Chapter 29 Notes

AP US History

Mrs. Marshall

Late 19th century social critics:

Henry Demarest Lloyd- Wealth Against Commonwealth which was about the Standard Oil Company

Thorstein Veblen-The Theory of the Leisure Class and attack on the wealthy and conspicuous consumption

Jacob A. Riis- reporter, wrote How the Other Half Lives about slum conditions

4 major goals of the Progressive Movement To protect social welfare Promote moral improvement Create economic reform To foster/promote efficiency in the

workplace

Muckrakers

American journalists, novelists and critics who exposed negative impact of industrialization, writers whom Roosevelt said “raked fifth”

Lincoln Steffens- The Shame of the Cities which was about big business and city government

Ida Tarbell- expose of the Standard Oil Company David G. Phillips- articles called “The Treason of

the Senate” Upton Sinclair- The Jungle about the meat

packing industry

Progressive reformers were mainly middle-class men and women

Progressives and Populist were similar in that:

They both believed that better laws could improve life in the US, both wanted to give the people more power in the government and both groups wanted to reduce the power of big business

Clean up Government

Attempts at local levels to clean up government:

commission system- the city is run by a group of experts

council-manager plan- where managers were appointed by an elected council

People and Terms

Robert La Follette- Governor of Wisconsin who made the state a model of progressive reform

Direct primary- voters have a say in choosing their party’s candidate for the general election

Initiative- this allows voters to propose laws- a bill originates with the people instead of lawmakers.

Referendum- voters can accept or reject the proposal by a direct vote (accepts or rejects the initiative)

Recall- allows voters to remove a public official from an elected position before the term ends,

Terms

Secret/ Australian ballot- 1st adopted in Oregon

Seventeenth Amendment- 1913 Provides for the direct election of US

senators by the voters

Social Welfare

YMCA- provided libraries, exercise rooms Salvation Army- fed poor and provided

daycare Settlement Houses like Hull House Florence Kelly- social reformer –helped

win the passage of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours

Social Welfare

Muller v Oregon (1908) Supreme Court Case which upheld the principle promoted by progressives that female workers required special rules and protections of the job

Lochner v New York – was a setback because the US Supreme Court declared a law limiting work to ten hours unconstitutional

Triangle Shirtwaist Company (1911) By 1917, 30 states had put worker’s

compensation laws on the books

Moral Reform

Prohibition/Temperance Movement Women’s Christian Temperance

Union(WCTU) Founded by Frances Willard 18th amendment added in 1919/repealed

by 21st amendment Women’s Rights-19th amendment in 1920

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business

TR believed the federal government should adopt a policy of regulating trust. Earned a reputation as a “trustbuster”-over 40 lawsuits

In the case of the Northern Securities Company the Supreme Court ruled that the holding company restrained trade an violated the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Elkins Act and Hepburn Act

Dealt with railroad regulation Elkins Act prohibited railroads from giving

rebates Hepburn Act gave the ICC the power to set

maximum railroad rates and led to discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers

Anthracite Coal Strike

Pennsylvania, 1902 Mine owners refused to negotiate with workers TR threatened to have government take over

the mines & operate with federal troops Arbitration commission helped to settle their

differences/compromise reached Set precedence of federal government playing a

more active role in the settling of labor disputes

The Jungle

The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair (1906) exposed conditions in meat packing industry in Chicago.

Acts

Meat Inspection Act called for strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a program of federal meat inspection

Pure Food and Drug Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

Roosevelt and Conservation

Millions of acres set aside as forests Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) funded

irrigation projects that changed dry wilderness into land suitable for farming

Gifford Pinchot appointed to head the US Forest Service

Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral/paved way for the Federal Reserve Act

Contributions of TR

Enlarged power and prestige of the presidency

Helped shape the progressive movement Conservation crusade Opened the eyes of American’s that they

shared the world with other nations

Taft and Legislation

William Howard Taft elected President in 1908.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff- 1909- a set of tax regulations that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods.

Taft signed it-called it “best bill Republican Party ever passed”

Taft and Conservation

Supported Sec. of the Interior Richard Ballinger against Pinchot. Pinchot accused Ballinger of harming conservation and aiding corporations.

This further alienated Roosevelt and Taft

Dollar Diplomacy

the U.S. policy of using the nation’s economic power to exert influence over other countries. Was often used to justify keeping European powers out of the Caribbean.

By 1910 the Republican Party is divided. In 1910 mid-term election the Republicans

lose to the Democrats in Congress. February of 1912 TR announced “My hat is

in the ring!”