chapter 3 contextual dynamism – 1shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/28998/8/08...29...

CHAPTER 3

Contextual Dynamism – 1

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Chapter Three

Contextual Dynamism - 1

English: A Hybrid language:

To establish the contextual dynamism logically it is necessary to

understand that English itself is a hybrid language. The geographical

spread of English is unique among the languages of the world,

throughout history. Countries using English as either a first or second

language are located on all six inhabited continents. The English

Speaking world was formerly seen as a hierarchy of parent and

children; it is now viewed rather as a family of varieties. The English of

England, the original source of the entire World Englishes, is itself

Compulsory usage of English Leads to

Contextual understanding by the receiver who does not know professional English

Contextual usage of English by the non user of English

Gives rise to contextual meaning to words

Gives contextual pronunciations

Gives rise to contextual and pronunciation based spellings

Contextual dynamism in the spoken English

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seen as one of the family of world English varieties, with its own

peculiarities and its own distinctive vocabulary.

This awareness that English consists of a family of different varieties

is not a new phenomenon. Philip Durkin, Principal Etymologist at

the Oxford English Dictionary, chooses five events that shaped the

English Language1.

1. The Anglo-Saxon Settlement

2. The Scandinavian Settlements

3. 1066 and after

4. Standardization

5. Colonization and Globalization

One must understand the five phases in a nutshell which will lead to

the understanding of the evolvement of the hybrid state of English and

its present status.

The Anglo-Saxon Settlement

The traits of the origin of English can be marked in the writing of

seventh, eighth and ninth century writings. Before the Anglo-Saxon

came to Britain the sense of a language similar to that of Old English

had developed. Little is known of this period with any certainty, but

we do know that Germanic invaders came and settled in Britain from

the north-western coastline of continental Europe in the fifth and

sixth centuries. The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic

(related to what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German and the

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Scandinavian languages, and to Gothic), but it is not known how

different their speech was from that of their continental neighbours.

However it is fairly certain that many of the settlers would have

spoken in exactly the same way as some of their north European

neighbours, and that not all of the settlers would have spoken in the

same way.

The unavailability or less availability of any written records of this

period leads to a limited authenticity of the traits of Old English.

When Old English writings began to appear in the seventh, eighth,

and ninth centuries there was a good deal of regional variation, but

not substantially more than that found in later periods. This was the

language that Alfred the Great referred to as ‘English’ in the ninth

century.

The Scandinavian Settlement

The next invaders were the Norsemen, a large number of invaders

settled in Britain. A few of the basic words like ‘take’ and ‘they’ have

been borrowed by the British from the Norsemen. It is apparently

evident that English has borrowed plenty of words from this source.

The common Germanic base of the two languages meant that there

were still many similarities between Old English and the language of

the invaders. Some words, for example give, perhaps show a kind of

hybridization with some spellings going back to Old English and

others being Norse in origin. However, the resemblances between the

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two languages are so great that in many cases it is impossible to be

sure of the exact ancestry of a particular word or spelling. However,

much of the influence of Norse, including the vast majority of the

loanwords, does not appear in written English until after the next

great historical and cultural upheaval, the Norman Conquest (1066).

One of the most obvious effects of the conquest was the introduction

of the Anglo-Norman, a dialect of the French language, was introduced

as the language of the ruling class in England. This resulted in the

displacement of the Old-English. Further, the displacement resulted

in the French words entering into English language. The merging of

the culture and the rule resulted into dynamism of the language.

English language syntax acquired characteristics, which can

incorporate the words of different language. The basic communication

and the basic trade lead to the Normans and the Native English men

become bilingual. This bilingualism became the landmark of the

beginning of global English.

By 1100 English had sufficiently changed to be classified as ‘New

English’ which undoubtedly descended from the Old English but very

different from it. English, which had been used as the written

language, dropped drastically with the fall in the conversion to

Christianity. The drop in the usage of the English language replaced

Latin and French as the number of the native speakers of French had

extensive holdings in court and in business.

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The ruling classes spoke French. The merchants who migrated to

England also spoke French after the 1066 conquest. Those who

started to do business with them had to at least learn a little of the

language, as big businesses like the administration of the estate or the

buy and sell of goods, which economically is marked to have increased

during the age, would not have been possible without communication.

This resulted into the development of the profession of translators.

The Normans had the English men and women in their homes to take

care of their children. Moreover, there were many marriages which

took place among the Normans and the widows of the English. In such

circumstances it became necessary for both the parties to know each

other’s native language. But this lead to a smattering of the English

and the need to learn simple English arose.

From documented evidences it is clear that the rebirth of English took

place which was now known as the Middle English. This Middle

English is the base of the English that we have at present. As the

French words were added to the language rather than replacing the

English words, the English vocabulary expanded to a great extent.

The habit of using words from other language rather than coining our

own has continued until this day so that it has been claimed in the

Concise Oxford Dictionary that there are words from 87 languages in

English.

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A study of words/vocabulary:

As it is logically established that there is contextual dynamism in

spoken English, the thesis will focus upon the process of dynamism

especially which is affected by the usage and the pronunciation of the

vocabulary. The thesis limits itself to mark the dynamism brought in

by the usage of vocabulary, a further research to identify the

dynamism seen in the syntactical and grammatical formations of

English can be initiated as well.

The thesis will focus upon the usage of English words along with the

regional language. These English words are those words which are not

substituted by the respective regional language synonym. The thesis

will also focus on the English words which does not have a regional

language synonym.

The user understands these English words when he/she hears the

words contextually. Sometimes the user would not even care to

understand the meaning of the word and reuses the same spoken

English word in similar situations. This usage, without even

comprehending the word, is because the user wants to impress upon

the listener by the usage of English words.

Contextual dynamism is the result of the usage of English words as

the user uses the words incorrectly in terms of pronunciation and the

actual meaning of the word.

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English in India

It has been established in chapter one that English has now become

an inseparable part of language in India especially in the professional

domain. The expansion of the scope of education and business has

led to the increase in the usage of English in almost all the domains of

our life.

The advent of new patterns and means of communication has made

occupational and professional activity faster. The approachability, of a

rural area based professional, active in a village, to another urban

area based professional in the urban area has increased. The scope of

operation of work comprises compulsory usage of English as certain

terminologies in regional language are more complicated as well as

unaccepted in normal day to day activity.

English has become the lingua franca in many professional domains.

Though It is looked upon as the language of the elite, all the strata of

society use English along with their regional language giving birth to

what people now recognize as GUJLISH (a combination of Gujarati

and English) or HINGLISH (a combination of Hindi and English).

