chapter 25 america moves to the city
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Chapter 25 America Moves to the City. 1865-1900. The Urban Frontier-Urbanization By 1900, the US population was 80 million (doubled the 1870 census). The population of cities tripled. The cityward drift was also occurring throughout the western world. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 25AMERICA MOVES TO THE CITY1865-1900
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The Urban Frontier-UrbanizationBy 1900, the US population was 80 million (doubled the 1870 census). The population of cities tripled. The cityward drift was also occurring throughout the western world. • 1860- no US city had 1 million inhabitants• 1890- NY, Chicago, Philadelphia= beyond 1
million• 1900- NY had 3.5 million (2nd largest city)
Effects of Urbanization 1.Skyscrapers- city growth moved out & up; less
costly to build up.• 1885- Home Insurance Building (Chicago) 1st
skyscraper (10 stories)• Electric elevator-made skyscraper’s possible• Leading designer of skyscrapers- Louis Sullivan
(Chicago) “form follows function”
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2. Mass Transit- American commuters emerge.• Horse Drawn Trolley cars-• Electric Trolley cars• “Street car Suburbs” are born= “bedroom
communities”
3. Demise of the “walking city • City limits boundaries once limited by walking distance
now expand to immense proportions= impersonal megalopolis.
• Large city divided into residential, business, & industry• Neighborhoods= segregated by race, ethnicity, & social
class
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What drew people from farms to cities?1.Industrial Jobs 2. Allure of city Life: Electricity, indoor plumbing, telephone service (50,000 in 1880 to 1 million by 1900)• Brooklyn Bridge (1883)3. Department Stores- Macy’s (NY) & Marshall Fields (Chicago)= lures urban middle class shoppers= provides jobs for urban working class (women).• Sister Carrie (1900)- by Theodore DreiserLife in the City- How did city life differ from rural life?• City dwellers produced more household waste=
urban age problem • Cultural shift away from thrift to consumerism• High Crime, poor sanitary conditions (typhoid,
cholera) • Crowded Slums- immigrants & laborers lived in
cramped tenement apartments (“Dumbbell Tenements”- 1879)• “Flophouses”- cheap rooms for the unemployed
& starved• Upward mobility was possible in cities
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Immigration – “Old Immigrants” 1850- 1870’s Immigration- 2 million immigrants came to America• mostly from the British Isles & western Europe
(Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia)• fair skinned-Anglo-Saxon & Teutonic• mostly Protestant (except for the Irish Catholics & some
German Catholics)• fairly highly literate• used to some form of democracy from the old country
The “New Immigrants” (1880’s—1910)—30 million total to the USIn the 1880’s- more than 5 million poured into the US (1882- 778,992)• mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italians,
Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, & Poles)• most worshipped in orthodox churches or synagogues • had little experience with democracy• illiterate & impoverished• most looked for jobs in cities—not move to farms in the
US • Moved into ethnic neighborhoods once in the US (Little
Italy)
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Factors that influenced Immigration• Overpopulation in Europe (nearly doubled from
1800 to 1900)
• US food imports & European industrialization= unemployed peasants
• “American Fever” – US depicted as a land of opportunity (immigrants, US businesses)
• Persecutions in Europe- 1880’s Russians persecuted their Jewish populations (mainly in Poland)= Jewish immigrants came to the US
• Jewish immigrants brought urban skills (tailoring/shop keeping)• New Immigrants-- mostly single men who
planned to work in the US & return home – “birds of passage”
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A New Birth of Reform & ImmigrantsNative born Americans were suspicious & hostile to the new immigrants. The US government did nothing to help with assimilation.• Political machines in cities stepped into the void= offer
services for votes• Religious people became alarmed at the plight of
immigrants*The Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel: churches must tackle the social issues of the day.1. Walter Rauschenbusch- pastor of a German Baptist
Church (1886); wanted to apply the lessons of Christianity in the slums.
