chapter 3 st. lawrence lowlands great lakes– · 2018-09-17 · great lakes– 3 st. lawrence...
TRANSCRIPT
Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands 3
CHAPTER
64
July 18, 1785
Dear Helen,
It has been three years since we left Albany, New York, and I
wonder how you and your family are. I am sorry we had to part,
as we were friends. You must know by now that my father is a
United Empire Loyalist—loyal to the British king. We had to leave
Albany and come to the British Province of Québec. We were
granted land in Granby. Before we left, some men threatened my
father. They were angry because he did not support the
United
States breaking away from Britain.
When we first arrived in Québec, life was hard. The British
gave us a tent to live in before we built our home here. Now we
have completed our home, and we are much more comfortable.
Father is happy that the land here is goo
d for farming. We may
get some dairy cows when more land is cleared. Mother and I
continue our lessons. I am learning French! Most of our closest
neighbours are also Loyalists, but there a
re many who live nearby
who speak French. Sometimes I miss our old home. I am writing
to you in the hopes that you will write back.
Mary
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Canada: Our Stories ContinueThe St. Lawrence River affects how many people live in thisregion. The waterways have always been used by the FirstNations who lived in the area. Later, French and Englishexplorers would also use the rivers and lakes to travel. TheFrench were the first to settle along the St. Lawrence River,which was originally called the Fleuve St-Laurent. Loyalistfamilies, such as Mary’s family, came later. Today, ships
bring people and goods into the region from around theworld. Communities have developed along the riverand the lakes. Although this region is one of thesmallest regions in Canada, it has a huge population.
Inquiring Minds
Here are some questions to guide yourinquiry for this chapter:
• How does the St. Lawrence River affectways of life in this region?
• Why are First Nations and Francophonesso important to the identity of this region?
?
This painting from the mid1800s shows a manor nextto the St. Lawrence.
? Critical Inquiry TIP
Planning
A good plan includes yourown inquiry questions.Think about what youalready know about theGreat Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands. Then brainstorminquiry questions with apartner.
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Let’s Explore the Great St. Lawrence Lowlands!
Lake Erie
LakeSimcoe
Ottawa River
GeorgianBay
Oshawa
Barrie
KitchenerWaterloo
Windsor
Point Pelee
London
Collingwood
Niagara Falls
Owen Sound
TorontoMarkham
Peterborough
ONTARIOManitoulin
Island
Lake Huron
LakeSt. Clair
Lake Ontario
80ºW84ºW
80ºW
44ºN
N
S
W E
Pelee Island
Dresden
Amherstburg
Gore Bay
BrantfordHamiltonThe city of Montréal is on an island
in the St. Lawrence River. It is oneof the largest ports in the world.
Bonjour! My name is Claire Martineau. I live in Montréal, Québec, on the St. Lawrence River.Montréal is the second-largest city in Canada. It is also the second-largestFrench-speaking city in theworld!
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■ Make a chart like this one. Use latitude andlongitude to describe the location of each place.Then use scale to measure the distance fromClaire’s city to the other communities.
Skill Smart
Lakes–
St. La
wre
nceRive
r
Brockville
Québec City
Cornwall
Trois-RivièresQUÉBEC
Ottawa
Grosse-île
Montréal
Longueuil
UNITED STATES
76ºW 72ºW
44ºN
76ºW 72ºW
Kingston
0 40 80
kilometres
Sherbrooke
Drummondville
Legend
Elevation
5000 m
200500100020003000
sea level
Trans-Canada Highway
Canada/U.S. border
Cities with 1 million people or more
Cities with 500 000 people or more
Cities with 100 000 people or more
National capital
Provincial capital
Cities with 100 000 people or less
Agriculture is very importantin this region. A large varietyof fruits and vegetables aregrown here.
City Latitude, Distance from Longitude Montréal
Québec CityTorontoWindsor
67
Ships travel along the St. Lawrence River to bringraw materials to this steel millin Hamilton, Ontario. Otherships take the finishedproducts to places aroundthe world. What kinds ofproducts are made fromsteel?
