Chapter 27: The Cold War

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Student:_________________________________________________________________

1. Among the root causes of the hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II was

A) the fundamental difference between the nations’ vision of the postwar world. B) the brutality of the Soviet government toward its own people. C) the Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during World War II. D) the United States refusal to deal with the Soviet Union during the 1920s. E) all of the answers above 2. As the Allies entered the last year of World War II, all of the principles outlined by the

Atlantic Charter were strongly supported by A) Eisenhower. B) Churchill. C) Clemenceau. D) Roosevelt. E) Stalin. 3. Despite a wartime alliance, postwar Soviet-American relations deteriorated for all of the

following reasons except A) their disagreement about the political structure of postwar Europe. B) their mutual distrust of each other’s motives. C) Roosevelt’s belief that the Soviet government was inflexible and that Stalin was

unreasonable. D) Stalin’s determination to control central and eastern Europe. E) their dispute about the nature of Poland’s postwar government. 4. The Atlantic Charter outlined a vision of the postwar world that would A) set up a system of military alliances and spheres of influence. B) organize spheres of influence in international trade. C) reestablish a system vaguely similar to the traditional European balance of power. D) set up an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes. E) allow the Soviet Union to control central and eastern Europe as a buffer against

future invasions. 5. At the meeting of the Allies at Casablanca in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill A) decided to open an immediate second front in Europe to relieve pressure on the

Soviet front. B) announced that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of

the Axis powers. C) decided to invade Europe before North Africa. D) refused to listen to Stalin’s views on matters. E) chose to momentarily halt research and production of the atomic bomb.

6. Allied wartime diplomacy illustrated that A) Roosevelt and Stalin consistently joined forces against Churchill. B) the Big Three could not agree on the principle of a postwar international peace

organization. C) Roosevelt and Churchill consistently joined forces against Stalin. D) a free and united Poland was a major goal for all three nations. E) the Big Three could not settle their basic disagreements. 7. Roosevelt and Churchill had a major disagreement with Stalin at the Teheran Conference

regarding A) possible use of atomic weapons to end the war. B) the future status of Poland. C) the creation of a second front against Germany in eastern Europe. D) invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. E) the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 8. In deciding the issue of Poland at the Teheran Conference in November 1943, the Big

Three decided to A) refuse to allow the Soviets to annex any territory historically belonging to Poland. B) allow the Soviets to install a procommunist government in Poland. C) divide Poland into zones of occupation with a pro-communist government in the

eastern half and a pro-western government in the western half. D) encourage a self-determination referendum for Polish voters. E) leave the issues concerning Poland unresolved. 9. At Yalta, the Big Three agreed on all of the following issues except A) Soviet entrance into the Pacific war after Germany had been defeated. B) creation of a democratic government in Poland with equal representation of

procommunist and pro-western Poles. C) creation of a United Nations to preserve world peace after the end of the war. D) the division of Germany into four zones of occupation based on the positions of

troops at the end of the war. E) the formation of the Security Council as a way of balancing power. 10. The final agreement at Yalta concerning the future of Germany was that Germany would

be A) reconstructed and reunited but would remain under strict supervision of the Allies. B) divided in half, with East Germany controlled by the Soviets and West Germany

controlled by the United States. C) allowed to hold a binding vote regarding its preference of either capitalism or

communism. D) divided into four zones based on the position of troops at the end of the war. E) reunited and allowed to hold free elections to set up its own government. 11. When Harry Truman assumed the Presidency after Franklin Roosevelt’s death, he

believed that A) Roosevelt had kept him well informed on international issues. B) Stalin was essentially a good man who could be reasoned with. C) the Soviet Union was a backward nation that posed no threat to the United States. D) Stalin and the Soviet Union were fundamentally untrustworthy. E) the Soviet Union’s military weakness harmed its commitment to expansion.