2. Washington Gladdin- pastor of a Congregational Church (Ohio 1882).
• Sermon on the Mount- a model• Predicted that socialism was the logical outcome=
“Christian socialists”3. *Jane Addams- one of the 1st generation of college educated women; founded *Hull House ( a settlement house) –Chicago 1889• Settlement Houses- offered English classes, counseling
to help immigrants assimilate, childcare for working mothers.
• Centers of women's activism & reform 4. *Lillian Wald- Henry Street Settlement House (NY-1893)
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5. Florence Kelly- one of the women who worked at Hull House; led anti-sweatshop law for ILL. (1893).
• Socialist, spokesperson for welfare
*** Addams, Wald, & Kelly blazed a trail for women & some men= new profession of Social work.
Other offshoots of the Social Gospel Movement
The Salvation Army- founded in England; came to the US in 1879.
appeared in urban centers- appealed to down & outers free soup YMCA- religious affiliated organization; came to the US before the
Civil War.Combines physical & other types of education with religious
instructionY’s appeared in major US cities at the end of 19th century
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New Opportunities for Women more than 1 million women entered
the workforce in the decade of 1890’s
employment for wives & mothers was still taboo
black women had few opportunities-except domestic work
Economic & social independence for some women
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Nativism Emerges Again“New Immigrants” faced the same hostility as “Old
Immigrants”• Native-born Americans viewed eastern & southern
Europeans as exotic (culturally & religiously)• worried that original Anglo-Saxon stock would get
“watered down” & out voted • blamed immigrants for degradation of the cities• immigrants drove down wages• worried about ideologies: socialism, anarchism,
communism
Groups that organized to oppose immigration1. American Protective Association (APA)- (1887)- at its
height had 1 million members; urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates.
2. Organized Labor- opposed immigration.• Immigrants used as scabs, hard to unionize
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Older immigrants, trying to keep their own humble arrival in America“in the shadows” sought to close the bridge that had carried them andtheir ancestors across the Atlantic.
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The Government Responds to Nativist Demands
1. 1882- Immigration Law- banned paupers (poor), criminals, convicts
2. 1885- Law that prohibited importation of foreign workers under contract (usually for substandard wages).
• Later laws banned: prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, people carrying diseases
• 1917- a literacy test (previously vetoed by 3 presidents)3. **Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)- banned Chinese
immigration for 10 years & prevented Chinese in US from being citizens.
** 1886- the Statue of Liberty (gift from the French) placed in NY harbor:
“ Give me your tired, your poor Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore”. Emma Lazarus
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American Churches Respond to the Urban ChallengeThe size & changing character of the urban population posed challenges for the churches.• Protestant churches adversely affected: traditional
doctrines & pastoral approaches seemed outdated= loss of membership
• Many old line churches –slow to address social &
economic problems • Churches dominated by “old immigrants” & the wealthy • Catholics & Jewish faiths grew from the NEW
IMMIGRATION
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New Liberal Ideas will dominate US Protestant FAITHS 1875-1925
• adapted religious ideas to modern culture & called for reforms• rejected literalism & questioned “original sin”• active in the Social Gospel Movement & friendly to urban
revivalists (Dwight L. Moody).• wanted to mediate between labor & business, science & faith,
religious & secular• focused on earthly salvation & personal growth= attracted
followers
• 1900- Roman Catholic= largest denomination (9 million)
• 1890- 150 religious denominations
1. Church of Christ Scientists (Christian Science)- founded in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy; true practice of Christianity heals sickness.