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Québec City is one of theoldest cities in Canada. Howdoes closeness to a river helpa city grow?
I love going for a picnicwith my family at Parc duMont-Royal. We take theMétro—that’s our subway.
The Lowlands are low, flat lands with gently rolling hills insouthern Québec and southern Ontario. This region followsthe path of the St. Lawrence River, as far as the western endof Lake Erie. Many of the cities, towns, and villages of thisregion have developed along this river and beside LakeOntario, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie.
Roots of the RegionFirst Nations people have always travelled along the river totrade with other groups. Several groups within theHaudenosaunee [how-den-o-show-nee], or nations withinthe Iroquois Confederacy, live in this region. TheOuendat [wen-dat], also known as the Huron, live in theregion as well.
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the settlementof Québec. As more French settlers, explorers, and furtraders came, they used the St. Lawrence River to explorefurther inland. Their Canadien descendants farmed theland along the river. United Empire Loyalists came to theregion in the late 1700s. In the mid 1800s, many Scottishand Irish people came to live and work in the region.
Why People Live Here TodayFirst Nations people continue to live in the region, as do thedescendants of the French settlers and the Loyalists. People
have also come from countries aroundthe world to live in this region. Theycontinue to come here today.
The Great Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands is fertile. A long growingseason provides many people with workin the agricultural industry.Manufacturing is also an importantindustry here. Tourism and outdooractivities also bring people to this region.
The Iroquois Confederacyis one of the world’s oldestdemocratic societies. Six First Nations groups make up this alliance.
A Canadien was aFrancophone born in New France.
Fertile soil is good forgrowing crops. The soil is rich with nutrients that plants need for good growth.
words matter !
The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands
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Thinking It Through
■ How do natural resources and climateaffect quality of life for the people inthese pictures?
■ Are there any parks, lakes, or rivers thatyou go to in your community? If so,which ones? How do you think thisaffects the quality of life where you live?
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In Picton, Ontario, you canget ice cream that is madefrom the milk from a nearbydairy farm. There are over9000 dairy farms in Ontario.
This region gets a lot ofsnow in the winter, althoughtemperatures are usuallymild. This makes greatweather for outdooractivities such as skiing,skating, and snowshoeing.
Hours can be spent inMontréal’s RÉSO, or the“Indoor City,” especially inthe winter, when it’s reallycold. People can shop there,or see a hockey game.
What Affects Quality of Life in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands?
Look at these photos and read the point of view eachperson expresses. Decide how land, water, and climateaffect people in the region.
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Claire’s Inquiry
■ Choose an item in your home that is importantto your family. Explain why it is significant.
Skill Smart
? Critical Inquiry TIP
Processing
Visiting museums is a greatway to find information.Museums might have tools,clothes, or other objectsfrom the past. There mightbe old photos, newspapers,record books, or people’sdiaries. Information atmuseums can give you anidea of what life was like inthe past.
My brother and I visited our cousins’ farmin Trois-Rivières. While we were there, wesaw an old stone foundation near theriver. My cousin Guy told us that it wasfrom an old flour mill. I asked:• Why would the flour mill be here?• Who would have used the mill?• Why was there only a foundation left?
I saw this photo from 1897 of a Québec flour mill.Maybe this is what the building near the farmlooked like!
Back at my cousins’ house, I noticed they had some oldpaintings and furniture. There were some bowls and tools,too. I asked my cousin Sophie why her family kept thesethings. She said that having them helps them remembertheir family history.
The next day, Guy took my brother and me to theMusée québécois de culture populaire (the Québec Museumof Popular Culture) in Trois-Rivières. There, we found outthat the flour mill would have been very important to thehabitants in the past. Farmers in the area needed a mill togrind grain into flour. I decided to go to the McCordMuseum when I got home. It is in Montréal. It is a greatplace to find out more information about the past. MaybeI’ll learn more about my family history, too!
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SKILLPOWER Using Historical Resources
Practise the Skill
1. Find a historical resource that tells something about yourcommunity’s past.
2. Using the table above as a guide, write a description of theresource.
3. What is the most important thing the resource shows about thehistory of your community?
Document Object Map Film/Sound Photo/Art
• Who wrote it?
