chapter 3 individual differences and call presented by group 3: nurbaiti pramesti mila marsiya nur...
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Chapter 3Individual Differences
and Call
Chapter 3Individual Differences
and Call
Presented by group 3:
Nurbaiti Pramesti
Mila MarsiyaNur Iman
The organization of Presentation
Models of second Language Learning and their variables.* The ’Good Language-Learner’ model* ‘Monitor’ model* Brown & Fraser’s framework* Levin’s schematic model
Model with interdependent learner variables * Gardner’s educational model* Skehan’s model * Spolsky’s model
Individual differences.Conclusions
Model with independent learner Model with independent learner variables (the Good Language –variables (the Good Language –
Learner model)Learner model)
• Naiman, Frohlich, Todesco and Stem (1978) identifies three Independent variables such as:
* teaching * learner, and * context• Dependent variables such as: * learning * outcome
TEACHING
THE LEARNERS
THE CONTEXT
MaterialsSyllabusMethodologyResources
AgeIntelligenceAptitudeMotivationAttitudePersonalityCognitive Style
EFL/ESLOpportunitiesFor useSocial Milieu
UnconsciousProcesses-Generalization-Transfer-SimplificationConscious processes-Strategies
Proficiency-listening-speaking-reading-writingErrorsInter languageAffective reasons
Monitor theory
INPUT
AffectiveFilter
CognitiveOrganizers
MONITOR
OUTPUT
Krashen (1978,1981,1982,1985;Dulay, Burt and Krashen 1982; Krashen and Terell 1983
There are five hypotheses:1. The acquisition-learning hypotheses2. The natural order hypotheses3. The monitor hypotheses4. The input hypotheses5. The affective hypotheses a major source of variation and it
depending: attitude, motivation, self confidence and/or anxiety.
Brown & Fraser framework
• Scene setting and purpose
• Participants individuals and relationships
Situation
Scene Participant
Setting (eg.Bytanders,
local and time
Purpose(eg. Buying, lecturing or
Playing a game)
Individuals
Individual quaIndividual
(eg. Personality,Attitudes)
Individual as member of a
Social category(eg. Class, ethnicity
RelationshipBetween
Individuals(eg. SharedKnowledge,
Power)
Levin’s Schematic model
Two major stages:• Diagnostic• PrescriptiveFocus on two variables:• Input variable between learner’s
traits ,abilities and prerequisites• Output variable