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Charles Darwin & Christianity1859- On the Origin of the Species- by Charles Darwin; proposed
evolution-but, he was not the first.• “natural selection”- survival of the fittest.• rejected creation & other dogmas of special creations• Louis Agassiz- Harvard zoologist- held to special creations
(“intelligent design’)• **By 1875 most scientists held to organic evolution
Clergy Responds to Darwin 1. most believers & scientists rejected Darwin outright at first• After 1875- the church split into two camps:a) Conservatives- minority stood firmly in Biblical scripture &
condemned Darwin’s theory= fundamentalism of the 20th centuryb) Accommodationists- feared hostility towards evolution might
alienate educated believers • Reconciled Darwinism with Christianity
Effects of Darwinism on Religion: • loosened religious faith– promoted skepticism• relegated religious matters to personal belief, private conduct
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African –Americans• the South lagged behind in public education & blacks were most
severely affected (also segregation & voter discrimination existed)• 44% illiterate in 19001. Booker T. Washington- Southerner & ex-slave; promoter of black
education.• founded the Tuskegee Institute (Alabama)• Stressed the need for “trade” education• Education would lead to economic viability & blacks would gradually
gain equality= civil rights• Accepted segregation- in exchange for economic & educational
opportunities (“The Atlanta Compromise”)• supported by many whites- some blacks called him “Uncle Tom”• Quote p. 574
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2. *W.E.B. Dubois- (Mass) 1st African-American PHD from Harvard; demanded that the “Talented Tenth” of the black population be given full & immediate rights.• wrote The Souls of Black Folk (1903)- collection of essays in
which he criticized Booker T. Washington’s over cautious civil rights approach.
• founded the *Niagara Falls Movement which leads to NAACP (1910)
• died in exile at age 95 in Africa in 1963.
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Education- Rise in Compulsory Education• 1870’s more states make grade school education compulsory • 1880’s-1890’s- High Schools spread= 1900 (6,000 existed)• free textbooks• illiteracy rate drops– education is" birthright of every American” ** Chautauqua Movement- (1874)adult literacy, home courses,
public lectures.
Higher Education Opportunities Grew• By 1880, 1 of 3 college graduates was a woman. • women & blacks attended college (Vassar, Howard University)1. **Government Action- Morrill Act 1862- the government gave
land grants to states to support education== most were used to build state colleges (land grant colleges).
• Hatch Act- led to technical & agricultural college concentration • Hatch Act & Morrill Act= 100 new colleges 2. Private donations--1878- 1898 rich philanthropists donated $150
million to universities (University of Chicago- opened 1892; J.D. Rockefeller)
• Rockefeller died at 97 after giving $550 million!- Gospel of Wealth!!
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Transformation of Education
Rise in compulsory (mandated) education High schools- free textbooks (seen as a ‘birthright of
all Americans” Illiteracy rates dropped from 21% to 10% (1870-
1900)
Higher EducationFocus away from knowledge & morality to “objective
truth” Harvard changed motto- “For Christ & Church” to
“Truth” Offered “practical courses”/ vocational Cafeteria style course offerings- student choice Fields of concentration More medical schools (John’s Hopkins- 1st fine grad
school)
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Rise of the Public Press• Linotype (1885) invented- led to increased newspaper printing• Investment in machinery & printing plant= fear of offending advertisers &
subscribers= news features & noncontroversial stories• Penny Press- cheap papers that carried stories about sex, scandal,
murder, corruption= massive readership.• Two men capture the newspaper business:a)Joseph Pulitzer- owner of the NY World; used sensationalistic stories to
sale papers== *“Yellow Journalism” – sensationalism to sell newspapers! b)William Randolph Hearst- became a competitor of Pulitzer; owned the NY
Journal; also used yellow journalism.• Both “stooped, snooped, & scooped to conquer” Pulitzer Hearst
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ReformersAmericans also read magazines:• Harper’s, Atlantic Monthly, & the Nation• the Nation- advocated for reforms; printed stories by professors,
preachers & publicistsReform WritersWriters emerged who called for change!1. Henry George: wrote Progress and Poverty; called for a 100% tax on
wealth from profits of land ownership (single tax).2.Edward Bellamy (Mass.) 1888 published Looking Backward; a trip to the
year 2000 in the US envisions a socialistic utopia.• both books were best sellers.