• When was itwritten?
• What was theauthor saying?
• What is itmade of?
• What was itused for?
• Who mighthave used it?
• Who made it?
• When was itmade?
• Are theredifferencesbetween thismap and acontemporaryone?
• Who is on therecording?
• Why were theyinterviewed?
• What audiencewas the filmmade for?
• What does itshow?
• Who was theartist orphotographer?
• What can Ilearn from thisphoto ordrawing?
When Claire wanted to find out more about the mill nearher cousins’ farm, she went to the local museum forinformation. There, she looked at maps, documents,photographs, art, posters, and objects. The museum alsohad sound and film recordings. All of these resources tellstories and give evidence about the past. By examiningthem carefully, Claire could start finding the answers shewanted. For example, she found the photograph of a millfrom 1897. She also found a letter from a habitantdescribing the flour mill close to his home.
Here are some ways Claire examined the resources atthe museum and at her cousins’ farm.
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How Did the First Nations Live onthe Land?
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Voices of Canada
The Song My Paddles Sings
Be strong, O paddle! be brave, canoe!The reckless waves you must plunge into.Reel, reel,On your trembling keel,But never a fear my craft will feel.
We've raced the rapid, we're far ahead!The river slips through its silent bed.Sway, sway,As the bubbles sprayAnd fall in tinkling tunes away.
Pauline E. Johnson, Six Nations of the Grand River
The Canadian Canoe Museum
This museum opened inPeterborough, Ontario, in1997. It has a collectionof more than 600 canoesand kayaks taken fromall over Canada. FirstNations, Métis, andhistorical expertscontributed to the designof the museum. Themuseum also teachesvisitors in an outdoorpaddling centre. Why doyou think an entiremuseum could bededicated to the canoe?
More About. . .
Long ago, different First Nationsinvented various kinds of canoes.Some were small, light, and easyto carry. Others were sturdy andcould hold many people. Frenchand British explorers quicklylearned that canoeing was thebest way to travel along Canada’swaterways. This canoe was madein 1900.
Many First Nations have always lived in the Great Lakes–St.Lawrence Lowlands. The landscape and natural resourcesshaped different ways of life.
The Rivers and Lakes Rivers and lakes in the region were very important to theFirst Nations who lived there. For example, being close to ariver or lake gave the Ouendat access to food and water.They could travel long distances along the connectedwaterways. The Ouendat and the Haudenosaunee couldload their canoes with food and goods to trade with otherFirst Nations. Later, they traded with the French and theBritish.
What can you tell about travelling on rivers by readingthe poem below?
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The ForestsMuch of the Lowlands was once covered with mixed forests.The animals found in these forests included deer, rabbits,moose, bears, and birds. These animals provided food andmaterials for clothing, shelter, and tools for the Ouendatand Haudenosaunee.
The trees of the forests were also useful. For example,birch, cedar, and elm were used to make canoes.
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Thinking It Through
■ Today, much of the forest in the Lowlands region has been cutdown to make room for farms and communities. What do youthink would be the most significant changes to their ways of life?
Voices of Canada
Medicine Plants
To the Haudenosaunee, plants were also used for medicine. Medicinesnot only healed people when they were sick, but kept them healthy atall times.
Medicines grow all over. They can be found in the forest. Theyare in the meadows, in water, on the shore. People who workwith medicines teach us to walk gently on the earth, and totake only what we need. Learning the right ways of gatheringand caring for medicine plants is a lesson in an entire way ofliving.
Suzanne Brant, Mohawk First Nations
The white-tailed deer and theblack bear were the mostimportant animals to theHaudenosaunee. Theyprovided food and clothing.Why else were theyimportant?
The Haudenosaunee were the firstto collect and use maple syrup.
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The FarmlandThe Haudenosaunee and the Ouendat have always farmedin the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands. The soil is rich,and the growing season is long because there are manywarm days throughout the year. Most of theHaudenosaunee villages were located south of the St.Lawrence River, but their hunting territory stretched northof the river into Ontario and Québec. The Ouendat nationslived along Georgian Bay and Lake Huron.
