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CHAPTER 3

OPERATING SYSTEM 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Describe about OS

• Distinguish between operating system and applicationssoftware.

• Describe about functions of an operating system.

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OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)•

An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computerhardware resources and provides common services for computer programs.

• The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system.

• Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and mayalso include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, andother resources.

• Application programs usually require an operating system to function.

• For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operatingsystem acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, althoughthe application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently makea system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it.

• Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a processor— from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.

• Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, Mac OSX, and Microsoft Windows. All these, except Windows, share roots in UNIX.

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Hardware

• provides basic computing resources

• CPU, memory, I/O devices

Operating system

• Controls and coordinates use of hardware

among various applications and users

Application programs• define the ways in which the system

resources are used to solve the computing

problems of the users

•

Word processors, compilers, web browsers,database systems, video games

Users

• People, machines, other computers

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Mint - Linux

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Max OS X

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Windows 8

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Types of operating systemsReal-time

• A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-timeapplications.

• Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they canachieve a deterministic nature of  behaviour.

• The main objective of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to

events. They have an event-driven or time-sharing design and often aspects of both.

• An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events whiletime-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

Multi-user

• A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system at the sametime.

• Time-sharing systems and Internet servers can be classified as multi-user systems as they enablemultiple-user access to a computer through the sharing of time.

• Single-user operating systems have only one user but may allow multiple programs to run at thesame time.

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Multi-tasking vs. single-tasking

• A multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to berunning at a time, from the point of view of human time scales.

•  A single-tasking system has only one running program.

• Multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive and co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time anddedicates one slot to each of the programs.

• Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking.

• Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give timeto the other processes in a defined manner.

• 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking.

• 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-tasking.

• Mac OS prior to OS X used to support cooperative multitasking.

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Distributed

• A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers andmakes them appear to be a single computer.

• The development of networked computers that could be linked andcommunicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing.

• Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine.

• When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributedsystem.

Embedded• Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer

systems.

• They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy.

•

They are able to operate with a limited number of resources.

• They are very compact and extremely efficient by design.

• IOS, Android, Symbian OS, Cisco IOS are some examples of embedded operatingsystems.

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The components of an

operating system• The components of an operating system all exist in order to

make the different parts of a computer work together.

• All user software needs to go through the operating system in

order to use any of the hardware, whether it be as simple as a

mouse or keyboard or as complex as an Internet component.

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Kernel

• A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of acomputer.

• With the aid of the firmware and device drivers, the kernel providesthe most basic level of control over all of the computer's hardwaredevices.

• It manages memory access for programs in the RAM, it determines

which programs get access to which hardware resources, it sets upor resets the CPU's operating states for optimal operation at alltimes, and it organizes the data for long-term non-volatilestorage with file systems on such media as disks, tapes, flashmemory, etc.