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12. In dealing with the Soviets during his first few months in office, President Truman A) rejected the notion of “getting tough” with the Soviet Union. B) enjoyed great diplomatic leverage concerning eastern Europe. C) consented to Soviet demands for reparation payments from all zones of Germany. D) agreed to let Stalin determine the political makeup of Germany. E) chastised the Soviets for violating the Yalta agreements. 13. The historians who analyzed the Cold War offered all of the following interpretations of

its beginning except A) The Cold War resulted from the aggressive Soviet policies of expansion. B) The Cold War started because the ideologies of limited government and unlimited

government were fundamentally incompatible. C) The United States caused the Cold War by insisting that the whole world be open to

American trade and influence. D) Neither side was really to blame for the Cold War because the two most powerful

nations in the world were bound to clash. E) Both sides contributed to the basic causes of the Cold War. 14. Despite disagreement among historians concerning the origins of the Cold War, many of

them have come to accept the post-revisionist interpretation that A) both countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion that touched

off the Cold War. B) the United States initiated the Cold War when it intervened in the Bolshevik

Revolution in 1917. C) the Soviet Union was merely responding to the military aggressiveness of the United

States. D) the Soviet Union’s demand for reparations from Germany at the end of World War II

was the most obvious origin of the Cold War. E) the creation of the Warsaw Pact was an unneeded act of Soviet aggression. 15. During the struggle in China between nationalists and communists after World War II,

the United States A) continued to support Chiang Kaishek with money and weapons even when it became

clear his cause was lost. B) supported the communist leader Mao Zedong, hoping that a communist China

friendly to the United States would help stop Soviet aggression. C) supported Ho Chi Minh, a compromise leader. D) intervened militarily to put an end to the struggle. E) took a “hands off” approach by encouraging China to solve its own problems. 16. Truman’s policy of “containment” called for the United States to A) use aggressive military action to overthrow communist governments in eastern

Europe. B) support free people who were resisting communist expansion. C) return to the isolationism of the 1920s and 1930s. D) do as little as possible to maintain the fragile peace. E) cut off all foreign aid to nations outside western Europe.

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17. Above all other reasons, policy makers supported the Marshall Plan because they A) had a humanitarian concern for the European people. B) feared that Europe would remain an economic drain on the United States if not

quickly rebuilt. C) desired a strong European market for American goods. D) feared that the shaky pro-American governments in western Europe might fall under

communist control. E) worried that a revitalized Japan would threaten American trade. 18. The Marshall Plan adopted policies toward communist countries that A) excluded the Soviet Union from assistance. B) excluded the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites from assistance. C) offered assistance to the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, but they

refused. D) offered assistance to the Soviet Union and its eastern European’ satellites, and they

eagerly accepted. E) included financial aid for Japan but not the Soviet Union. 19. Reservations about the Marshall Plan by American leaders virtually ended when A) the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb. B) Nazis were discovered hiding in Argentina. C) the Chinese exploded an atomic bomb. D) there was a pro-Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia. E) Soviet troops entered the French zone of Germany. 20. The Economic Cooperation Administration was also known as the A) Truman Doctrine. B) United Nations. C) Marshall Plan. D) North Atlantic Treaty Organization. E) Security Council. 21. The Marshall Plan accomplished all of the following except A) caused a few successful pro-western coups. B) weakened communist support in member states. C) increased European industrial production. D) revived opportunities for American trade. E) sparked an economic revival in western Europe. 22. The National Security Act of 1947 contained all of the following provisions except A) creating the Atomic Energy Commission to oversee and speed atomic research. B) combining the functions of the War and Navy Departments into a new Department of

Defense. C) creating the Central Intelligence Agency. D) expanding the president’s power to pursue the nation’s international goals. E) establishing a new Department of Defense.