Just as First Nations hunters have great respect for theanimals of the forests and lakes, First Nations farmersrespect the land. The Haudenosaunee give thanks to thefood plants they harvest.
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Voices of Canada
The Three Sisters
In late spring, we plant the corn and beans and squash. They’renot just plants—we call them the three sisters. We plant themtogether, three kinds of seeds in one hole. They want to betogether with each other, just as we want to be together witheach other. So long as the three sisters are with us we know wewill never starve. The Creator sends them to us each year. Wecelebrate them now. We thank Him for the gift He gives ustoday and every day.
Chief Louis Farmer, Onondaga First Nation
This sculpture by Haudenosauneesculptor Stanley Hill shows the threesisters—corn, beans, and squash. Theyare also called the “life supporters.” Arethere similarly important crops grownin Alberta? Why are they important?
I’ve read that the Ouendatshowed the Europeanshow to make popcorn! Iwonder what elseEuropean settlers learnedfrom First Nations aboutfarming in my region.
? Critical Inquiry TIP
Retrieving
It is important to save andorganize the informationyou find. You can writeheadings in your notebookand jot down brief notesbeneath them as you readthis text and do otherresearch.
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What Were First NationsCommunities Like?The Ouendat and Haudenosaunee formed villages near thefields where their crops grew. The oldest woman of eachHaudenosaunee group was called the Clan Mother. Thiswas an important position, as she was responsible for thewelfare of the entire clan.
The villages were made of groups of longhouses.Longhouses were one long house where several relatedOuendat or Haudenosaunee families lived. Down themiddle of the building was a long row of fires. Along thesides were platforms for sleeping and storage. Look at thepicture below. What do the items in this longhouse tell youabout how the Haudenosaunee and the Ouendat lived?
The longhouse has always been important to these FirstNations. It is where families lived, worked, and celebratedtogether. Today, it is a spiritual symbol for some of theHaudenosaunee, whose name means “people of thelonghouse.”
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Voicesof Canada
Listen to Us
What does this quote tellabout the position ofwomen in Haudenosauneecommunities?
You ought to hear andlisten to what we,women, shall speak, aswell as the [chiefs], forwe are the owners of thisland—and it is ours. It iswe that plant it for ouruse.
Haudenosaunee women in council with Colonel Proctor, a British soldier, 1791
What would it be like for many families tolive together in a longhouse? If you lived ina longhouse, what rules would you make?
1 fire in the middle2 platforms for sleeping and storage3 bark and branch construction4 bucket with scoop5 pottery6 squash7 drying fish8 drying skins9 snowshoes
1
2
3
45
6 7
8
9
Matriarchal Societies
Longhouses werepermanent homes builtof wood. Each housedseveral families withinthe same First Nation.Every family tracedtheir ancestry throughtheir mothers andgrandmothers. The ClanMother was in charge ofdaily life. Families thatare identified throughtheir mothers are calledmatriarchal societies.
More About. . .
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In 1534, the king of France sent Jacques Cartier to find asea route to China. On his first voyage across the ocean,Cartier reached the Gaspé Peninsula. He found well-developed communities where the Haudenosaunee wereliving. However, many years would pass before settlerswould come from France to begin a colony.
The Colony of New FranceIn 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the settlement ofQuébec. French settlers were soon clearing the land andbuilding homes. Champlain also made trade agreementswith the First Nations. He sent French explorers to liveamong the Ouendat and learn their language. Althoughlife was hard for the settlers, the colony gradually began togrow. Champlain was named governor of the colony ofNew France.
One hundred years later, New France included parts ofwhat are now Atlantic Canada, Québec, Ontario, and theUnited States.
Who Were the First Europeans to Cometo the Lowlands?
This modern painting by J.D.Kelley shows what Champlainmay have looked like in 1615.Why do you think Champlain iscalled the “father of NewFrance”?
What parts of modern-day Canadawere covered by New France? Usean atlas and this map to identifythe areas and to name the mainwaterways and lakes within NewFrance.
