chapter 3: planning network protocols and compatibility
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3: Planning Network Protocols and Compatibility
Chapter 3: Planning Network Protocols and Compatibility
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ProtocolProtocol
A protocol consists of guidelines for:How data is formatted into discrete
units called packets and framesHow packets and frames are
transmitted across one or more networks
How packets and frames are interpreted at the receiving end
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Packets and FramesPackets and Frames
Packets and frames are units of data transmitted from one networked computer or device to another.Although packets and frames are often used to have the same meaning, there is a difference. Packets operate at a higher communication layer and contain routing information.
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General Sections in Packets and FramesGeneral Sections in Packets and Frames
HeaderDataTrailer or footer
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Packet and Frame FormatPacket and Frame Format
Header with source,destination, and routing
information
Variable-length data Footer witherror data
Figure 3-1 Basic packet and frame formatFigure 3-1 Basic packet and frame format
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Network DesignNetwork Design
The basic design of a network is its topologyTopology: The physical layout of the cable and the logical path followed by network packets and frames sent on the cable
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Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network
Local area network (LAN): Joins computers, printers, and other computer equipment within a limited service area and generally employs only one topology
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Example of a LANExample of a LAN
LAN
Figure 3-2 A LAN in a buildingFigure 3-2 A LAN in a building
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Metropolitan Area Network Metropolitan Area Network
Metropolitan area network (MAN): A network that links multiple LANs within a large city or metropolitan area
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Example of a MANExample of a MAN
LAN
LANLAN
Research hospital
University chemistry building
Pharmaceutical company
MAN connecting buildings in a cityMAN connecting buildings in a city
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Enterprise NetworkEnterprise Network
Enterprise Network: A network that often reaches throughout a large area, such as a college campus, a city, or across several states. A distinguishing factor of an enterprise network is that it brings together an array of network resources such as many kinds of servers, mainframes, printers, network devices, intranets, and the Internet
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Typical Resources in an Enterprise Network
Typical Resources in an Enterprise Network
Figure 3-3Figure 3-3Resources in anResources in an
enterprise networkenterprise network
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Wide Area NetworkWide Area Network
Wide Area Network (WAN): A far-reaching system of networks that can extend across state lines and across continents
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Example of a WANExample of a WAN
New YorkLos Angeles
WAN across a continentWAN across a continent
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Network Interface Card Communication Medium
Options
Network Interface Card Communication Medium
OptionsCoaxial cable (thick and thinnet)Twisted-pair (shielded and unshielded)Fiber-opticWireless (infrared, radio wave, microwave, satellite)
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Connecting a Medium to a NIC
Connecting a Medium to a NIC
Figure 3-4 Connecting cable to a NICFigure 3-4 Connecting cable to a NIC
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Device AddressDevice Address
Each NIC has a physical or device address that is burned into a PROM on the card Media access control (MAC) address is another way of describing the device address
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Ethernet and Token Ring
Ethernet: A network transport system that uses a carrier sensing and collision detection method to regulate data transmissionsToken ring: A network transport method that uses a token, which is passed from node to node, to coordinate data transmissions
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NDISNDIS
Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS): developed by Microsoft and 3COM enables communication between a NIC and
a protocol enables the use of multiple protocols on the
same network
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NDIS ArchitectureNDIS Architecture
N e t w o r k i n t e r f a c e c a r d
N e t w o r k p r o t o c o l ( s u c h a s T C P / I P )
W i n d o w s 2 0 0 0 w i t h N D I Sd r i v e r i n s t a l l e d b i n d i n g t h e
p r o t o c o l w i t h t h e N I C
Figure 3-5 Binding a protocol to a NIC
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ODIODI
Open Datalink Interface (ODI) driver: Novell NetWare transport multiple protocols on the
same network
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Microsoft-Supported Communication Protocols
Microsoft-Supported Communication Protocols
Protocol Function
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Software drivers for TCP/IP communications with
servers, workstations, mainframes, UNIX computers,
and Internet and intranet servers
NWLink (NetWare Link) Microsoft developed drivers for communications with
Novell NetWare networks
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output
System)
A link to programs that use the NetBIOS interface
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Microsoft-Supported Protocols
Microsoft-Supported Protocols
Protocol Function
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) Software drivers for a data transport protocol used on