The mass communication active in the city uses bilingual or trilingual

approach to attract all the segments of society. One of the languages

in the bilingual or trilingual communication is English. These mass

communication mediums comprise radio, television and newspaper.

However, newspaper is one of the mediums of mass communication

36

which is relatively less affected by the dynamism is language and the

pattern of communication.

RADIO

Radio is one of the most economical and easily available modes of

entertainment. After the monopolistic era of All India Radio (AIR), the

advent of private radio channels in Gujarat started in the year 2001.

Radio anchors, popularly known as Radio Jockeys, have to use

English along with the regional language for the fear of losing the

listenership. The listenership comprises the people who are considered

to be the elite, the mediocre and the lower segment of the society who

gain entertainment from the most approachable medium-the radio. All

India Radio (AIR), had monopoly in Gujarat until 2001. With the

advent of private radio channels, the increasing number of radio

channels in Gujarat and their listenership scale as compared to that

of All India Radio (AIR) authenticate that the listener has accepted the

unconventional method of anchoring or jockeying along with the new

pattern of communication which is either bilingual or trilingual. The

new radio channels do not adhere to the conventional monolingual

pattern of communication.

The content of the advertisements broadcasted on the radio has the

usage of English language and the same is well accepted and

comprehended by the listeners. The anchors or popularly known as

radio jockeys use bilingual or trilingual approach to entertainment.

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Caller: Good Morning Dhvanit RJ DHVANIT: Toh what’s there in a name? Marketing na hisaabe aa funda saacho ke nahi? Caller: Marketing na hisabe 100% saacho, everything is in a name RJ DHVANIT: hmm Caller: So Dhvanit is a Brand Name in Ahmedabad, so everything is in the name… RJ DHVANIT: I disagree..I disagree wait wait wait I disagree Caller: hahaha RJ DHVANIT: Mirchi is the Brand Name, I am just the Sub group OR you can say that Mirchi is the Brand Name and I am the Brand Ambassador…

TELEVISION

Television is one of those mediums of mass communication which

cater to a varied range of viewers. The television came to India in the

year 1982 with only one television channel known as “Doordarshan’

owned by Government of India. Doordarshan itself started telecasting

several channels within a small span and with the advent of Aisanet

private television channel in India, there is no looking back. There are

thousands of television channels across India. Viewers through these

three decades have witnessed a substantial change in television

programmes.

If we consider the programme which shows news, it is the only type of

programme which has not withered off or lost in the clutter of

television channels. The development marked here is significant. From

a single one hour programme of news in Hindi and English of half an

hour each on Doordarshan to not less than 50 news channel, all

twenty four hours, dedicated to many languages of India. These news

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channels do not deliver the news strictly in one language only, but to

make the language more comprehensible they use bilingual approach

which includes a substantial usage of English.

Apart from national news channels, almost all states have local news

channels which cater to the news in regional language. These news

channels too, follow the pattern set by national level news channel,

the similarity marked here is that the news are catered to the viewers

in a bilingual fashion, but the difference is that, the national language

Hindi is replaced by the regional language and the usage of English

remains the same. Thus the bilingualism comprises of English.

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Photograph No. 3. 1.1

The Court Issued Notice

Photograph No. 3.1.2

After The Blast The Naxalites Started Firing

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Comedian Raju Shrivastav returns SP Ticket


News Update

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Election Agenda 2014


Code Mixing

External Examinations of B. A. and B. Com.

42


Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Board

Shop Fascia

One of the most evident and common means of mass communication

is the message or the name depicted on the shop fascia. Gujarat being

one of the business hubs of the country, the bilingualism is marked in

the language used. The element of competition wants the

businessman to experiment in any way to reach to the common

people. The shop fascia bilingualism leads to dynamism of spoken

English; at the same time, it makes one realize that English has

become a language of attraction as well. The common mindset of the

people still prevails that anything that is depicted in English is better

or the best. In the mentioned rat race English witnesses dynamism.

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Hardware, Plywood, Laminate, Kitchen Basket

Ambica hardware & sanitary


Wheel Allignment

Wheel Balancing

Tire/Tube

Battery / Oil

Free Air

44


Jay Ambe ANTIQUE Materials

The shop is actually a Pottery shop.


Anand Medical Stores

Chemist and Drugist

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Dry- Clean and Petrol wash of Curtains at Economical Price will be

done.


Shreeji Bhaji paav AND pulav

Chinese, Pizza The pronunciation is /pi:za:/

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Easy Money Transfer


Saraswati Group Tuition

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Prime Property – Prime Location – Affordable Price

Plot – Bungalow – Farm House


Fabrication

48


Monopoly


Spelling Errors

Lady

Imitation

A comprehensive list of English words is shown here. These words are

used in our regional language or languages in various contexts. The

exact synonym of the word in the respective language is not used by

the user; rather they prefer to use English words as the only available

option. One such list below contains most probable used words by the

Indian user.

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Variations in spellings and pronunciation are found as per the variety

of the mother tongue pull in the respective regions. A study of these

variations is conducted and analyzed in the next chapter.