N E WF R A
NC
E
Québec
Trois-RivièresVille-Marie(Montréal)
HudsonBay
ATLANTICOCEAN
N
S
WE
0 400 800
kilometres
I learned that the Frenchwere the first Europeans tosettle in the Lowlands.
New France, About 1712
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The First Settlers of New FranceIn 1617, Louis Hébert sold his house and gardenin Paris, France. He and his wife, Marie Rollet,took their three children on the greatestadventure of their lives. They were moving toNew France to farm a piece of land beside theSt. Lawrence River, which Champlain hadpromised them. Louis’ goal was to build a farmthat could support the family.
In their new country, Louis and Mariecleared land to grow grain and vegetables. Theywere the first wheat farmers in Canada. Theyalso cleared land to raise chickens and pigs. They planted an orchard with apples they hadbrought from France. Louis also made and soldmedicine. After a lot of hard work, the Hébert familybecame successful settlers in New France.
This illustration from a book by theAbbé A.C. Hébert shows Louis Hébertsowing seeds on land in New France.Who else might have used this land?What characteristics do you think MarieRollet and Louis Hébert must have hadto be successful settlers?
The Louis Hébert Café is a restaurant inMontréal. There is also a street and anarea of Québec City named after theHéberts. How is the past a part of whoCanadians are today?
The Trans Canada Trail passes by anatural wonder at Montmorency Falls,near Québec City. Located at the mouth
of Rivière Montmorency, the falls were named afterHenri II of France by Champlain in 1603. In winter,the icy water of the falls creates a huge cone of iceand snow, where people can ice climb or ski.
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Ways of Life in New FranceAs more settlers arrived, life was centred on farming andtrade. The land in New France was owned and controlledby wealthy men called seigneurs [san-YEUR]. Habitants[a-bee-tawn] paid the seigneurs with part of their harvestin exchange for being allowed to live on and farm theseigneurs’ land.
Les Filles du RoiFilles du roi [fee-doo-RWAW] means “daughters of the king.”This was the name given to hundreds of young womenfrom France. Encouraged by the French king, they sailed toNew France during the mid-1600s to marry male settlersand build families to work on the farms. Many people nowliving in Québec have ancestors who were filles du roi.
Voices of Canada
A Long Voyage
This is a diary note by a young fille du roi.
I was chosen to join the women heading for New France… Ipreferred to give up my homeland, make a [long] voyage andarrive in a new world. I remained there in silence, far from mycountry, without friends, or support of any kind...
From the journal of 14-year-old Marie-Claude Chamois, 1670
words matter !
ThinkingIt Through
■ Read the Voices ofCanada. How mightthe move haveaffected Marie-Claude’s way of life?How does itcompare to Mary’sexperiences, told in the letter on page 64?
Charlesbourg
Beauport
L‘Ange-Gardien
Saint-P
ierre
LesJésuites
Côte de Beaupré
St.
Lawre
nceRiver
Under the seigneurial system, the land was divided into long, narrow strips. Compare themap to the photo. How do these farmlots compare to farms in Alberta? What might havebeen some advantages to the seigneurial system? Disadvantages?
Seigneurs were land owners in New France who rented outpieces of land to habitants.
Habitants were French settlers in New France whocleared and farmed the land.
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Missionaries in the LowlandsFor many Francophone settlers, practising the Catholicreligion was important. Champlain invited priests fromFrance. They provided religious services for the settlers andlater ran schools for the children. The priests also wanted toteach the First Nations people about the Catholic faith.They travelled throughout New France to achieve this goal.Many were Jesuits. The Jesuits often noted theirobservations in letters and diaries. This vast collectionbecame known as The Jesuit Relations. What they thought atthis time can be learned from their observations.
As more priests and nuns came from France, they beganto build their own settlements, called missions. Montréalbegan as Ville-Marie, a mission that had the first hospitalin New France. It was in these missions that settlers andFirst Nations could seek help in times of need. Food,clothing, and medical help were provided by the priests andnuns year-round.
