chapter 3 – atoms and the periodic table
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table. 3.1 Atomic Structure. Atoms. Derived from the Greek word meaning “unable to divide”. They are the building blocks of molecules. Every element is made of tiny, unique particles that cannot be subdivided. Atoms of the same element are exactly the same. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table
![Page 2: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
3.1 Atomic Structure
![Page 3: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AtomsDerived from the Greek word meaning “unable to divide”.
They are the building blocks of molecules.
![Page 4: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Every element is made of tiny, unique particles that cannot be subdivided.
![Page 5: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Atoms of the same element are exactly the same.
Atoms of different elements can join to form molecules.
![Page 6: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Atoms are made of protons, neutrons,
and electrons.
![Page 7: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NucleusThe center of an atom; made up of
protons and neutrons.
![Page 8: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ProtonA positively charged subatomic particle in
the nucleus of the atom
![Page 9: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
NeutronA neutral subatomic
particle in the nucleus of an atom.
![Page 10: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electron A tiny negatively charged subatomic
particle moving around outside of an
atom.
![Page 11: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Atoms have no overall charge.
Even though atoms have charged protons and electrons. They have an equal number of each. So, they cancel each other out.
![Page 12: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bohr’s ModelIn 1913, Neils Bohr suggested that electrons moves about a set path about the nucleus.
The path defines the electron’s energy level.
![Page 13: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Energy LevelAny of the possible
energies of an electron may have
in an atom.
![Page 14: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Modern theory states that electrons behave
more like waves.In 1925, Bohr proposed a
new model, that the electrons do not follow a set path.
![Page 15: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Although we cannot know how the electron travels around the nucleus we can know where it spends the
majority of its time (thus, we can know position but not trajectory).
The “probability” of finding an electron around a nucleus can be calculated.Relative probability is indicated by a
series of dots, indicating the “electron cloud”.
![Page 16: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Electrons are found in
orbitals within energy levels.
![Page 17: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
OrbitalA region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons.
![Page 18: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electrons may occupy four
different orbitals.
![Page 19: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
s - orbital- Simplest orbital.- Can only have one orientation in space, because its shaped like a sphere.
![Page 20: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
- Its shape enables it to surround the nucleus.
- 90% electron probability/cloud for 1s orbital (notice higher probability toward the center)
- It can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.
![Page 21: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
p - orbital-it is a dumbbell-shaped and can be oriented in 3 different ways in space. (3-Dimensions)
![Page 22: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
d - orbital-a more complex orbital.
-There are a possible of 5 orientations.
![Page 24: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
-All orbitals are very different in shape, each can contain a maximum 2 electrons.
-Can contains a total of 10 electrons in all.
![Page 25: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Four of the d orbital’s resemble two dumbbells in a clover shape. The last d orbital resembles a p orbital with a donut wrapped around the middle.
![Page 26: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
f - orbital-a more complex orbital.
-There are a possible of 7 orbitals.
![Page 27: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
-All orbitals are very different in shape, each can contain a maximum 2 electrons.
-Can contains a total of 14 electrons in all.
![Page 28: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Electrons usually occupy the lowest
energy levels available.
![Page 29: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
And within each energy level,
electrons occupy orbitals with the lowest energy.
![Page 30: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
An s orbital has the lowest energy.
A p orbital has slightly more energy, followed by a d orbital.
An f orbital has the greatest energy.
![Page 31: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Every atom has one or more
valence electron.
![Page 32: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Valence ElectronAn electron in the outermost energy level of an atom.
![Page 33: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
3.2 A Guided Tour of the
Periodic Table.
![Page 34: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Periodic LawProperties of elements tend
to change in a regular pattern when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, or number of protons in their atoms.
![Page 36: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
PeriodA horizontal row
elements in the periodic table.
![Page 37: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
As you move across a row the # of protons
increases by 1. As does the # of electrons.