Table No. 3.1

List of English Words used in Regional Language

Sr. No. Word

1. 100%

2. A.C.

3. Acid

4. Aero-plane

5. Affordable

6. Affidavit

7. Aluminum

8. Antique

9. ATM

10. Auto

11. Automatically

12. Automobile

13. Badminton

14. Bag

15. Ball

16. Bandage

17. Bank

18. Basketball

19. Bat

20. Battery

21. Beer

22. Bermuda

23. Bet

24. Bike

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Sr. No. Word

25. Bill

26. Birthday

27. Biscuit

28. Black Board

29. Board

30. Blade

31. Bleach

32. Blender

33. Bluetooth

34. Book

35. Bottle

36. Bow

37. Bread

38. Basin

39. Brush

40. Buckle

41. Building

42. Bulb

43. Burger

44. Bus

45. Button

46. Basket

47. Cake

48. Calendar

49. Calculator

50. Camera

51. Car

52. Catalogue

53. CD

54. Cell

55. Cement

56. Cello-tape

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Sr. No. Word

57. Chain

58. Chalk

59. Charger

60. Cheese

61. Cheque book

62. Chemist and Druggist

63. Chocolate

64. Cigarette

65. Clip

66. Coat

67. Coffee

68. Collapsible

69. Comedian

70. Computer

71. Conditioner

72. Cooler

73. Coupon

74. Cover

75. Credit Card

76. Cream

77. Cricket

78. Cup

79. Cycle

80. Cylinder

81. Deodorant

82. Design

83. Dictionary

84. Doctor

85. Dongle

86. Download

87. Drawer

88. Dress

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Sr. No. Word

89. Drill

90. Driver

91. Dry Clean

92. Drops

93. Duster

94. Dye

95. Earphones

96. Easily / Easy

97. Election

98. Election Agenda

99. Engagement

100. Fabrication

101. Facebook

102. Facial

103. Fan

104. Farm house

105. File

106. Firing

107. Flat

108. Foil

109. Football

110. Frame

111. Frankie

112. Fridge

113. Frock

114. Funda

115. Gas

116. Garage

117. Ghee

118. Good Morning

119. Gown

120. Governor

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Sr. No. Word

121. Group

122. Handle

123. Hanger

124. Happy Birthday

125. Hardware

126. Headphone

127. Heater

128. Heels

129. Helicopter

130. Hello

131. Helmet

132. High court

133. Highway

134. Hook

135. Hotel

136. Ice-cream

137. ICU

138. Important

139. Inspector

140. Internet

141. Interest

142. Jeans

143. Joker

144. Jug

145. Junior

146. Keyboard

147. Keychain

148. Laptop

149. Laminate

150. Lens

151. License

152. Lift

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Sr. No. Word

153. Lighter

154. Lipstick

155. Lunchbox

156. Machine

157. Macaroni

158. Major Role

159. Marketing

160. Marriage

161. Medal

162. Medi-claim

163. Medical Store

164. Microwave

165. Mike

166. Mixer

167. Mobile

168. Mother tongue

169. Nail cutter

170. Nail polish

171. Napkin

172. News update

173. Noodles

174. Notice

175. Number

176. Nurse

177. Office

178. Oil

179. Operation

180. Oven

181. Packing

182. PAN card

183. Pant

184. Paper

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Sr. No. Word

185. Parking

186. Pass

187. Passbook

188. Passport

189. Pasta

190. Pastry

191. Pen

192. Petrol

193. Phone

194. Photo

195. Picture

196. Pin

197. Pipe

198. Pizza

199. Play station

200. Plot

201. Plywood

202. Police

203. Polish

204. Popcorn

205. Post-office

206. Pencil

207. pain

208. Powder

209. Prime Location

210. Prime property

211. Product

212. Purse

213. Reception

214. Reminder

215. Remote

216. Report

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Sr. No. Word

217. Report-card

218. Requirement

219. Result

220. Ribbon

221. Rickshaw

222. Ring

223. Road

224. Roll

225. Room

226. Rupees

227. Same

228. Sandal

229. Sandwich

230. Sauce

231. Scarf

232. Screw

233. Shape

234. Seat

235. Serial

236. Shampoo

237. Shawl

238. Ship

239. Shirt

240. Shower

241. Signature / sign

242. Silencer

243. Sim-card

244. Simple

245. Sofa

246. Soup

247. Sponge

248. Spray

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Sr. No. Word

249. Spring

250. Stapler

251. Steel

252. Sticker

253. Show

254. Stove

255. Stumps

256. Surprise

257. Sweater

258. Swimming Pool

259. Switch

260. Table

261. Tablet

262. Tattoo

263. Tax

264. Teddy

265. Temperature

266. Test

267. Thermocol

268. Thermometer

269. Ticket

270. Tie

271. Tiffin

272. Tiles

273. Time

274. Tire

275. Tissue

276. Toast

277. Toaster

278. Torch

279. Towel

280. Traffic

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Sr. No. Word

281. Train

282. Transfer

283. Tray

284. T-shirt

285. Tub

286. Tube

287. Tube-light

288. Tuition

289. TV

290. Typewriter

291. Videogame

292. Visa

293. Vitamin

294. Volleyball

295. Warrant

296. Washbasin

297. Washing Machine

298. WhatsApp

299. Wheel Alignment

300. Wi-Fi

301. wire

302. Wind-chime

303. Zip

304. Zebra

305. Lavender

306. Honest

The above list contains use of English words which are not replaced

even while using regional language by any Indian user. Hence these

words become the integral part of a users’ vocabulary. Had it been

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that simple there was no need to conduct a study for research on

these words. A close observation in given urban and rural

environment of different users, belong to various professional fields

and / or different sections of the society has revealed that these words

have been adopted by different users bringing in the variations either

in the spelling or in pronunciation or both. So much so, that the user

is unaware of the variations and inherits or hands out further this

variety of English. The context of place user and reason is the base of

dynamism in the usage of these words. The interesting part is that the

user and the receiver have accepted these variations as it is and

without correcting the words as per RP, understand the same

meaning as given by the English dictionary.

The state of Gujarat has cosmopolitan cities big towns, small towns,

big villages and small villages as its socio-geographical settings. Again

the society is a mix according to eco, socio, ethno lingua groups. The

interaction among the cross culture and cross society is not only

imperative but frequent especially with the fact that on an average

45% of household have their relative settled in some other foreign

country. The society is more comfortable in adopting the words from

English as compared to those states where the ration of migration is

comparatively low.

The acceptability of the contextual dynamism in the usage of English

is quite high because of the regular and habitual interaction in the

society. The migration from rural to urban is not only high but is also

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for skill based an educational reason which again brings in hybridity

in the usage of languages. The assimilation of pronunciation as per

the mother tongue pull is not only high but natural too.

This study has led to an assumption that some variant forms have

become so much obvious that the original form has almost diminished

so much so if a user uses RP form of a word; it is either

misunderstood or not understood at all. For example the word pen is

spoken as ‘pain”.

Further to this the analysis also shows that the users of a particular

register comfortably use variations with each other using the register

and diction of that field. Such users have limited their vocabulary to

most frequently used words as far as English is concerned. For

example, civil engineers would be comfortable in speaking and

listening the word ‘hole’ for the word ‘hall’.

The same word travels cross culture and become a part of event

management, hotels and entertainment industry. For example, a floor

manger from a hotel industry would use this word in somewhat a

sentence like this “snakes (snacks) are being served in the ‘hole’

(hall)”.

This word is used by youngsters in the college canteen by children in

the birthday parties and by professionals in the formal meeting. Thus

a word becomes dynamic at the same time in different cultures.

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“Language is a system of communication through speech, and written language is an attempt to represent the spoken language by visual symbols. In English the correspondence between the written form and the spoken form is not consistently maintained. It is therefore necessary…to make a systematic study of the English sound system…”2

Bansal R. K., Spoken English

Any foreign language took up by an individual whose native or mother

tongue is different, will have a strong L1 pull and the pronunciations

of the L2 will be different from those whose it is a mother tongue.

