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Chapter 3Chapter 3

Databases and Databases and

Data WarehousesData Warehouses

Building Business IntelligenceBuilding Business Intelligence

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Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence The Relational Database ModelThe Relational Database Model Database Management System ToolsDatabase Management System Tools Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Warehouses and Data Mining Managing The Information Resource In An Managing The Information Resource In An

OrganizationOrganization

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Opening Case StudyOpening Case StudyHigh Tech Battles High School TruancyHigh Tech Battles High School Truancy

Organizations need databases (and data Organizations need databases (and data warehouses) for organizing and managing warehouses) for organizing and managing information.information.

Why are the implementation of security Why are the implementation of security and privacy measures difficult?and privacy measures difficult?

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Business Business intelligenceintelligence - is knowledge about your - is knowledge about your customers, competitors, partners, competitive customers, competitors, partners, competitive environment, and internal operations.environment, and internal operations.

Two types of information processing include:Two types of information processing include: OLTP OLTP – the processing of transaction information.– the processing of transaction information. OLAP OLAP – manipulation of information to support decision – manipulation of information to support decision

making.making.

Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence

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Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence

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The Relational Database ModelThe Relational Database Model

DatabaseDatabase - a collection of information that you organize - a collection of information that you organize and access according to the logical structure of that and access according to the logical structure of that information. information.

Relational database model - Relational database model - uses a series of logically uses a series of logically related two-dimensional tables or files to store related two-dimensional tables or files to store information in the form of a database. information in the form of a database.

RelationRelation - describes each two-dimensional table or file in - describes each two-dimensional table or file in the relational model.the relational model.

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Relational databases are composed of Relational databases are composed of two parts:two parts:

1.1. Information – stored in a series of two-Information – stored in a series of two-dimensional tables, files, or relations.dimensional tables, files, or relations.

2.2. Logical structure of the information Logical structure of the information (data (data dictionary)dictionary)..

The Relational Database ModelThe Relational Database Model

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The Relational Database Model The Relational Database Model Collections of InformationCollections of Information

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The Relational Database Model The Relational Database Model Created with Logical StructuresCreated with Logical Structures

Part NumberPart Number is the is the primary key because primary key because of the key icon beside of the key icon beside it.it.

For For Percentage MarkupPercentage Markup, , we defined its we defined its FormatFormat as “Percent” and its as “Percent” and its number of decimal number of decimal places as 2.places as 2.

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Primary keyPrimary key - a field (or group of fields in - a field (or group of fields in some cases) that uniquely describes each some cases) that uniquely describes each record. record.

Foreign key - Foreign key - a primary key of one file a primary key of one file that appears in another file. that appears in another file.

The Relational Database ModelThe Relational Database Model

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The Relational Database Model The Relational Database Model With Logical Ties Among the InformationWith Logical Ties Among the Information

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The Relational Database Model The Relational Database Model With Built-In Integrity ConstraintsWith Built-In Integrity Constraints

Integrity Integrity constraintsconstraints – rules – rules that help ensure the that help ensure the quality of the quality of the information. information.

Team Work

Primary Keys, Foreign Keys, and Integrity Constraints

(p. 133)(p. 133)

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Database Management Database Management System ToolsSystem Tools

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DBMS engineDBMS engine - accepts logical requests - accepts logical requests from the various other DBMS subsystems, from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into their physical converts them into their physical equivalent, and actually accesses the equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device. on a storage device.

Database Management Database Management System ToolsSystem Tools

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DBMS ToolsDBMS Tools

Data definition subsystemData definition subsystem - helps you create - helps you create and maintain the data dictionary and define the and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database. structure of the files in a database.

Data manipulation subsystemData manipulation subsystem - helps you add, - helps you add, change, and delete information in a database change, and delete information in a database and mine it for valuable information. Tools here and mine it for valuable information. Tools here include views, report generators, QBE, and SQL. include views, report generators, QBE, and SQL.

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DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Manipulation Subsystem Data Manipulation Subsystem

Click here to enter a Click here to enter a new record.new record.

Find information using Find information using the binoculars.the binoculars.

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DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Manipulation SubsystemData Manipulation Subsystem

By following a series of simple screens, such as By following a series of simple screens, such as those on the previous slide, you can easily create those on the previous slide, you can easily create the report below.the report below.

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DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Manipulation Subsystem Data Manipulation Subsystem

Query-by-exampleQuery-by-example ( (QBEQBE) ) toolstools - help - help you graphically design the answer to a you graphically design the answer to a question. question.

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DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Manipulation Subsystem Data Manipulation Subsystem

The QBE gridThe QBE grid

Our selection criteriaOur selection criteria

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DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Manipulation Subsystem Data Manipulation Subsystem

Structured query languageStructured query language ( (SQLSQL) - a standardized ) - a standardized fourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs. fourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs.