MargueriteBourgeoys
Marguerite Bourgeoyscame to Ville-Marie fromFrance in 1653. Shetaught young women theskills they needed tomake a life in NewFrance, and helpedwelcome the filles du roi.In 1658, she created theCongrégation Notre-Dame, a religiousorganization of womenwho worked as teachers.The Congrégation stillexists today. Its memberswork around the world asteachers, missionaries,and social workers.
More About. . .
The reconstructed mission of Ste.-Marie-Among-the-Hurons can be found on theshores of Georgian Bay. How were the missionaries important to thedevelopment of New France?
Voicesof Canada
A Missionary’s Life
What point of view doesthis quote represent?Would everyone on thisjourney have thought thisway?
During the day, the sunburns you. During thenight, you run the risksof... mosquitoes. Yousometimes [go up] five orsix rapids in a day; in theevening the onlyrefreshment is a littlecorn; the only bed is theearth...
The Jesuit Relations
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Why Was the Québec Act Passed?For many years, France and Britain fought for control overNorth America. Both countries had established colonies,which were sources of great wealth because of the fur tradeand other resources. In 1759, the British attacked Québec,and by the next year the British had taken control of NewFrance. Later, they renamed the land along the St. LawrenceRiver the “Province of Québec.” They also created Britishlaws that took rights away from Canadiens.
At this time, there were over 70 000 Canadiens living inthe Province of Québec. Many feared the changes broughtby the new British government. Merchants such as FrançoisBaby brought petitions to the British in London to protestthe loss of Canadien rights. At the same time, British settlersliving in the Thirteen Colonies were preparing to rebelagainst the British. Britain feared that the Canadiens wouldjoin in the rebellion. To help guarantee the loyalty of theCanadiens, the Québec Act was passed in 1774. It said thatthe Canadiens would be able to keep their land and theseigneurial system. They would be able to practise theirreligion freely, speak their language, and keep their civillaws.
As a result of the Québec Act, the majority of Canadiensremained neutral during the American Revolution. Therights in the Act guaranteed that they would be able tomaintain their language and identity. The Québec Act wasthe first step towards bilingualism in Canada.
In 1764, British military commander JamesMurray became the first British governor ofQuébec. He was sympathetic to theCanadiens and allowed French civil laws tocontinue. Many British settlers did not like thispolicy, but it did help lead to the creation ofthe Québec Act.
Voicesof Canada
A Canadien Petition
…[end] these fears andthis uneasiness, byrestoring to us ourancient laws andcustoms. Then our fearswill be removed, and weshall pass our lives inhappiness…
From a petition brought toLondon by merchant FrançoisBaby, 1770
Gaining ReligiousRights
Religion is perfectlyfree. I can exercise myministry without anyrestriction.
Bishop Jean-Olivier Brand, 1775
I can understand whyFrench is an officiallanguage of Canada. Whydid English become theother official language?
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After the American Revolution began in 1776, thousands ofUnited Empire Loyalists moved north. Like Mary’s family,they were loyal to the British king. Many of them spokeEnglish and wanted to live under British rule. Most of theLoyalists went to communities in Nova Scotia and NewBrunswick. Others came to the Great Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands.
However, the Loyalists were uncomfortable with theways of life that had been guaranteed in the Province ofQuébec by the Québec Act: • They didn’t like the seigneurial system. They wanted to
own land themselves.• They wanted the official language to be English.• They wanted to practise their own religion.• They wanted to have British laws.
The British government wanted to satisfy everyone. In1791, it divided the colony into two parts: Upper Canadaand Lower Canada. This way, each group could keep itslanguage, its religion, and its way of life.
When Did the Loyalists Arrive?
HudsonBay
ATLANTICOCEAN
N
SW
E
0 250 500
kilometres
LO
WE
RC
AN
AD
A
U P P E R C A N A D A
Gulf ofSt. Lawrence
St.
Law
renc
eRi
ver
The names of Upper and LowerCanada were chosen because ofthe position of the areas next tothe St. Lawrence River, whichflows downstream to the Gulf ofSt. Lawrence. Upper Canada wasupstream, and Lower Canada wason the lower end of the river.