English as spoken by educated people (through English Medium) in

India does not differ radically from native English in grammar and

vocabulary, but in pronunciation it is different from both British and

American English. Even within India there are a large number of

regional varieties, each different from the other in certain ways, and

retaining to some extent the phonetic patterns of the Indian language

spoken in that particular region. These regional varieties of English

are sometimes not even mutually intelligible. In every region, however,

there are people who have shaken off the gross features of regional

accent and speak more ‘neutral’ form of Indian English.

The ability to speak a language or to understand it when spoken does not involve the ability to read or write it in the conventional way.

Daniel Jones

English is a living, dynamic language that is invigorate by new

speakers, including foreign students, tourists and immigrants.

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English changes often as a result of its spread to rural areas and the

merging of the rural areas towards the urban development.

Language is an inseparable part of human being and human

psychology. The human psychology is highly affected by the over

powering bombardment of global approaches and global market. Since

the advancement of modern channels of communication, the nuances

of the world cultures, world eating habits and world markets have

come into the hands of a person. The collateral gain of this

phenomenon is the compulsion to use a common language of

technology and that is English.

In a global economy, companies seek diverse ways to advertise their

products, and those ways often include an array of linguistic

possibilities with the combination of English and the regional

language. This is done to appeal to the mass.

An electronic journal by Stavans has been named ‘Dynamic English’

as he states in his article “Change Is Gonna Do Ya Good”

“We have titled this journal “Dynamic English” because it explores the way the world’s most commonly used language is evolving in the 21st century under the pressures of technology, globalization and immigration.”

According to R. N. Sarma as mentioned in his book ‘Mimansa Theory

of Meaning’:

“The meaning of the words is the cause of Verbal comprehension… According to the Grammarians, it is the sentence that gives rise to the verbal comprehension.”

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This substantiates the concept that every user has the capacity to

understand the meaning of the word contextually. In fact, on the basis

of the theory there are similar words to depict two different meanings.

The word by itself may depict another meaning but when used with a

context, the meaning may change.

On the basis of this theory the list of words hereunder show the

contextual meaning and how the same has affected the contextual

dynamism.

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Table No. 3.2

List of Commonly used English Words, their RP, L1 Pull Pronunciation, Contextual Meaning & Dynamism

Sr. No. Word RP L1 (Gujarati) Pull

Pronunciation Contextual Meaning Dynamism

1. 100% wʌn ˈhʌndrəd

pəˈsent

wʌn ˈhʌndrəd

pəˈrsent

Contextually it us used

as “hundred percent”.

Contextually this usage

depicts surety,

confidence,

completeness, etc

The user in the spoken

English, which also

considers the non-

verbal aspect of the

speech, uses 100% for

depicting confidence,

surety, affirmation,

completeness.

2. A.C. | eɪ | siː | e si

3. Acid ˈæsɪd ecid

4. Aero-plane ˈeərəpleɪn eərəplen

5. Affordable əˈfɔːdəbl̩ əˈfɔːrdəbl̩

The word is equally

used as against the

regional synonym

The concept of

economical is depicted

by the word more often.

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6. Affidavit ˌæfɪˈdeɪvɪt ˌefɪˈdevɪd

The Law terminology id

rarely replaced with its

regional language

synonym

The contextual spelling

is wrongful

7. Aluminum əˈluːmɪnəm Aluminium

8. Antique ænˈtiːk enˈtiːk

Anything which is

different or artistic is

referred to as antique.

The actual meaning of

the word pertaining to

antique is not known

here.

The meaning of the

word antique is

changed and the

phonetic effect to the

word has changed the

spelling as well.

9. ATM ˌeɪ tiːˈem ˌe tiː em

10. Auto ˈɔːtə ɔtə Auto-Rickshaw

The phrase is replaced

by the usage of single

word which is the

prefix, that is Auto

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11. Automatically ˌɔːtəˈmætɪkl̩i ˌɔtəˈmetɪkl̩i

Generally it is used to

depict that an effect will

take place in reflex to

another effect

Using the word as an

adjective is the

dynamism

12. Automobile ˈɔːtəməʊˌbiːl Otomoba:il

13. Badminton ˈbædmɪntən ˈbedmɪntən

14. Bag bæɡ beɡ

15. Ball bɔːl bɔl

16. Bandage ˈbændɪdʒ ˈbended

a product name which is

used as a substitute of

bandage especially for

first aid

The word band-aid is

used as a substitute of

bandage

17. Bank bæŋk beŋk

18. Basketball ˈbɑːskɪtbɔːl ˈbɑːsketbɔl

19. Bat bæt bet

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20. Battery ˈbætri ˈbetrri

Apart from the dry fuel

cell, the word is also

used as the substitute

of torch

21. Beer bɪə bɪər Beer is also understood

as alcohol

22. Bermuda bəˈmjuːdə brmuːd ɑː

brmu:nd ɑː A pair of informal shorts

23. Bet bet bit With full confidence

24. Bike baɪk bhaɪk motorbike

25. Bill bɪl No change

26. Birthday ˈbɜːθdeɪ birdday

27. Biscuit ˈbɪskɪt beskut

Cookies

In Jeweler’s context this

would mean Gold

28. Black Board blæk bɔːd blek bɔd

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29. Board bɔːd Bod

The examination

conducted by the state

government education

board

30. Blade bleɪd bled Razor blade

31. Bleach bliːtʃ blitʃ

32. Blender ˈblendə ˈblendər

Especially a portable

mixer or processor used

in the kitchen.

The word is taken up

from the phrase

portable blender

33. Bluetooth ˈbluːˌtuːθ ˈbluːˌtuθ

A name of technology

used especially in

cellular phones and

computers

34. Book bʊk No change

35. Bottle ˈbɒtl̩ Baatli Any medicine

69



36. Bow baʊ No Change

37. Bread bred

38. Basin ˈbeɪsn̩ ˈbeɪsɪŋ

Only understood as

where one can wash

hands. Generally used

as “wos-basing”

39. Brush brʌʃ ˈbrʌs

40. Buckle ˈbʌkl̩ ˈbʌkkʌl Especially used for hair

pins

41. Building ˈbɪldɪŋ No change

42. Bulb bʌlb No change

43. Burger ˈbɜːɡə Bʌrgʌr

44. Bus bʌs No change

45. Button ˈbʌtn̩ bʌttʌn̩

That which is in a shirt

That which is on a

gadget or machine

46. Basket ˈbɑːskɪt ˈbɑːsket

47. Cake keɪk kæk

70



48. Calendar ˈkælɪndə kælændər

In some schools the

almanac is replaced by

the word Calendar

49. Calculator ˈkælkjʊleɪtə kelkʊletər

kalsi

The short form of the

word is used ‘KALSI’

50. Camera ˈkæmərə ˈkæmærɑː

51. Car kɑː kɑːr

52. Catalogue ˈkætəlɒɡ ketəlɒɡ

Sometimes also

understood as a

brochure

71



53. CD ˌsiːˈdiː No change

To ask for soft copy of a

document it is used in

the sentence as

“Please give the file in

CD”. Here CD depicts

soft copy

CD is also used to

depict collection of

songs or film or movies

54. Cell sel

The pronunciation of

the words cell, sale

and Sell are done

similar, that is, “sel”

55. Cement sɪˈment No change

56. Cello-tape <cello-tape>

57. Chain tʃeɪn tʃen Used in place of

“Necklace”

72



58. Chalk tʃɔːk tʃɔk

Used to write on black

board

An electric gadget used

in a tube-light assemble

59. Charger ˈtʃɑːdʒə tʃɑːrdʒərr Especially of cellular

phones only.