The SQL below creates the same report in Figure 3.7 on The SQL below creates the same report in Figure 3.7 on page 139.page 139. SELECT SELECT Part.[Part Number], Part.Cost, Part.[Part Number], Part.Cost, Employee.[EmployeeEmployee.[Employee

Name], Employee.[Employee Number] Name], Employee.[Employee Number] FROMFROM Part, Employee Part, EmployeeWHEREWHERE (((Part.Cost)>10)); (((Part.Cost)>10));

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DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsApplication Generation SubsystemApplication Generation Subsystem

Application generation subsystem - Application generation subsystem - contains facilities to help you develop contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications.transaction-intensive applications. Data entry screensData entry screens DBMS-specific programming languagesDBMS-specific programming languages Commonly used programming languagesCommonly used programming languages

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DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Administration SubsystemData Administration Subsystem

Data administration Data administration subsystemsubsystem - a DBMS - a DBMS helps you manage the helps you manage the overall database overall database environment (e.g., environment (e.g., backup, recovery, backup, recovery, security management). security management).

On Your Own

DBMS Support OLTP, OLAP, and

Information Management (p. 142)(p. 142)

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Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

What Is a Data Warehouse?What Is a Data Warehouse?

Data warehouse - Data warehouse - a logical collection of a logical collection of information – gathered from many different information – gathered from many different operational databases – used to create operational databases – used to create business intelligence that supports business intelligence that supports business analysis activities and decision-business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.making tasks.

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Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

What Is a Data Warehouse?What Is a Data Warehouse?

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Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

What Are Data Mining Tools?What Are Data Mining Tools?

Data mining toolsData mining tools - software tools you use to - software tools you use to query information in a data warehouse. query information in a data warehouse. These tools include:These tools include: Query-and-reporting tools - Query-and-reporting tools - similar to similar to

QBE tools, SQL, and report generators. QBE tools, SQL, and report generators. Intelligent agents – use various artificial Intelligent agents – use various artificial

intelligence tools to form the basis of intelligence tools to form the basis of information discovery and building business information discovery and building business intelligence in OLAP.intelligence in OLAP.

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Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

What Are Data Mining Tools?What Are Data Mining Tools?

Data mining tools continuedData mining tools continued Multidimensional analysisMultidimensional analysis ( (MDAMDA) ) toolstools - -

slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from view multidimensional information from different perspectives. different perspectives.

Statistical tools – help you apply various Statistical tools – help you apply various mathematical models to the information stored mathematical models to the information stored in a data warehouse to discover new in a data warehouse to discover new information.information.

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Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

What Are Data Mining Tools?What Are Data Mining Tools?

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Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

Data Marts – Smaller Data WarehousesData Marts – Smaller Data Warehouses Data martData mart - - a a

subset of a subset of a data data warehouse in warehouse in which only a which only a focused portion focused portion of the data of the data warehouse warehouse information is information is kept.kept.

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Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

Important ConsiderationsImportant Considerations Do you need a data warehouse?Do you need a data warehouse?

Do all your employees need an Do all your employees need an entire data warehouse?entire data warehouse?

How up-to-date must the How up-to-date must the information be?information be?

What data mining tools do you What data mining tools do you need?need?

Team Work

How Up-to-Date Should Data Warehouse

Information Be? (p. 149)(p. 149)

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MANAGING THE MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCEINFORMATION RESOURCE

Who Should Oversee the Organization’s Who Should Oversee the Organization’s Information?Information?

Chief information officerChief information officer ( (CIOCIO) - responsible for ) - responsible for overseeing an organization’s information resource. overseeing an organization’s information resource.

Data administrationData administration - plans for, oversees the - plans for, oversees the development of, and monitors the information resource. development of, and monitors the information resource.

Database administrationDatabase administration - responsible for the more - responsible for the more technical and operational aspects of managing the technical and operational aspects of managing the information contained in organizational databases.information contained in organizational databases.

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MANAGING THE MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCEINFORMATION RESOURCE

How Will Changes in Technology Affect How Will Changes in Technology Affect Organizing and Managing Information?Organizing and Managing Information?

Technology changes?Technology changes? Convergence of Convergence of

information management information management tools?tools?

Information ownership?Information ownership? Ethics?Ethics?

On Your Own

CRUD – Defining Information Ownership

(p. 151)(p. 151)

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Closing Case StudiesClosing Case Studies

We’ve Got OLTP Covered; Let’s Go on to We’ve Got OLTP Covered; Let’s Go on to OLAP OLAP Why is it so much easier for organizations to provide Why is it so much easier for organizations to provide

good online transaction processing (OLTP) support?good online transaction processing (OLTP) support?

Mining Dining DataMining Dining Data Which of the businesses must have the most up-to-Which of the businesses must have the most up-to-

date information in its data warehouse?date information in its data warehouse?

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Summary Summary Assignments & ExercisesAssignments & Exercises

1.1. Finding “hacked” databasesFinding “hacked” databases

2.2. Defining queries for a video rental storeDefining queries for a video rental store

3.3. Creating a queryCreating a query

4.4. Career opportunities in your majorCareer opportunities in your major

5.5. Salaries for database administratorsSalaries for database administrators

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