Chapter 27, Section 2:Chapter 27, Section 2:World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins

Main Idea: Japanese and German aggression plunged the world into a war that eventually

involved the United States.

Japanese Invasion

of China, 1937

Japanese Invasion

of China, 1937

A. Japan Sparks War in AsiaA. Japan Sparks War in Asia Japan began an all-out war

against China in 1937. This alarmed American

leaders, who felt it undermined the Open Door Policy, which promised equal trading rights in China.

Even though most Americans opposed Japan’s actions, isolationism prevented the US from taking any action.

B. Germany Brings War to EuropeB. Germany Brings War to Europe Hitler continued his plans to expand

Germany by reclaiming land that was lost after WWI in the Versailles Treaty.– After he built up Germany’s military &

moved troops into the Rhineland, he annexed Austria in 1938 (called the “Anschluss”).

• This was also a violation of the Treaty, and once again, no action is taken by Britain or France.

– He then claimed the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, in 1938, claiming that it should be part of Germany due to the fact that a lot of Germans were living there.

AppeasementAppeasement At the Munich Conference in 9/38,

Hitler promised Britain & France that he would seek no more land after this. To keep the peace, they agreed to his terms.– Appeasement – giving in to aggression

in order to avoid war/conflict All of these were violations of the Treaty

of Versailles from WWI, but Britain and France gave in to Hitler each time, hoping to keep the peace (appeasement).

The Ineffectiveness of the League of NationsThe Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

• No control of major conflicts.• No progress in disarmament.• No effective military force.

Soviet poster on the Munich Agreement

Germany Invades the

RhinelandMarch 7, 1936

Germany Invades the

RhinelandMarch 7, 1936

The Austrian Anschluss,

1938

The Austrian Anschluss,

1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement,

1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement,

1938

Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business

with.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

In hindsight, appeasement was a bad idea. Hitler got bolder and more powerful with each move.– He takes rest of Czechoslovakia

after the Munich Conference (after he promised not to take any more).

Invasion of PolandInvasion of Poland Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) - Hitler

& Stalin (rival dictators) agreed not to attack each other, & secretly divided up Poland & other parts of Eastern Europe.

With assurances that neither one would not interfere with the other, Hitler invades Poland on 9/1/39 (blitzkrieg – lightning war).

Meanwhile Stalin invades eastern Poland, along with Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, & Latvia, to build his defenses.

German Troops March into Warsaw

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact,

1939

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact,

1939

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

C. A Second World WarC. A Second World War Two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland,

Britain & France declare war on Germany. The Axis - Germany, Italy, Japan & 6 others. The Allies - Britain, France, the Soviet Union,

the United States, China and 45 others.Fall of FranceFall of France

Hitler's armies defeated Denmark, Norway, Holland, & Belgium quickly & easily.

The British sent troops to France to help them fight the Germans, but they too were defeated. Rescue @ Dunkirk (English Channel)

France surrendered on 6/22/40 (major shock!)Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Britain now stood alone as the only country to defend Europe (USSR & USA were not in yet).

Winston Churchill speech on 6/4/40: “We shall fight on the beaches … we shall fight in the

fields & in the streets … we shall never surrender.” Germany carpet-bombed English cities for

months, trying to force their surrender. Eventually, Hitler gave up his planned invasion of England & turned his attention elsewhere (big mistake!).

Now Britain Is All Alone!

France – False Sense of Security?

France – False Sense of Security?

France Surrenders June, 1940

France Surrenders June, 1940

Henri Petain

A Divided France

Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”British Prime Minister Winston

ChurchillBritish Prime Minister Winston

Churchill

D. The US Moves Toward WarD. The US Moves Toward WarAid to the AlliesAid to the Allies

After war broke out, FDR looked for ways to help the Allies, while staying neutral.

– The “cash-&-carry” plan allowed the US to sell weapons to the Allies, as long as they paid in advance & got them on their own ships.

– “Destroyers-for-Bases” allowed the US to give Britain 50 old ships in exchange for 99-year leases on 2 British military bases.

Prepared for WarPrepared for WarThe US increased military spending & America had the first peacetime draft in its history in 1940 (to be ready … just in case).

A Third Term for FDRA Third Term for FDRThe threat of war persuaded FDR to run for an unprecedented 3rd term as President.

– Broke the 2-term precedent set by Washington.– He received a lot of criticism from both parties.

FDR wins his third election in 1940 by defeating Republican Wendell Willkie.

– Both candidates supported sending aid to Britain without getting in the war directly.

U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1934-

1939

U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1934-

1939

Lend-LeaseLend-LeaseThe Lend-Lease Act allowed for sales or loans of war goods to “any country whose defense is vital to the defense of the U.S.”

– Basically, Britain does the fighting, we provide the weapons & supplies.

– After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in 6/41, the Lend-Lease Act was extended to also include them.

War GoalsThe Atlantic Charter was a document created by Roosevelt & Churchill that set goals for the world after the war was over.

– Pledged to support self-determination (right of all people to choose their form of government).

– Called for a “permanent system of general security” like the L o N (later called the United Nations).

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest MistakeBattle of Stalingrad:

Winter of 1942-1943Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter

Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941.

Solidifies alliance.

Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points.

Calls for League of Nations type organization.

E. War Comes to the United StatesE. War Comes to the United States Japan joined the Axis powers in 9/40.

An EmbargoAn Embargo The US stopped selling oil & scrap metal to

Japan (badly needed) unless they withdrew their armies from China & other parts of Asia.– As negotiations between them stalled, Japan

secretly planned an attack on the US.

The Tripartite PactRome-Berlin-Tokyo

Axis*The U.S. oil embargo worried Japan. Without imported oil, Japan’s industrial and military infrastructure would collapse.

Japan Attacks Pearl HarborJapan Attacks Pearl HarborAt 7:55am on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese planes seriously damaged 19 US ships, 200 planes & killed about 2,400 people in less than 2 hours @ Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

– “I fear all we have done is awaken a sleeping giant.”FDR: “A date which will live in infamy.”

– “No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory.”

The US declares war on Japan the next day; Germany and Italy then declare war on the USPearl Harbor united the nation to war.

Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

USS Arizona, Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, Pearl HarborA date which will live in A date which will live in infamy!infamy!

President Roosevelt Signs

the US Declaration of War

President Roosevelt Signs

the US Declaration of War

"A date which will live in infamy."

Pearl Harbor Memorial

Pearl Harbor Memorial