60. Cheese tʃiːz tʃidʒ

61. Cheque book tʃek bʊk No change

62. Chemist and

Druggist

ˈkemɪst ənd

ˈdrʌɡɪst ˈkemɪst ənd ˈdhrʌɡɪst

A medical store, a shop

where medicines are

available

The dynamism is in the

spelling of the word

‘Druggist’ as per the

pronunciation, the

spelling is generally

written as ‘Druggist’

63. Chocolate ˈtʃɒklət No Change

64. Cigarette ˌsɪɡəˈret No Change

73



65. Clip klɪp klɪ:p

A video clip as referred

to in social networking

sites

A clip used in laundry

section to hang clothes

66. Coat ˈkəʊt ˈkɒt

67. Coffee ˈkɒfi ˈkɒfi

A hot beverage

A colour, especially

brown

68. Collapsible kəˈlæpsəbl̩

kɒlepsibʌl̩

kɒlepsikʌl̩

kɒlepsiʌl̩

The word is generally

used as collapsible gate.

But the word

collapsible is perceived

as gate of a particular

type.

69. Comedian kəˈmiːdɪən kɒmedɪən An entertainer who

makes people laugh

The regional synonym

is rarely used

70. Computer kəmˈpjuːtə kəmˈpjuːtər

71. Conditioner kənˈdɪʃənə kənˈdɪʃənər

72. Cooler ˈkuːlə ˈkuːlər

74



73. Coupon ˈkuːpɒn ˈkuːpʌn

74. Cover ˈkʌvə kʌvər

75. Credit Card ˈkredɪt kɑːd kredɪt kɑːrd

A few users know the

difference between Debit

Card and Credit card.

When it comes to even

withdrawing money

from the bank ATM

where a debit card is

usually used the

speaker will speak credit

card instead

The Phrase credit card

means plastic money.

75



76. Cream kriːm kriːm

Contextual meanings

are conveyed as under

In a dairy product shop,

it is understood as the

abstract of milk

containing fat.

In a provision store,

especially in winter, it is

understood as a

moisturizing cream for

skin.

77. Cricket ˈkrɪkɪt No change

78. Cup kʌp No change Differently understood

in various contexts

76



79. Cycle ˈsaɪkl̩ saɪkʌl̩

Contextually understood

as

A vehicle

Repetitive occasions or

happenings

80. Cylinder ˈsɪlɪndə sɪlɪndər

Contextually understood

as the fuel Gas cylinder

either in domestic usage

or commercial food

joints.

The fuel providing

companies, the

government when

deciding policies of fuel

gas distribution use

only ‘cylinder’ for gas

fuel.

81. Deodorant diːˈəʊdərənt No change

82. Design dɪˈzaɪn No change

83. Dictionary ˈdɪkʃənri No change

84. Doctor ˈdɒktə dʌ:ktərr

85. Dongle <dongle> No change

77



86. Download daʊnˈləʊd daʊnˈlɒd

With the advent of

cellular phone

technology and the

availability of internet

facility on the phone,

the concept of

downloading is very

common

The word, apart from

the technological

meaning, is used to

depict the concept of

imbibing.

87. Drawer drɔː drɔ:vʌr Only understood as a

boxlike sliding container

88. Dress dres

89. Drill drɪl No change Mostly understood as a

tool for burrowing holes

Generally not

understood as exercise

90. Driver ˈdraɪvə Rural: daɪvər

Urban: drraɪvər No change Not found

91. Dry Clean draɪ kliːn No Change There is no regional

language synonym

The word dry clean is

associated with laundry

services

78



92. Drops drɒps No change

93. Duster ˈdʌstə ˈdʌstər

94. Dye daɪ No change

95. Earphones ˈɪəfəʊnz ˈɪərfɒnz

96. Easily / Easy ˈiːzəli / ˈiːzi No change The meaning is well

conveyed

The word is very

commonly used with

the regional language to

depict ‘not difficult’

97. Election ɪˈlekʃn̩ ɪˈlekʃn̩

The regional language

synonym is used as

equally as English word

98. Election Agenda ɪˈlekʃn̩ əˈdʒendə ɪˈlekʃn̩ əˈdʒendɑː

The meaning s very

clear when the viewer

reads this on the

television, that these are

the points on which the

election is being fought

The word agenda is

now commonly used as

points to be discussed.

99. Engagement ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt enˈɡeɪdʒmənt

79



100. Fabrication ˌfæbrɪˈkeɪʃn̩ ˌfæbrɪˈkeʃn̩

The work related to iron

and welding. There is no

regional language

synonym for the word

The word welding is

replaced by the word

fabrication

101. Facebook <facebook> No change

102. Facial ˈfeɪʃl̩ No change

103. Fan fæn phæn

In media understood as

follower and admirer

An electrical gadget

which gives wind to all.

104. Farm house fɑːm ˈhaʊs fɑːrm ˈhaʊs

This means a house or

property in the

countryside. There is no

regional language usage

of the concept

The farm house is

associated with the

perception of having an

additional property and

the person being rich

105. File faɪl No Change

80



106. Firing ˈfaɪərɪŋ No change Firing as from a gun or

guns

The Gujarati synonym

of the concept is rarely

used.

107. Flat flæt flet

108. Foil fɔɪl fɔ:ɪl

109. Football ˈfʊtbɔːl

110. Frame freɪm No change

Contextually used for

Frame of spectacles

Picture frame

The dynamism

identified is that the

word frame replaces the

word spectacles.

111. Frankie ˈfrænki

112. Fridge frɪdʒ frɪ:dʒ

113. Frock frɒk frɔ:k

81



114. Funda ˌfʌndɑː ˌfʌndɑː

This is a slang usage of

the word ‘Fundamental’.