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23. In 1948, Stalin initiated the Berlin Blockade in response to A) the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. B) allegations that Alger Hiss was stealing and sending diplomatic secrets to the Soviet

Union. C) the launching of the Marshall Plan. D) the buildup of the American military in Japan. E) the merging of the American, British, and French zones of Germany to create a new

West German Republic. 24. The history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization involved all of the following

events except A) The members declared that an armed attack against one member would be

considered an attack on all. B) The United States Senate did not ratify the charter until a decade after the

organization was formed. C) The crisis in Berlin accelerated the formation of the organization. D) The Soviet Union responded to its formation with the creation of the Warsaw Pact. E) The members agreed to maintain a standing military force in Europe. 25. The National Security Council report resulted from all of the following events except A) the invasion of South Korea by communist North Korean forces. B) the fleeing of Chiang Kai-shek and his followers to Taiwan (Formosa). C) the victory of Mao Zedong and his communist forces in China. D) the detonation of an atomic bomb by the Soviet Union. E) the general belief by the United States that the communists were expansionist. 26. The National Security Council report represented A) an abandonment of America’s containment policy. B) a relaxation of America’s containment policy. C) an affirmation of America’s containment policy. D) a strengthening of America’s containment policy. E) a return to pre-World War II isolationism. 27. Post–World War II America exhibited all of the following economic characteristics

except A) a continuation of economic growth in the first year after the war. B) a depression after the effects of wartime spending wore off. C) several years of serious inflation. D) labor unrest and a reshuffling of the labor force. E) the rejection of Harry Truman’s first Fair Deal. 28. The strikes by the United Mine Workers and the nation’s railroads in 1946 were settled

when A) Truman invited the disagreeing parties to the White House and mediated the dispute. B) Truman either ordered or threatened government control. C) management agreed to the demands of labor. D) management called in strikebreakers. E) unions agreed to surrender collective bargaining rights.

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29. One major purpose of the Taft-Hartley Act was to A) promote human rights abroad. B) place an embargo on trade with communist nations. C) limit the power of labor unions. D) provide reforms of the campaign finance system. E) urge an end to the Korean War. 30. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 was supported by A) most workers and union leaders. B) President Truman. C) liberal Democrats in Congress. D) conservative Republicans in Congress. E) civil rights activists. 31. In the election of 1948, Southern conservatives bolted the Democratic party because A) they objected to Truman’s slow and ineffective domestic policies B) they wanted to nominate Dwight D. Eisenhower to be the Democratic candidate

instead of Truman. C) they resented Truman’s confrontational stand against the Soviet Union D) they rejected the New Deal philosophies of the Fair Deal E) they disapproved of Truman’s proposed civil rights bill 32. In the election of 1948, Truman employed all of the following political tactics except A) becoming more aggressive in attacking his opponent. B) telling the public that the Republicans had abandoned the common people. C) keeping a low profile once he gained a large lead in the polls. D) recreating much of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal coalition. E) assailing the Republican Congress for its economic failures. 33. In the election of 1948, Truman A) did little campaigning, because he believed he could not win once some Democrats

deserted to form their own parties. B) defeated Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower by a narrow but decisive

margin. C) refused to attack the flaws of the opposition party. D) won the presidency, but Republicans retained control of both houses of Congress. E) won the presidency, and the Democrats also won both houses of Congress. 34. In the late 1940s, Truman managed to push through Congress all of the following Fair

Deal legislation except A) a new minimum wage law to increase the rates. B) a national health insurance plan to provide medical care to the poor. C) an expansion of the Social Security system. D) a National Housing Act to provide construction of low-income housing. E) an extension of Social Security benefits to more Americans.

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35. On the issue of racial discrimination, Truman managed to A) begin dismantling segregation within the armed forces. B) make lynching a federal crime. C) abolish the poll tax. D) establish a new Fair Employment Practices Commission to reduce racial

discrimination in hiring. E) get passage of a comprehensive civil rights bill. 36. The film style of film noir emphasized A) musical themes that encouraged optimism. B) personal biographies that edified traditional American values. C) rejection of American political goals in third-world countries. D) comedy as a way of causing Americans to forget their troubles. E) the alienation of individuals in an impersonal world. 37. The Korean War began when A) Japanese forces invaded South Korea. B) Soviet troops invaded South Korea. C) Chinese troops invaded South Korea. D) North Korean forces invaded South Korea. E) Vietnamese forces invaded South Korea. 38. Once the United Nations supported military intervention in Korea, UN troops (dominated