small Microsoft-based networks
DLC (Data Link Control protocol) Software drivers for communications with IBM
mainframe and minicomputers and with specific
peripherals such as some types of printers
AppleTalk Software drivers for communications with Apple
Macintosh computers
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TCP/IPTCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) portion performs extensive error checking to ensure that data is delivered successfullyInternet Protocol (IP) portion consists of rules for packaging data and ensuring that it reaches the correct destination address
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Dotted Decimal NotationDotted Decimal Notation
Dotted Decimal Notation: four octets
100000110.11011110.1100101.00000101converted to decimal (e.g., 134.22.101.005)
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Unicasting and Multicasting
Unicasting and Multicasting
Unicast sent to each client
e.g. a multimedia presentation
Multicastsent to all requesting clients as a
group (reducing the total network traffic)
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Unicasting and Multicasting Compared
Unicasting and Multicasting Compared
M ultimedia server
Unicasting to five clients
Five separatetransm issionsto reach fiv eseparateworkstations
M ultimedia server
M ulticasting to reach fiveclients as a group
Receiving group
Onetram sm issionto thereceiv inggroup(s) only
Figure 3-6 Unicasting compared to multicastingFigure 3-6 Unicasting compared to multicasting
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Subnet MaskSubnet Mask
Subnet mask: used to indicate the class of
addressing on a network divides a network into subnetworks
controls traffic and enforce security
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Configuring the IP Address and Subnet Mask
Configuring the IP Address and Subnet Mask
Figure 3-7 IP address and subnet mask setupFigure 3-7 IP address and subnet mask setup
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Static and Dynamic Addressing
Static and Dynamic Addressing
Dynamic addressing: automatically assigning an IP address
to a network host
Static addressing: manually assigning an IP address to
a network host
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TCP/IP AdvantagesTCP/IP Advantages
Well-suited for medium and large networksDesigned for routing high degree of reliability
Used worldwide for directly connecting to the Internet and by Web serversEnables lower TCO on Microsoft networks
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TCP/IP AdvantagesTCP/IP Advantages
Compatible with standard tools for analyzing network performanceParallel ability to use DHCP and WINS through a Windows 2000 serverAbility for diverse networks and operating systems to communicateCompatible with Microsoft Windows Sockets
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TCP/IP DisadvantagesTCP/IP Disadvantages
More difficult to set up and maintain than other protocolsSomewhat slower than IPX/SPX and NetBEUI on networks with light to medium traffic
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Routing via TCP/IP
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
TCP/IP-basedintranet server
Transmittedframe
Frameforwardedto the rightnetwork bythe router
F ramereaches thedesignatedworkstation
Router
Figure 3-8Figure 3-8Router forwardingRouter forwarding
packets to a packets to a designated networkdesignated network
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Planning TipPlanning Tip
For medium and large sized networks, plan to use TCP/IP because it enables you to manage and secure network traffic through creating subnets
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Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocol or Application Function
TCP A connection-oriented protocol that is used with IP
for reliable end-to-end communications
UDP Used with IP as an alternative to TCP in situations
requiring low overhead and in which connectionless
communications are appropriate
IP Used with TCP or UP, a connectionless protocol
that handles addressing and routing
Telnet Provides terminal emulation
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Used to transfer files
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Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocol or Application Function
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Provides electronic mail services
Domain Name Service (DNS) Resolves computer names to IP addresses and IP
addresses to computer names
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Enables the sending node to determine the MAC or
physical address of another node
Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
Enables computers and network devices to gather
network performance information so that a network
administrator can analyze performance and locate
problem areas
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Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocol or Application Function
Internet Group Management Protocol
(IGMP)
Enables multicast packets to reach their recipients, and
routers to determine which workstations belong to a
multicast group
Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)
Used for network error reporting, particularly via routing
devices
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Used by routing devices to communicate the contents of
routing tables with one another
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Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocol or Application Function
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Used by routing devices to share routing table
information and to evaluate network paths to match a
type of transmission to the appropriate path
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Used to transport HTML documents over the Internet or
via an intranet
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Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocol or Application Function