Contextually the word is

used as a synonym of

basic rules or

philosophy

The dynamism marked

is that in place of the

word ‘philosophy’ the

word ‘FUNDA’ is used

115. Gas ɡæs ɡes

116. Garage ˈɡærɑːʒ ɡereʒ

Here the word only

means a place where

cars are repaired.

The meaning “parking

space for a car” is taken

up by the phrase either

parking space or

parking plot”

117. Ghee ɡhiː

118. Good Morning ɡʊd ˈmɔːnɪŋ ɡʊd ˈmɔrnɪŋ

The greeting is rarely

replaced with its

regional language

synonym

To a certain extent the

greeting has become

very common amongst

the users as well as

non users of English

82



119. Gown ɡaʊn ɡɑːun

The spelling of this word

especially on shop fascia

is wrongfully done as

‘gaun’

The phonetic flaw is

transferred to the usage

of wrong spelling.

120. Governor ˈɡʌvənə ˈ

ɡʌvəndər (when used

for the governor of a

vehicle)

used as govender for

vehicles

The spelling is changed

as per phonetic usage.

121. Group ɡruːp ɡruːp The regional language

synonym is equally used

122. Handle ˈhændl̩ hendʌl̩

123. Hanger ˈhæŋə hæŋər

124. Happy Birthday ˈhæpi ˈbɜːθdeɪ Check birthday

83



125. Hardware ˈhɑːdweə ˈhɑːrdwer

• In the context of

information

technology and

computer, it means

that which is related

to the physical

aspect of the

computer.

• A hardware shop

means, a shop where

tools, furniture

accessories, and

fittings are available

126. Headphone ˈhedˌfəʊn Check phone

127. Heater ˈhiːtə hiːtər

128. Heels hiːlz No change

129. Helicopter ˈhelɪkɒptə ˈhelɪkɒptər

84



130. Hello həˈləʊ həˈlɑːv

həlʊ

Apart from greeting, the

word is used to answer

phone calls

This is a worldwide

dynamism.

131. Helmet ˈhelmɪt helmet

132. High court ˌhaɪ kɔːt ˌhaɪ kɔːrt

The synonym of the

word is not used in

general mass

communication,

especially in regional TV

news channels

133. Highway ˈhaɪweɪ haɪwe

134. Hook hʊk No change

135. Hotel ˌhəʊˈtel ˌhɒtəl

The dynamism is that

even a restaurant is

depicted by the word

hotel.

136. Ice-cream aɪs ˈkriːm No change

137. ICU <icu> No change

85



138. Important ɪmˈpɔːtnt ɪmˈpɔtnt

The user does not know

the difference between

‘important’ and

‘impotent’

139. Inspector ɪnˈspektə ɪnˈspektər

In 80% of the cases the

word will make the

listener perceive a police

inspector only

The dynamism has lead

to the understanding of

the meaning as one

who is in police force.

140. Internet ˈɪntənet ˈɪntərnet

It is a comprehensive

term, Used by different

users in different

fashion. A rural user

will use the word

internet to explain e-

mails, social networking

sites, shopping

websites, etc as and

when used in particular

context

The word originated in

around 1980s and

which meant a network

between a few

computers for

communication has

changed in these four

decades to what we

understand it now.

86



141. Interest ˈɪntrəst ˈɪntrəst

The spelling has

changed as per

pronunciation.

Generally spelt as

‘intrest’

142. Jeans dʒiːnz No change

143. Joker ˈdʒəʊkə ˈdʒɒkər

Contextually while

playing cards, it

represents a type of card

While talking about an

important person who

can take any action,

the word is used to

depict the meaning or

the concept

144. Jug dʒʌɡ No change

145. Junior ˈdʒuːnɪə ˈdʒuːnɪər

There no reliable

synonym of the word in

the regional language

The system

understands the word

junior and the word is

used in the regional

language.

87



146. Keyboard ˈkiːbɔːd ˈkiːbɔːrd

Till the computers were

not popular, the word

would mean an organ, a

musical instrument or a

synthesizer. But now it

is prima facie perceived

as the input unit of a

computer.

The perception that the

word gave witnessed

dynamism with the

advent of technology.

The word started giving

and accepting the

perception of the more

common technology

and the gadget

associated with it.

147. Keychain kiː tʃeɪn No change

148. Laptop ˈlæptɒp No Change

88



149. Laminate ˈlæmɪneɪt ˈlemɪnet

• Related to Formica

• Related to a

permanent covering

over a paper or some

instrument or article

The concept started in

furniture with the

advent of this

technology and was

known as Formica or

Sunmica which with

the understanding of

the technology is now

used as Laminate.

150. Lens lenz No Change

• Photography

• Ophthalmology or

optometry

151. License ˈlaɪsns No Change

152. Lift lɪft No Change • Elevator

The word elevator is

rarely used buildings, it

is commonly

understood as ‘lift’

89



153. Lighter ˈlaɪtə ˈlaɪtər

• A Woman would

generally perceive it

as a gadget to light

up the stove in the

kitchen

• A man would

generally perceive it

as a gadget to light

up the cigarette

154. Lipstick ˈlɪpstɪk ˈlɪstɪk

A very unusual pattern

of pronunciation is

observed where the ‘p’

sound is eliminated

90



155. Lunchbox ˈlʌntʃbɒks No change

The student refers to

this as snack box which

one carries to school or

college. But when one

refers to actual lunch

one uses the word

‘Tiffin’.

156. Machine məˈʃiːn məˈsiːn

157. Macaroni ˌmækəˈrəʊni mekrɒni

158. Major Role ˈmeɪdʒə rəʊl ˈmedʒr rɒl High importance

Rather than saying that

‘it is more important’ it

will be depicted by

saying ‘it has a major

role’

91



159. Marketing ˈmɑːkɪtɪŋ ˈmɑːrkɪtɪŋ

A very popular concept

of business related to

the strategy of selling

goods

The professional world

uses this word. The

idea of advertising and

selling goods is

comprehended by this

single word.

160. Marriage ˈmærɪdʒ ˈmerredʒ

The spelling is done as

per pronunciation

MARRAIGE

161. Medal ˈmedl̩ medʌl̩

An achievement is

referred to as medal.

Even if the recipient has

been given a certificate,

his achievement is

considered to have

received a medal


the word medal is

understood as an

achievement.