![Page 38: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Elements in the same group have similar properties.
![Page 39: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Group(family) – a vertical column of elements in the periodic table
![Page 40: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Elements in the same group have
the same # of valence
electrons.
![Page 41: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
These elements are not exactly alike,
they have a different # of protons and
electrons.
![Page 42: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Some atoms form ions
Some atoms may under go
ionization.
![Page 43: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
IonizationThe process of adding electrons to or removing electrons from an atom or groups of atoms.
These are valence electrons.
![Page 44: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
IonsAn atom or a group of atoms that has lost or gained 1 or more electrons and therefore has a net charge.
![Page 45: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CationAn ion with a positive charge
![Page 46: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Example: Lithium atomLithium is so reactive, it reacts with air. It has 1 electron in the outer level of the s orbital. This one electron makes very reactive.
![Page 47: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Removing this electron forms a positive ion (Li+)
Li+ is less reactive, because now its outer energy level is full.
![Page 48: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
AnionAn ion with a
negative charge.
![Page 49: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Example: Fluorine atom
Fluorine is also very reactive; however it gains an electron to become less reactive.
![Page 50: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
It has 7 valence electrons and needs only 1 to complete its outer energy level.
Therefore, easily gaining 1 electron & becoming a negative ion (F-).
![Page 51: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Atomic Structure of Atoms
All atoms have different structure and different properties; therefore, different structure.
![Page 52: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom.
![Page 53: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Examples:Helium (He) has 2 protonsZ = 2
Cesium (Cs) has 55 protonsZ = 55
![Page 54: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Mass Number (A)Mass number equals the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus in the atom.
![Page 55: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Ex: Fluorine (F) has 9 protons and 10 neutrons, A = 19 for fluorine.
![Page 56: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Although atoms of the same element always
have the same Atomic number, they can have a different
mass numbers.
![Page 57: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
IsotopesAny atoms have the same # of protons, but a different # of
neutrons.
![Page 58: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Ex: Hydrogen has 3 isotopes.
1. Protium – has 1 proton in its nucleus. (A = 1) Most common form
![Page 59: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
2. Deuterium – has 1 proton and 1 neutron in its nucleus, call heavy hydrogen. (A = 2)
![Page 60: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
3. Tritium – has 1 proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. (A = 3)
![Page 61: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Atomic numbers (Z) and mass numbers (A) maybe included with the chemical symbol.
XAZ
![Page 62: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
U23592
Atomic Number
Mass Number
![Page 63: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Calculating the # of neutrons in an atom.
If you know the Atomic number and the Mass number, all you have to do is subtract.
![Page 64: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
# of Neutrons =
mass # – atomic #
(# of Neutrons = A – Z )
![Page 65: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Ex: For our Uranium - 235
# of Neutrons = A – Z# of Neutrons = 235 – 92
# of Neutrons = 143
![Page 66: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The mass of an atom.
The mass of a single atom is very small. A single Fluorine atom is one trillionth of one billionth of a gram.
![Page 67: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Because it is very hard to work with atomic
mass are expressed in atomic mass units
(amu).
![Page 68: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
atomic mass unit (amu)
A quantity equal to 1/12 of the mass of a Carbon-12 atom.
![Page 69: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
average atomic mass
The weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
![Page 70: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
EX: If we look back at Hydrogen.
There are 3 isotopes. The average atomic mass 1.00794 amu. This means there are more isotopes of Hydrogen-1, than Hydrogen-2 or Hydrogen-3.
![Page 71: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
3.3 Families of Elements
![Page 72: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Elements are either classified as Metals
or Nonmetals.
![Page 73: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
MetalsThe elements that are good conductors for heat and electricity.
![Page 74: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Most elements are metals.
Usually solids and shiny.
![Page 75: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
NonmetalsThe elements that
are usually poor conductors of heat
and electricity.
![Page 76: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Nonmetals, except Hydrogen, are found on the right side of the periodic table.
