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1 CHAPTER 28 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD BASIC CONCEPTS Magnetic field produced by moving charge. Magnetic field of current element. Ampere’s Law Biot Savart Law

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Page 1: CHAPTER 28 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD - …people.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt28/CHAPTER 28.pdf · 1 CHAPTER 28 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD BASIC CONCEPTS Magnetic field produced

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CHAPTER 28 

SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD 

 

BASIC CONCEPTS 

 

Magnetic field produced by moving charge. 

 

Magnetic field of current element. 

 

Ampere’s Law 

 

Biot Savart Law 

   

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Moving Charge 

A moving charge produces a magnetic field.  

The field will be perpendicular to the 

direction of motion of the charge. 

 

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Magnitude of magnetic field will be 

 

Proportional to charge   

 

Proportional to   

 

Proportional to speed   

 

Proportional to   

 

 

 

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Look at figure and note direction of field 

vector. 

 

Field is always perpendicular to the 

direction of motion and a line from the 

charge to the point where we measure the 

field. 

 

Therefore 

 

 

 

 

 is a unit vector.  It has magnitude 1. 

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A wire carrying current has moving charge 

so a wire will produce a magnetic field. 

 

 

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Therefore similar to the argument for a 

moving charge we have the field for a 

section of wire carrying current: 

 

 

 

Again   is a unit vector. 

This equation is the Biot‐Savart Law. 

 

It can be used to find the magnetic field of 

wires in various shapes. 

 

 

 

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BIOT‐SAVART LAW 

1. The vector dB is perpendicular both to dl 

(which is the direction of the current) and 

to the unit vector r directed from the 

element to the point P. 

2. The magnitude of dB is inversely 

proportional to r2, where r is the distance 

from the element to the point P. 

3. The magnitude of dB is proportional to 

the current and to the length dl of the 

element. 

4. The magnitude of dB is proportional to 

sin , where   is the angle between the 

vectors dl and r. 

 

   

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Book Example 

 

 

Find B at P. 

Biot‐Savart Law 

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Therefore a segment of wire   will 

contribute   to the field at P. 

 

Using   and   

And 

 

 

We get  

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Integrate over length of wire to get total 

field. 

 

 

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This is for a wire with length equal to  . 

 

To find the magnetic field near a very long 

wire let  

 

Divide by  : 

 

 

 

And 

 

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If the wire is very long compared to the 

distance from the wire   then 

 

 

 

Or at a distance   from the wire 

 

 

 

 

we now know the magnetic field a distance 

 from a long wire. 

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Consider the wire shown below with 

current I into the page. 

 

 

Consider path with radius r passing through 

the point P. 

 

ds is in the direction of  . 

 

Therefore 

P

ds 

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Integrate around the circle. 

 

 

 

But we have seen that  

 

 

 

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Therefore 

 

 

 

Finally 

 

 

 

 

Then we generalize to any closed path l. 

 

 

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This is Ampere’s Law 

 

 

 

Can be used to find B if geometry is right.  

Otherwise have to use Biot‐Savart Law. 

 

 

 

 

 

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Find the magnetic field at P. 

 

 

Must use Biot‐Savart Law. 

 

Contribution to   due to small segment of 

loop   will be 

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The component of B in the y direction will 

add to zero. 

 

The component of B in the x direction will 

be 

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Find the Magnetic Field inside (r < R) of a 

conducting cylinder. 

 

 

We can use Ampere’s Law because of 

symmetry. 

r

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Choose a circular path with radius   where 

Ampere’s Law 

 

 

 

Integrate around path. 

Everyplace on the circular path 

 

 

 

And everywhere on the path B is the same, 

a constant. 

 

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Therefore 

 

 

 

To find   need current density, j. 

 

 

 

Current enclosed 

 

 

 

 

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The field inside the cylinder. 

 

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Find the Magnetic Field inside a solenoid. 

 

 

Here we can use either the Biot‐Savart Law 

or Ampere’s Law. 

 

Ampere’s Law is easier. 

 

The solenoid has current I and n coils per 

meter.

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If we view the solenoid from the far side a 

cross‐section will be: 

 

 

 

We will use Ampere’s Law and integrate 

around the path from a to b to c to d and 

back to a. 

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Ampere’s Law 

 

 

 

If the solenoid is long enough the field 

outside is about zero. 

The field inside is uniform and pointing to 

the left (right‐hand rule). 

 

 

 

The integral then is 

 

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Or 

 

90 0 · 90  

 

So 

 

 

 

The current enclosed will be the number of 

coils enclosed time I. 

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Therefore 

 

 

 

Becomes 

 

 

And