92



162. Medi-claim ˈmedi kleɪm ˈmedi klæm An insurance

terminology

For any insurance

policy Medi-claim is

used

163. Medical Store ˈmedɪkl̩ stɔː ˈmedɪkl̩ stɔːr

A place where medicines

and other medical

equipments are

available

164. Microwave ˈmaɪkrəweɪv ˈmaɪkrəwev

165. Mike maɪk No Change

There is a clear

understanding of the

word, but often used in

place of speakers or a

hands-free of a cellular

phone

The confusing usage is

now replaced with the

word headset in cellular

phone technology

93



166. Mixer ˈmɪksə ˈmɪksər

the word means a

kitchen gadget, even if a

person is referring to

juicer, one would use

the word mixer

167. Mobile ˈməʊbaɪl mɒbaɪl

The word means, that

which is movable, but

the general modern

tendency of the human

being especially in

communication, to use

short forms and

acronyms, has changed

the perception of the

word.

With the advent of

cellular phone

technology, the word

mobile generates the

meaning- cellular

phone.

168. Mother tongue ˈmʌðə tʌŋ mʌðər tʌŋ

169. Nail cutter neɪl ˈkʌtə nel ˈkʌtər It does not have regional

language substitute.

94



170. Nail polish neɪl ˈpɒlɪʃ nel ˈpɒlɪs

171. Napkin ˈnæpkɪn nepkɪn

There is no regional

language synonym for

the word.

172. News update njuːz ˌʌpˈdeɪt njuːz ˌʌpˈdet Short news or news in

brief

The urban or the rural

listener or viewer

understands the

meaning when

telecasted by the

popular regional news

channel.

173. Noodles ˈnuːdl̩z nuːdl̩z Rarely understood as

one of the types of pasta

Noodles will represent

nothing other than a

food preparation of

Chinese cuisine.

95



174. Notice ˈnəʊtɪs ˈnotɪs

• The word in the

context of law is

understood as a legal

order as prescribed

by the body of law

• In academic

institutions it is an

intimation of some

activity or policy

175. Number ˈnʌmbə nʌmbər

The numbers are well

understood by almost

all the users.

The state text book

board has replaced the

regional number scripts

with the English

number scripts.

The usage of English

has lead to a unique

dynamism in the

regional language

which is a field of

research who wants to

study the dynamism in

Gujarati Language.

96



176. Nurse nɜːs nɜːrs

The Gujarati synonym

for the word is rarely

used. Even in hospitals

located rural area use

the word in Gujarati

script and is well

comprehended

177. Office ˈɒfɪs No Change

178. Oil ɔɪl No change

• Edible oil

• Machinery or

Vehicles: Lubricating

oil

97



179. Operation ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn̩ ɒpəˈresn̩

Urban: procedure,

process, etc

Rural: Medical

terminology

The word, which has

various perceptions

including procedure

and process, is limited

to the operation, which

is referred to in medical

terms, especially in the

rural areas.

180. Oven ˈʌvn̩ ɒvn̩

181. Packing ˈpækɪŋ ˈpekɪŋ

The spelling as changed

as per pronunciation.

PAKING also seen as

PEKING

182. PAN card pæn kɑːd pæn kɑːrd

98



183. Pant pænt No change

In rural context the

word is comprehended

as a type of garment

only. The meaning of the

word - short breath, or

the noise created by a

short breath - is not

known at all

The word will be

perceived as a pair of

trousers only.

184. Paper ˈpeɪpə peɪpər Sometimes understood

as newspaper

It is one of those very

few phrases where the

first word is dropped for

colloquial usages.

185. Parking ˈpɑːkɪŋ pɑːrkɪŋ

186. Pass pɑːs No change

187. Passbook ˈpɑːsbʊk No change

188. Passport ˈpɑːspɔːt ˈpɑːspɔːrt

189. Pasta ˈpæstə pæstɑː

190. Pastry ˈpeɪstri pestri

99



191. Pen pen No change

192. Petrol ˈpetrəl No change

193. Phone fəʊn phɒ:n

194. Photo ˈfəʊtəʊ phɒ:tɒ:

195. Picture ˈpɪktʃə pɪktʃər The word is used to

depict a film or a movie

Picture in rural context

is movie.

196. Pin pɪn No Change

197. Pipe paɪp No Change

198. Pizza ˈpiːtsə piːzsɑː

199. Play station ˈpleɪ ˈsteɪʃn̩ pleɪ ˈsteɪsn̩

200. Plot plɒt No change A piece of land as per

real estate terminology

The colloquial user

does not know the verb

– plot: meaning ‘to

secretly plan’

201. Plywood plaɪwʊd No change Related to furniture

202. Police pəˈliːs pɒ:ˈliːs

203. Polish ˈpɒlɪʃ pɒlɪs

204. Popcorn ˈpɒpkɔːn No change

100



205. Post-office ˈpəʊstˌɒfɪs pəʊstˌɒ:fɪs

206. Pencil ˈpensl̩ No change

207. pain peɪn Pen

208. Powder ˈpaʊdə pavdər

209. Prime Location praɪm ləʊˈkeɪʃn̩ praɪm lɒkeʃn̩ A perfect place

In terms of real estate

this is one of the

unique selling point

210. Prime property praɪm ˈprɒpəti praɪm ˈprɒpərti Important real estate

property

The word property has

been associated with

the land and assets one

has

211. Product ˈprɒdʌkt No change

Goods worth saleable

Even the banks and

service industry refer to

their services as

products

The dynamism

identified is, rather

than using the word

‘scheme’, ‘insurance’,

etc, the professional

user uses the word

‘product’

101



212. Purse pɜːs pɜrs

213. Reception rɪˈsepʃn̩ rɪˈpsesn / rɪˈsepsn̩

Generally perceived as a

ceremony after marriage

for greeting the couple.

214. Reminder rɪˈmaɪndə rɪˈmaɪndər The meaning is well

conveyed

The word has come into

usage more often with

the advent of the

cellular phone

technology and its

special feature of

reminders.

215. Remote rɪˈməʊt rɪˈmɒt

216. Report rɪˈpɔːt rɪˈpɒ:t

This would generally

give the perception to a

rural user about the

medical biological report

217. Report-card rɪˈpɔːt kɑːd rɪˈpɒ:t kɑːrd

102



218. Requirement rɪˈkwaɪəmənt rɪˈkwaərmmənt

Spelling has

contextually changed to

‘Requirmment’

219. Result rɪˈzʌlt No change

220. Ribbon ˈrɪbən ˈrɪbi:n

221. Rickshaw ˈrɪkʃɔː ˈrɪksɑː

222. Ring rɪŋ No Change

223. Road rəʊd rod

224. Roll rəʊl rol

225. Room ruːm No change

226. Rupees ruːˈpiːz ruːˈppiːz Spelling generally done

as Ruppes

227. Same seɪm sem

228. Sandal ˈsændl̩ sendʌl̩

229. Sandwich ˈsænwɪdʒ ˈsendwɪtʃ

230. Sauce sɔːs sos In street restaurants it

is perceived as ketchup

the word gives the

perception of tomato

ketchup

103



231. Scarf skɑːf skɑːrf

232. Screw skruː No change

233. Shape ʃeɪp sep

234. Seat siːt No change

235. Serial sɪərɪəl sɪrɪəl

The TV shows telecasted

on any channel are in

form of Episodes,

popularly known as

serials

The dynamism

identified is that the

usage of the word ‘TV

show’ is replaced by the

word SERIALS.

