Chapter 3 Opener A leafcutter ant worker carries a leaf back to the colony while a much smaller worker rides on the leaf to protect her sister against parasitic flies

Figure 3.1 Development of worker behavior in honey bees

Figure 3.2 Gene activity varies in the brains of nurse bees and foragers

Figure 3.3 Social environment and task specialization by worker honey bees

Figure 3.5 Imprinting in greylag geese

Figure 3.6 Cross-fostering has different imprinting effects in two related songbirds

Figure 3.7 Spatial learning by chickadees

Figure 3.8 A Clark’s nutcracker holding a seed in its bill that the bird is about to cache underground

Figure 3.9 Differences within a species in learned behavior

Figure 3.12 Kin discrimination in Belding’s ground squirrels

Figure 3.13 The ability of Belding’s ground squirrels to learn their own odor

Figure 3.14 Different wintering sites of blackcaps

Figure 3.15 Funnel cage for recording the migratory orientation of captive birds

Figure 3.16 Response to artificial selection on the fall migration departure date of blackcaps

Hirsch Maze

The evolutionary importance of heritability

Figure 3.18 Why do people differ in their test scores?

Figure 3.19 A coastal Californian garter snake about to consume a banana slug

Figure 3.20 Response of newborn, naïve garter snakes to slug cubes

Figure 3.24 Genetic differences cause behavioral differences in fruit fly larvae (Part 1)

Figure 3.24 Genetic differences cause behavioral differences in fruit fly larvae (Part 2)

Figure 3.25 Surrogate mothers used in social deprivation experiments

Figure 3.27 Developmental homeostasis in humans

Figure 3.28 Mating males of the damselfly Lestes viridis (red bars) have more symmetrical wings than unmated males (orange bars)

Brown et al. 2005

a, Mean dance ability of males (filled bars throughout) and females (open bars throughout) by level of bodily symmetry. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. P values for within-sex are shown. b, Mean strength of symmetry preference (that is, evaluations of asymmetrical dancers subtracted from evaluations of symmetrical dancers) by sex of dancer and sex of evaluator. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. P value at top of panel indicates significantly greater female than male evaluator preference for symmetrical male dancers.

Figure 3.31 Developmental switch mechanisms can produce polyphenisms within the same species

Figure 3.36 Male thynnine wasps can be deceived into “mating” with a flower

Peakall 1990

http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/orchid_pollination/

Peakall 1990

Males learn to avoid orchid over time (quicker decline in visits than for visits to females)

Peakall 1990

Male wasps revisit flowers when position is moved

Figure 3.38 Spatial learning abilities differ among members of the crow family

Figure 3.40 Sex differences in spatial learning ability are linked to home range size

Figure 3.42 Sex differences in the hippocampus

Kroodsma and Canady 1985

http://www.bwps.org/images/Competitions/Digital/2005-2006/May06/AA_MarshWrenHanging_IDicker.jpg

Kroodsma and Canady 1985

Figure 3.45 Vampire bats cannot form learned taste aversions