Post war WritingAmericans read “dime novels” about the mythic west & “paperbacks”1. General Lewis Wallace: 1880 wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ; the
Uncle Tom’s Cabin for anti-Darwinists.2. Horatio Alger: wrote “rags to riches” novels; sold 100 million copies.
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Realist Writers1. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens): wrote Tom Sawyer (1876) & The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884).2. Stephen Crane: wrote Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) & Red Badge
of Courage (1895)3.Jack London: wrote Call of the Wild 4.Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie (1900)
The New Morality- It’s “sex o’clock in America”Victoria Woodhull: proclaimed her belief in “free love” in 1871; she & her sister published a magazine which accused Rev. Henry Ward Beecher of having affairs .Anthony Comstock- Post-master General--defender of morality; confiscated “obscene pictures”, pills, powders etc. using the “Comstock Law” after 1873. • drove 15 people to suicide** a battle was waging in late 19th century US over sexual attitudes & women’s place.Economic freedom= sexual freedom= increased divorce rates, birth control, & open discussions about sex.
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Families & Women in Cities• late 19th century dates the beginning of the “divorce revolution”
(crowded cities, separated from family)• families in cities =less children (liability)• Marriages were delayed• Women grew more independent in citiesWoman Suffrage1890- National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)- organized by militant women demanding the vote.• FOUNDERS: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Susan B. Anthony.• Excluded black women
1900- a new group of women will take up the suffrage cause:• *Carrie Chapman Catt- de-emphasized the argument that women
deserved the right to vote because they were equal to men.• stressed giving the right to vote so women can be homemakers &
wives in public world= especially in cities. Women get the right to vote in various states:a)Wyoming -1st to grant unrestricted female suffrage (1869)• Most states by 1890 permitted wives to own land or control property
after marriage.
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*Ida B. Wells: muckraking journalist wrote about lynching; inspired an anti-lynching campaign– also National Association of Colored Women (1896)
Prohibition of Alcohol• Liquor consumption had increased during the Civil War-
“demon rum”• immigrant groups hostile to restraints- working class charged 1. National Prohibition Party (1869)- gained a 2. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU- 1874)- led by more militant women; white ribbon was it’s symbol. • Frances Willard- leader • Carrie Nation: deranged- used a hatchet against saloon bottles
& bars- brought disrepute to temperance.3. Anti-Saloon League (1893)- • new states adopted “dry” laws** 1919- 18th Amendment- prohibited the sale, making, distribution, & drinking of alcohol.
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American Red Cross (1881)- Clara BartonSociety for Prevention of Cruelty American to Animals (1866)
Art, Music, EntertainmentAmericans were gaining more leisure time due to the 8 hour workday
standard= more time for amusement.A. Art 1. James Whistler (1834-1903)- portrait painter; most famous –his
mother; did much of his work abroad.2. Mary Cassatt – painted women & children while in exile in Paris
(French Impressionist). 3. Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)- realist painter.4. Winslow Homer (1836-1910)- used rugged realism- mostly ocean
scenes.B. Music5. US was assembling high quality symphonies (Boston & Chicago)• Metropolitan Opera House of NY (1883)2. Jazz, Blues, Ragtime- influenced by black spirituals & “ragged” music3. Phonograph- by 1900, 150,000 homes had one; invented by Edison.
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Thomas EakinsJames Whistler
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C. Vaudeville- variety show with music, acrobats, comedy etc.(1880’s-1890’s)• Minstrel Shows- popular in the South; black singers & dancers.
D. The Circus (P.T. Barnum & Bailey Circus) (1881)/Wild West shows E. Sports – Baseball (professional league play -1870’s), Basketball (1891) invented by James Naismith (YMCA instructor) in Mass.Football- mostly popular at college level Boxing – “Gentleman Jim Corbett” beat John L. Sullivan for world championship- 1882.
Early American Football Team