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Used to enable a network application to reserve the
resources it needs such as bandwidth, service class, and
priority
Quality of Service (QoS) Provides mechanisms to measure and allocate network
resources on the basis of transmission speed, quality,
priority, and reliability
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IPX/SPXIPX/SPX
IPX: developed by Novell
particularly for NetWare versions before version 5
SPX: connection-oriented protocol used for
network transport when there is a particular need for data reliability
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NWLink
A network protocol that simulates the IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT, and 2000 communications with Novell NetWare file servers and compatible devices
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Client Service for NetWare (CSNW)
Components
Client Service for NetWare (CSNW)
Components
Client Service for NetWareNWLink IPX/SPXNWLink NetBIOS
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CSNW Installed in Windows 2000
CSNW Installed in Windows 2000
Figure 3-9 Windows 2000 with CSNW components installedFigure 3-9 Windows 2000 with CSNW components installed
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Configuring NWLinkConfiguring NWLink
Configure three elements:Frame typeNetwork number Internal network number
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When to Configure the Internal Network NumberWhen to Configure the
Internal Network NumberWhen the NetWare server that is accessed uses two or more frame typesWhen the Windows 2000 host has two or more NICs and NWLink is bound to more than one of the NICsWhen an application uses NetWare’s Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)
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When to Use NWLinkWhen to Use NWLink
To access a NetWare server pre-version 5
To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway to a NetWare serverTo enable NetWare clients to access a Windows 2000 server
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Planning TipPlanning Tip
If you upgrade NetWare servers to version 5.x or higher, convert from IPX/SPX to TCP/IP for better network communication options and better compatibility with Windows 2000 servers
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NetBIOSNetBIOS
A combination software interface and network naming conventionAvailable in Windows 2000 through the files Netbt.sys, NetBIOS.sys, and NetBIOS.dll
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NetBEUINetBEUI
NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI): A non-routable communications protocol native to early Microsoft network communications
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NetBEUI and NetBIOS Communication
Started NetB IO S-compatib le application
NetBIO S softwareinterface
NetBEUI protoco l
Sent onto the network
(T ransport driver)
Figure 3-10Figure 3-10NetBIOS/NetBEUINetBIOS/NetBEUI
communicationcommunication
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Planning TipPlanning Tip
When you upgrade from Windows NT Server to Windows 2000 Server, plan to retire NetBEUI implementations (if possible) and convert upgraded servers and clients to TCP/IP for more functionality
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When to Use NetBEUIWhen to Use NetBEUI
For temporary backward compatibility when converting from Windows NT Server to Windows 2000 ServerFor small networks that do not have Internet access, that do not use the Active Directory, that do not use routing, and that require only a basic installationFor backward compatibility with particular applications
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DLC
Data Link Control (DLC) protocol: Enables communication with older IBM mainframes and minicomputers, and with some older HP print server cards
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When to Use DLC
To connect to IBM and other computers that use Systems Network Architecture (SNA) communicationsTo connect to older peripheral devices, such as printers that use DLC
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AppleTalk
AppleTalk: A peer-to-peer protocol used in network communication between Macintosh computersWindows 2000 Server Services for Macintosh include:File Server for Macintosh (MacFile)Print Server for Macintosh (MacPrint)AppleTalk protocol
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When to Use AppleTalk
Use AppleTalk to enable Macintosh clients to connect to Windows 2000 Server
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Binding Order
Establishes the protocol that will be tried first in a network communication (or a communication with a network printer)
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Troubleshooting Tip
If network performance is slow and your network uses multiple protocolschange the binding order
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Network Planning Considerations
Size and purpose of the organizationPotential growthProportion of mission-critical applicationsRole of the network to the mission of the organization
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Network Planning Considerations
Security needsBudgetInternet and intranet requirementsInterconnectivity requirements
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Planning Tip
Begin network planning by understanding: User needs Important business processesCurrent resourcesPotential growth
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Considerations in Selecting
the Right Protocol(s)Routing needsSize of the network in terms of connectionsPresence of Windows 2000 servers
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Considerations in Selecting
the Right Protocol(s)Presence of mainframes and other computers that use SNAPresence of NetWare serversAccess to the Internet or intranetsPresence of mission-critical and multimedia applications
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The End