Can be solids, liquids, or gases.
Solids are dull and brittle.
![Page 77: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
There are some nonmetals that can
conduct under certain
circumstances.
![Page 78: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
SemiconductorsThe intermediate conductors of heat and electricity.
Sometimes called metalloids.
![Page 79: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Metals can be classified even further into 4
different groups.
![Page 80: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Alkali MetalsHighly reactive metallic elements located in Group 1 of the periodic table.
![Page 81: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
•Has 1 valence electron.
•Can be easily removed to form a +1 ion.
•Highly reactive.
![Page 82: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Look on your Periodic table.
Lithium SodiumPotassium RubidiumCesium Francium
![Page 83: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Since they are so reactive, these elements are not found in nature. They combine with other elements to form
compounds.
![Page 84: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Alkaline Earth Metals
The reactive metallic elements located in
Group 2 of the Periodic Table.
![Page 85: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
•They have 2 valence electrons.
•They are less reactive than alkali metals.
•May form an ion of a +2 charge if both valence electrons are removed.
![Page 86: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Look at the Periodic Table
•Beryllium Magnesium
•Calcium Strontium
•Barium Radium
![Page 87: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
They are combine with other elements to form compounds.
Ex: Calcium Compounds – shells of sea life, coral reefs, limestone, or marble.
![Page 88: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Magnesium Compounds – speeds up the
processes of the human body.
![Page 89: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Transition MetalsThe metallic
elements located in groups 3 – 12 of the
periodic table.
![Page 90: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
•Much less reactive than Alkali or Alkaline Metals.
•Can lose electrons to form + ions.
•Some metals can lose up to 4 electrons.
![Page 91: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
All Metals are good heat and electrical
conductors.
They can be stretched and shaped without breaking.
![Page 92: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature.
![Page 93: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Technetium and Promethium are
synthetic elements.
![Page 94: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
•Man made elements that are radioactive.
•Technetium is used to help diagnose cancer and other medical problems.
![Page 95: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
•Promethium is used in ‘glow in the dark’ paint.
•Elements with atomic # greater than 92 are man made as well.
![Page 96: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Nonmetals•Found on the right side of the periodic table.
•Some elements in groups13-16 and all in groups 17 & 18.
![Page 97: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
•May gain electrons to form – ions
![Page 98: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
•Carbon combines with other elements to form millions of carbon containing compounds.
•Carbon compounds are found in both living and nonliving things.
![Page 99: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Nonmetals and there compounds are plentiful on
Earth.
![Page 100: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
HalogensThe highly reactive elements located in Group 17 of the periodic table.
![Page 101: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
•The valence shell is almost full; therefore, these elements easily accept an electron.
•Creating a (-) ion, anion.
![Page 102: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
•Fluorine•Chlorine•Bromine•Iodine•Astatine
![Page 103: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Noble Gases•The unreactive gases located in Group 18 of the Periodic Table.
![Page 104: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
•These elements exist only as single atoms, instead of molecules.
•All gases are inert, non-reactive.
![Page 105: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
•Outer level is full of electrons.
•They don’t form with other elemental atoms to form atoms.
![Page 106: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Helium Neon
Argon Krypton
Xenon Radon
![Page 107: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Semiconductors•Elements classified as nonmetals, each one has some properties of metals.
•Known as ‘metalloids’
![Page 108: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
•They are able to conduct heat & electricity.
•Silicon most familiar, used for computers and other electronic devices.
![Page 109: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
•Boron Silicon•Germanium•Arsenic•Antimony•Tellurium
![Page 110: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
3.4 Using Moles to
Count Atoms.
![Page 111: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Counting Things•One of the first things we do as child.
•When we count large #’s of small things, we use counting units.
![Page 112: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
The mole is useful for counting small
particles.
![Page 113: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
MoleThe SI base unit that describes the amount
of a substance.
