chapter 3 migration key issue 1: why do people migrate?
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3 MigrationChapter 3 MigrationKey Issue 1: Why Do Key Issue 1: Why Do
People Migrate?People Migrate?
MigrationMigration
MigrationMigration is the long-term movement is the long-term movement of a person from one political of a person from one political jurisdiction to another. It can include jurisdiction to another. It can include movement at many different scales, movement at many different scales, from one neighborhood to another or from one neighborhood to another or from one continent to another.from one continent to another.
EmigrationEmigration
EmigrationEmigration is movement from a is movement from a location, whereas immigration is location, whereas immigration is movement to a location. The movement to a location. The difference between the number of difference between the number of immigrants and the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants is the net migration.emigrants is the net migration.
Reasons for MigratingReasons for Migrating
1.1. E.G. Ravenstein, a 19E.G. Ravenstein, a 19thth century century geographer, identified 11 laws of geographer, identified 11 laws of migration which can be roughly organized migration which can be roughly organized into three main elements: the reasons into three main elements: the reasons migrants move, the distance they move, migrants move, the distance they move, and the major characteristics of and the major characteristics of migration.migration.
2.2. Migration is a specific type of relocation Migration is a specific type of relocation diffusion and is a form of mobility, a more diffusion and is a form of mobility, a more general term dealing with all types of general term dealing with all types of movement.movement.
Reasons for Migrating cont.Reasons for Migrating cont.
3. People generally migrate because of push 3. People generally migrate because of push and pull factors. Push factors include and pull factors. Push factors include anything that would want to cause anything that would want to cause someone to leave their present location, someone to leave their present location, whereas pull factors attract people to a whereas pull factors attract people to a new location.new location.
4. Four major kinds of push and pull factors 4. Four major kinds of push and pull factors can be identified. These are economic, can be identified. These are economic, political, cultural, and environmental.political, cultural, and environmental.
Why People MigrateWhy People Migrate
Reasons for migratingReasons for migrating• Push & pull factorsPush & pull factors
• • EconomicEconomic • Cultural • Cultural • Environmental• Environmental
– – Intervening obstaclesIntervening obstacles
Distance of migrationDistance of migration• Internal migrationInternal migration• International migrationInternational migration
Characteristics of migrantsCharacteristics of migrants• GenderGender• Family statusFamily status
Economic Pull FactorsEconomic Pull Factors
Economic factors that can lead to Economic factors that can lead to migration include job opportunities, migration include job opportunities, cycles of economic growth and cycles of economic growth and recession, and cost of living.recession, and cost of living.
The United States and Canada have The United States and Canada have been important destinations for been important destinations for economic migrants lured by economic migrants lured by economic pull factors.economic pull factors.
Cultural Push and Pull Factors Cultural Push and Pull Factors
Cultural factors can be especially Cultural factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to compelling push factors, forcing people to emigrate from a country.emigrate from a country.
Forced international migration has Forced international migration has historically occurred for two main cultural historically occurred for two main cultural reasons: slavery and political instability.reasons: slavery and political instability.
Large groups of people were no longer Large groups of people were no longer forced to migrate as slaves in the 20forced to migrate as slaves in the 20thth century, but forced international migration century, but forced international migration increased because of political instability increased because of political instability resulting from cultural diversity.resulting from cultural diversity.
Major sources and destinations of Major sources and destinations of refugeesrefugees
Political Push FactorsPolitical Push Factors Armed conflict and the policies of oppressive Armed conflict and the policies of oppressive
regimes have been important political push regimes have been important political push factors in forcing out those who become refugees.factors in forcing out those who become refugees.
According to the United Nations, refugees are According to the United Nations, refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.political opinion.
Of the more than 33 million refugees in the world, Of the more than 33 million refugees in the world, more than two-thirds of them are from Asia and more than two-thirds of them are from Asia and Africa. Africa.