by Americans) almost defeated the North Koreans until A) Japanese forces invaded China. B) Soviet troops invaded South Korea from the Yellow Sea. C) Chinese army troops crossed into North Korea in support of the communists. D) the North Koreans bombed South Korea’s capital. E) the Soviet Union vetoed United Nations participation. 39. President Truman relieved Douglas MacArthur from command because MacArthur A) failed to stabilize the front in Korea. B) ordered the bombing of communist forces massing north of the Chinese border. C) publicly indicated his dissatisfaction with Truman’s policy on Korea. D) invaded North Korea despite Truman’s orders to halt at the 38th parallel. E) did not share Truman’s desire to invade China. 40. The Korean War resulted in all of the following developments except A) a boost to American economic growth at a point when many believed it was about to

decline. B) an increased confidence in America’s position as a world power dedicated to

stopping the spread of communism. C) the creation of the office of Defense Mobilization to fight inflation, hold down

prices, and discourage union wage demands. D) a military stalemate that dragged on until 1953. E) the death or wounding of over 100,000 Americans.

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41. In the early 1950s, the campaign against domestic communism in the United States resulted from all of the following developments except

A) the stalemate in Korea. B) the death of Mao Zedong. C) the Soviet deployment of the atomic bomb. D) the fall of China to communism. E) the despotic image of Joseph Stalin. 42. The conviction of Alger Hiss resulted in all of the following developments except A) linking liberal Democrats with communist subversion. B) elevating Richard Nixon to national prominence. C) repealing the statute of limitations for espionage so that Hiss could be tried. D) encouraging the public’s fear that communists had infiltrated the government. E) leading to other investigations of communist infiltration. 43. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, accused of transferring atomic secrets to the Soviets, were A) convicted and deported to the Soviet Union. B) convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. C) convicted, sentenced to death, and executed, despite two years of appeals and public

protests. D) convicted and sentenced to death, but released after two years of appeals and public

protests. E) convicted but released when key witnesses admitted to lying. 44. The nation’s most prominent leader of the crusade against domestic subversion was A) J. Edgar Hoover. B) Whittaker Chambers. C) Joseph McCarthy. D) Richard M. Nixon. E) Robert F. Kennedy. 45. In his crusade against domestic subversion, Joseph McCarthy used all of the following means except A) boldly claiming to have a list of known communists working in the American State

Department. B) intimidating most of the people opposing him. C) claiming that the Democrats had been responsible for “twenty years of treason.” D) producing conclusive evidence that several federal employees had communist ties. E) badgering witnesses and ruining established careers.

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46. The Republican candidate, Dwight Eisenhower, won the presidential election of 1952 because much of the public

A) was satisfied with the military conduct of the Korean War. B) no longer feared communist subversion. C) liked the geniality and statesmanlike quality of Eisenhower. D) perceived the Democratic candidate as too conservative.

E) felt that the Democrats had lacked leadership on civil rights.

47. This Federal Civil Defense poster suggests a nuclear war was A) inevitable. B) impossible. C) survivable. D) preventable. E) unnecessary.

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48. The following European countries were nonaligned in the post-World War II struggle between communism and democracy A) Turkey, Yugoslavia, Switzerland. B) Spain, France, Italy. C) Spain, Austria, Finland. D) Sweden, Finland, Syria. E) Ireland, Poland, Czechoslovakia.

49. NATO countries included all the following except

A) Great Britain and Norway. B) Portugal and Italy. C) Norway and Turkey. D) Greece and Denmark. E) Soviet Union and Hungary.

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50. This photo represents an American soldier serving in the military in A) Vietnam. B) Ireland. C) Italy. D) Philippines. E) Korea.

Essay Questions

51. Compare and contrast the different interpretations that historians have offered for the causes

of the Cold War.

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52. Describe the candidates in the presidential campaign of 1952 and explain why vice presidential candidates were important.

53. Describe Truman’s goals in his Fair Deal domestic policy and evaluate his successes and

failures in accomplishing those goals.

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54. Compare and contrast the Red Scare that occurred following World War I with the McCarthyism following World War II.