![Page 114: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
A mole is a collection of a very large
number of particles.
602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000
![Page 115: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Avogadro’s Constant
•The # of particles in 1 mol; equals 6.022 x 1023 /mol.
![Page 116: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Molar MassThe mass in
grams of 1 mol of a substance.
![Page 117: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Ex: 1 mole of Titanium-22 atoms has a molar mass of
47.87 g
![Page 118: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
•Think of it as 47.87 grams per mole of Titanium.
•47.87 g/mol
![Page 119: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Molar mass of an element in grams
is the same as average atomic mass in amu.
![Page 120: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Find the molar mass for the following elements:1.Gold2.Einsteinium3.Gallium4.Cesium
![Page 121: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Find the molar mass for the following elements:1.Gold 196.97 g2.Einsteinium 252.08 g3.Gallium 69.72 g4.Cesium 132.91 g
![Page 122: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Conversion FactorsA ratio equal to one
that expresses the same quantity in
two ways.
![Page 123: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Can be anything:1 ream of = 500 sheets paper of paper
1 inch = 2.54 cm10 km = 6.2 miles
![Page 124: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Converting Amount (mol) to
Mass (g)
![Page 125: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
•1st establish the amount of matter in moles from the problem.
•2nd look up the element of the period table and find its molar mass in g for conversion factor
![Page 126: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Conversion factor will be:
Atomic mass(g)=1 mole or
1 mole=Atomic mass(g)
![Page 127: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Set up for factor label method.
Given info
![Page 128: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Set up for factor label method.
Given atomic mass of info element
![Page 129: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Set up for factor label method.
Given atomic mass of info element
1mole of element
![Page 130: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Ex: How many grams in 23 moles of Silver?
23 mol of Ag
![Page 131: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Conversion Factor 1 mol of Ag
= 107.8682 g of Ag
![Page 132: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Ex: How many grams in 23 moles of Silver?
23 mol 107.8682 g of Ag of Ag
![Page 133: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Ex: How many grams in 23 moles of Silver?
23 mol 107.8682 g of Ag of Ag
1 mol of Ag
![Page 134: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
2480.96 g of Ag- Multiply #’s above the horizontal line
- Units of moles of Ag will cancel leaving just grams of Ag.
![Page 135: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Ex: How many grams in 2.8 moles of Radon?
2.8 mol of Rn
![Page 136: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Conversion Factor 1 mol of Rn
= 222.0176 g of Rn
![Page 137: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Ex: How many grams in 2.8 moles of Radon?
2.8 mol 222.0176 g of Rn of Rn
![Page 138: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Ex: How many grams in 2.8 moles of Radon?
2.8 mol 222.0176 g of Rn of Rn
1 mol of Rn
![Page 139: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
621.64928 g of Rn
![Page 140: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Converting Mass (g) to Amount (mol) Set up is the same
except we switch/flip the conversion factor
ratio.
![Page 141: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Ex: Convert 729 g of Th to moles.
729 g of Th
![Page 142: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Conversion Factor1 mol of Th
=232.0381 g of Th
![Page 143: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Ex: Convert 729 g of Th to moles.
729 g 1 mol of Th of Th
![Page 144: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Ex: Convert 729 g of Th to moles.
729 g 1 mol of Th of Th
232.0381 g of Th
![Page 145: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
3.142 mol of Th
![Page 146: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Ex: Convert 50 g of Sr to moles.
50 g of Sr
![Page 147: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Conversion Factor1 mole of Sr
= 87.62 g of Sr
![Page 148: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Ex: Convert 50 g of Sr to moles.
50 g 1 mol of Sr of Sr
![Page 149: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Ex: Convert 50 g of Sr to moles.
50 g 1 mol of Sr of Sr
87.62 g of Sr
![Page 150: Chapter 3 – Atoms and the Periodic Table](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5681441d550346895db0b9fa/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
0.571 mol of Sr