.

Many of AfricaMany of Africa’’s unique s unique products brought great products brought great rewards (ivory, rubber, gold, rewards (ivory, rubber, gold, diamonds, etc…).diamonds, etc…).

Africa became known for itAfrica became known for it’’s s mystery, the greed of the mystery, the greed of the Europeans, and the growth of Europeans, and the growth of imperialism.imperialism.

Egypt was a place with important Egypt was a place with important cotton resources.cotton resources.

It became even more important It became even more important when the Suez Canal was when the Suez Canal was completed in 1869.completed in 1869.

Great Britain wanted to control Great Britain wanted to control the canal and eventually did, the canal and eventually did, making Egypt a making Egypt a British British protectorateprotectorate..

So the French took over Algeria So the French took over Algeria (next to Egypt – and then Tunisia (next to Egypt – and then Tunisia and Morocco, and then West and Morocco, and then West Africa and then Central Africa).Africa and then Central Africa).

France claimed the area as part France claimed the area as part of the of the ““sphere of influencesphere of influence..””

France eventually controlled an France eventually controlled an area of Africa bigger than the size area of Africa bigger than the size of the U.S.of the U.S.

And, south of the Sahara: well – And, south of the Sahara: well – itit’’s easier just to look at a s easier just to look at a mapmap..

………………………………………………....

European Influence on AfricaEuropean Influence on Africa

Controlling IndiaControlling India

IndiaIndia’’s been a “place” s been a “place” throughout history, but had throughout history, but had never been very unified: never been very unified: with 16 major languages with 16 major languages (hundreds of dialects), (hundreds of dialects), people worshipping 6 major people worshipping 6 major religions, and many regional religions, and many regional ““statesstates”” each ruled by a each ruled by a separate prince.separate prince.

The Dutch, the Mughals The Dutch, the Mughals (Akbar), and the British had (Akbar), and the British had business there from time to business there from time to time – the British controlling time – the British controlling some of the biggest cities.some of the biggest cities.

The British East India The British East India Company eventually took Company eventually took control of the area.control of the area.

The British East India The British East India Company started Company started ““doing their own thingdoing their own thing””, , so the British sent a so the British sent a ““governorgovernor”” to control to control the area.the area.

The British continued The British continued to expand their control to expand their control over the area at a time over the area at a time known as known as ““Raj.Raj.””

The British continued The British continued to try and modernize to try and modernize India's infrastructure India's infrastructure (communication and (communication and transportation), which transportation), which also helped with also helped with coordinating British coordinating British troop movements).troop movements).

The British control of India between 1757 and 1947

Lord Canning (1st)

The Jewel in the CrownThe Jewel in the Crown

India became the largest colonial India became the largest colonial territory in the world – so big it territory in the world – so big it was even called __________ of the was even called __________ of the British Empire.British Empire.

But that wasnBut that wasn’’t going to last.t going to last. Many Indians were resentful that Many Indians were resentful that

a foreign country was controlling a foreign country was controlling them.them.

80% of the army controlling them 80% of the army controlling them were sepoys: native born were sepoys: native born soldiers.soldiers.

These sepoys rebelled when they These sepoys rebelled when they heard the new bullet cartridges heard the new bullet cartridges they were using (and had to bite they were using (and had to bite the end off of) were greased up the end off of) were greased up with the fat from cows and pigs.with the fat from cows and pigs.

So?..........................So?..........................

Most Indians are Hindus Most Indians are Hindus (cows are sacred and belief (cows are sacred and belief in re-incarnation) or in re-incarnation) or Muslims (donMuslims (don’’t eat pork). t eat pork).

After a mini-revolution After a mini-revolution (which the British won), the (which the British won), the British decided to take British decided to take even more control over even more control over India.India.

Most Indians continued to Most Indians continued to feel the British didnfeel the British didn’’t t belong in India and were belong in India and were holding them back.holding them back.

One thing that helped unify One thing that helped unify the country: the British the country: the British made English the official made English the official language and gave some language and gave some Indians a chance for a Indians a chance for a ““western education.western education.””

Many Indians were still pushing Many Indians were still pushing for independence.for independence.

A group called A group called ““The Indian The Indian National CongressNational Congress”” was formed was formed to discuss the role India and the to discuss the role India and the part Great Britain played.part Great Britain played.

They would meet, but were They would meet, but were often often frustratedfrustrated because they because they didndidn’’t have the power to make t have the power to make the changes they felt were the changes they felt were needed.needed.

A few years after the Indian A few years after the Indian national Congress was founded, national Congress was founded, one Indian went to study law in one Indian went to study law in London.London.

His name: His name: Mohandas K GandhiMohandas K Gandhi.. After London, he fought for Civil After London, he fought for Civil

Rights in South Africa (for 20 Rights in South Africa (for 20 years).years).

He would eventually come back He would eventually come back to India and become to India and become their their greatest spokesperson for greatest spokesperson for Indian independence.Indian independence.