Political Pull FactorsPolitical Pull Factors There are also political pull factors such as the promise of There are also political pull factors such as the promise of
political freedom.political freedom. It was this factor that lured so many people from the It was this factor that lured so many people from the
communist countries of Eastern Europe to Western Europe communist countries of Eastern Europe to Western Europe in the second half of the 20in the second half of the 20thth century. century.
Cultural factors can encourage people to move to places Cultural factors can encourage people to move to places where they will be more at home culturally.where they will be more at home culturally.
A good example of a cultural pull factor is the relocation of A good example of a cultural pull factor is the relocation of Jews to the newly formed state of Israel after WWII. Israel is Jews to the newly formed state of Israel after WWII. Israel is the ancestral hearth of Jewish culture, and it serves as a the ancestral hearth of Jewish culture, and it serves as a place where Jewish people can reestablish social ties and place where Jewish people can reestablish social ties and create a sense of political unity.create a sense of political unity.
Environmental Pull and Push Environmental Pull and Push FactorsFactors
Environmental pull and push factors are largely Environmental pull and push factors are largely related to physical geography.related to physical geography.
People will be pulled towards physically attractive People will be pulled towards physically attractive regions such as the Rocky Mountains and the regions such as the Rocky Mountains and the Mediterranean coast of southern Europe.Mediterranean coast of southern Europe.
People might also be pushed from places by People might also be pushed from places by floods and droughts. The flooding in New Orleans floods and droughts. The flooding in New Orleans and other Gulf coast communities in 2005 and other Gulf coast communities in 2005 following Hurricane Katrina caused around 1,400 following Hurricane Katrina caused around 1,400 deaths and forced several hundred thousand deaths and forced several hundred thousand people from their homes.people from their homes.
Thousands of Americans Thousands of Americans migrated to CA during the migrated to CA during the
Great Depression dust bowlGreat Depression dust bowl
Environmental push factorEnvironmental push factorHurricane Katrina forced hundreds of thousands of Hurricane Katrina forced hundreds of thousands of
people to migrate from the Gulf Coast area.people to migrate from the Gulf Coast area.
Intervening ObstaclesIntervening Obstacles
Migrants do not always go to their Migrants do not always go to their intended destination because of an intended destination because of an intervening obstacle, which is an intervening obstacle, which is an environmental or cultural feature environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.that hinders migration.
Intervening ObstacleIntervening ObstacleExample: migrants going to CA Example: migrants going to CA
during the Gold Rushduring the Gold Rush
Distance of Migration: Internal Distance of Migration: Internal MigrationMigration
According to Ravenstein, most migrants According to Ravenstein, most migrants move only a short distance and within a move only a short distance and within a country. country. Internal migration Internal migration is permanent is permanent movement within a country.movement within a country.
Interregional migrationInterregional migration is one type of is one type of internal migration, and is movement from internal migration, and is movement from one region of a country to another.one region of a country to another.
The other type of internal migration is The other type of internal migration is intraregional migrationintraregional migration, movement within , movement within a region. a region.
International MigrationInternational Migration One of Ravenstein’s laws states that long-One of Ravenstein’s laws states that long-
distance migrants to other countries distance migrants to other countries usually relocate to major economic and usually relocate to major economic and urban centers.urban centers.
The permanent migration from one The permanent migration from one country to another is international country to another is international migration, and it can be voluntary or migration, and it can be voluntary or forced.forced.
Voluntary migration is when someone Voluntary migration is when someone chooses to leave a place. chooses to leave a place.
Forced migration is when someone is Forced migration is when someone is moved from a place without any choice. moved from a place without any choice.
Characteristics of MigrantsCharacteristics of Migrants
A century ago Ravenstein stated that most A century ago Ravenstein stated that most long-distance migrants were male adults long-distance migrants were male adults rather than families with children.rather than families with children.
Today there are much larger numbers of Today there are much larger numbers of females migrating internationally together females migrating internationally together with their children, especially from Mexico with their children, especially from Mexico to the United States. This is a reflection of to the United States. This is a reflection of the changing role of women.the changing role of women.
Much of the migration from Mexico to the Much of the migration from Mexico to the United States is illegal and seasonal. United States is illegal and seasonal.