236. Shampoo ʃæmˈpuː No Change

237. Shawl ʃɔːl ʃ ɑːl

238. Ship ʃɪp No change

239. Shirt ʃɜːt ʃɜːrt

240. Shower ˈʃ ɑːʊə ʃ ɑːvər

104



241. Signature / sign ˈsɪɡnətʃə / saɪn ˈsɪɡnətʃər / saɪn The meaning is well

understood contextually

The pronunciation of

‘sign’ has led to the

dynamism of incorrect

spelling being used by

unprofessional users as

‘sain’

242. Silencer ˈsaɪlənsə ˈsaɪlənsər

243. Sim-card <sim-card> No change

244. Simple ˈsɪmpl̩ ˈsɪmpʌl̩ The meaning is well

understood

The word is very

commonly used with

the regional language to

depict ‘not difficult’

245. Sofa ˈsəʊfə sof ɑː

246. Soup suːp No change

247. Sponge spʌndʒ spɔːndʒ

105



248. Spray spreɪ Spre

• Rural contextual

meaning is related to

farming, e.g. spray of

insecticides.

• Urban contextual

meaning generally

comprehended as

perfume.

The spray technology

became common in

perfume bottles and so

the word has now

become the substitute

of perfume itself.

249. Spring sprɪŋ No change

250. Stapler ˈsteɪplə ˈsteɪplər

No synonym of the word

is available in the

regional language

251. Steel stiːl No change

252. Sticker ˈstɪkə ˈstɪkər

253. Show ʃəʊ ʃo

254. Stove stəʊv No change

255. Stumps stʌmps No change

256. Surprise səˈpraɪz No change

106



257. Sweater ˈswetə ˈswetər

258. Swimming Pool ˈswɪmɪŋ puːl No change

259. Switch swɪtʃ No change An IT professional will

comprehend as shift

260. Table ˈteɪbl̩ ˈtebʌl̩

261. Tablet ˈtæblɪt No change

262. Tattoo təˈtuː No change

263. Tax tæks No change

The synonym of the

word is not used either

in urban or rural

context

The word is used to

understand

contextually, either

income tax, sales tax,

etc.

264. Teddy ˈtedi No Change

265. Temperature ˈtemprətʃə ˈtemprətʃər

Generally used as a

substitute of fever or

weather

107



266. Test ˈtest

The pronunciation

will sound like the

word “taste”

267. Thermocol <θəˈmɒkol No change

There is no synonym of

the word in the regional

language

268. Thermometer θəˈmɒmɪtə θəˈmɒmɪtər

269. Ticket ˈtɪkɪt No change

270. Tie taɪ No change

271. Tiffin ˈtɪˌfɪn No Change

Also understood as

lunch box. In school,

the students refer to it

as lunch box but a

working person taking

lunch along with at his

workplace uses the term

Tiffin.

272. Tiles taɪlz taɪls

108



273. Time ˈtaɪm

Urban: No change in

pronunciation

Rural: tem

The regional substitute

or synonym is rarely

used

274. Tire ˈtaɪə ˈtaɪər There is no regional

language synonym

275. Tissue ˈtɪʃuː No change

276. Toast təʊst tɒs A baked bread

277. Toaster ˈtəʊstə ˈtəʊstər Limited to urban users

278. Torch tɔːtʃ tɔːrtʃ

279. Towel ˈtaʊəl ˈtʊvɑːl There is no synonym in

the regional language.

280. Traffic ˈtræfɪk No change

281. Train treɪn No change

The synonym of the

word is not used in

either urban or rural

context

109



282. Transfer ˈtrænsfɜː ˈtrænsfɜːr The regional synonym of

the word in equally used

In official documents

sometimes the regional

synonym is replaced

with the word

283. Tray treɪ tre

284. T-shirt ˈtiː ʃɜːt ˈtiː ʃɜːrt

285. Tub tʌb No change

286. Tube tjuːb No change

287. Tube-light tjuːb laɪt No change

288. Tuition tjuːˈɪʃn̩ tjuːʃn̩ A supportive class for

students

The phonological

pronunciation has

changed the spelling by

majority users to

‘tution’

289. TV ˌtiːˈviː No change

290. Typewriter ˈtaɪpraɪtə taɪpraɪtər

291. Videogame ˈvɪdioˌɡem No change

292. Visa ˈviːzə vizɑː

110



293. Vitamin ˈvɪtəmɪn No change The synonym of the

word is not available

294. Volleyball ˈvɒlɪbɔːl No change

295. Warrant ˈwɒrənt No change

296. Washbasin ˈwɒʃbeɪsn̩ wɒʃbeɪsŋ

The synonym of the

word is not available in

the regional language

297. Washing Machine ˈwɒʃɪŋ məˈʃiːn No change

298. WhatsApp <whatsapp> No change

299. Wheel Alignment wiːl̩ əˈlaɪnmənt wiːl̩ əˈlaimənt

The technological jargon

does not have a

synonym in the regional

language

The English

technological jargon is

well understood by the

car users.

111



300. Wi-Fi ˈwaɪˌfaɪ No change

Even in urban context

where the clear meaning

of the word is known,

sometimes it is used as

a substitute of the word

internet.


as the technology

serves wireless internet

facility, the urban user

sometimes uses it in

place of internet

service. The coinage

rhymes its predecessor

audiophile pay Hi-Fi

meaning High Fidelity.

301. wire ˈwaɪə ˈwaɪər

302. Wind-chime ˈwɪndˌtʃaɪm No change

303. Zip zɪp No change

304. Zebra ˈzebrə zebrɑː

305. Lavender ˈlævəndə ˈlævəndər

306. Honest ˈɒnɪst ˈɒneʃt

112

For the phonetic scripting of the words, reference of R. K. Bansal’s Spoken

English, Daniel Jones’ An Outline of English Phonetics, has been taken.

The same is verified by PHOTRANSEDIT

(http://www.photransedit.com/online/text2phonetics.aspx)

Works Cited

1. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/the-history-of-english.

Accessed on 06/09/2010

2. Bansal, R.K. & Harrison. 1995. Spoken English. Madras: Orient

Longman Limited.

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