Upper and Lower Canada, 1791
ThinkingIt Through
■ How would thegiving of land grantsto the Loyalistsaffect the peoplealready living on theland?
? Critical Inquiry TIP
Planning
Ask your teacher to helpyou find information on theInternet. Many Web siteshave useful informationand images. But rememberthat not all Web sites arereliable. Make sure to use avariety of sources andcompare the informationthey offer.
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Stories of the LoyalistsWhen the Loyalists first came to the Great Lakes–St.Lawrence Lowlands, they often had difficulty finding goodland. The Canadiens were already occupying the best landsin the Province of Québec. Many of the Loyalists settledfarther west, in present-day southern Ontario. How did thiscontribute to the division of Upper and Lower Canada?
Voicesof Canada
Hardships
None of us had any shoesor stockings, winter orsummer, as those webrought with us weresoon worn out. At lengthmy father tanned someleather, and I recollectthe first pair of shoes hemade which fell to mylot, I greased and puttingthem too near the fire,on returning to my grieffound that my shoeswere all shrivelled up, sothat I could never wearthem. It was twelvemonths before I obtainedanother pair.
James Dittrick, a United EmpireLoyalist child This sketch shows what the inside of a Loyalist farmhouse might have looked like
once the Loyalists had built their new homes. How can you find out if this type ofscene really happened?
Voices of Canada
The Land Changes
I can never forget the impression I felt in contemplating thesethousands [of people] in the midst of forests that had neverbeen cleared for shelter until the log hut was fashioned... I amtold now you can travel from Montréal to Ontario and Erie,through cultivated farms and good roads and that thewilderness has been converted into a paradise of plenty, and allthis within 33 years.
Joseph Hadfield, 1785
I want to look at ahistorical map that showswhere the first UnitedEmpire Loyalistsettlements were in myregion. I’ll compare it witha modern map to see ifthere are any connectionsfrom past to present.
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An Interview with Brant’s DescendantDavid Kanowakeron Hill Morrison UE is a descendant of JosephThayendanegea Brant. David is a member of the Six Nations of the Grand River.
What makes you most proud of your family’s Loyalist history?
I’m proud of [Brant’s] foresight and his courage... leaving a placewhich has been called home for a hundred years is different thanleaving a place called home for thousands of years.
Where did your family members arrive in Canada?
My ancestors gathered at Fort Niagara and crossed the Niagara River on their way to their new homelands along the Grand River.They settled in an area where the city of Brantford, Ontario, is today.
What did your family members do when they arrived in UpperCanada?
Most of the Six Nations people became farmers and hunters. Themove to the Grand River area wasn’t that much different from theclimate and the environment they had lived in...
David Kanowakeron HillMorrison UE includesthe letters “UE” in hisname. They stand for“Unity of the Empire.”Why might a personliving today identifyhimself with theLoyalists?
This statue of Joseph Brant can befound in the city of Brantford. Thecity is on the land he negotiatedwith the British and is namedafter him. What does Brant’sleadership show about hiscommitment to his communitiy?
Joseph BrantNot all the Loyalists were British. Many were members ofFirst Nations. Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea [tai-yen-da-nay-geh], was a Mohawk leader born in Ohio. He wasworried that if the Americans won the war in 1776, theywould take more Mohawk traditional land in that area.Brant wanted to fight with the British against theAmericans, but at first they would not let him. So he sailedto England and told the king: “The Mohawks have on alloccasions shown their... loyalty to the Great King.” Brantdid fight with the British—in fact, he became an officer inthe army.
The American colonists won the war and took theMohawk land as Brant had feared. Brant was able toconvince the British government to set aside land for theMohawk along the Grand River in Ontario. He then ledalmost 2000 Mohawks there from New York State. For thenext 20 years, Brant worked to protect the land for hispeople.
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In 1830, a man named Josiah Henson landed on a beach inFort Erie, Ontario. He had just crossed the Niagara River atnight in a boat. Later, Josiah wrote:
When my feet first touched the Canada shore, I threwmyself on the ground, rolled in the sand, seized handfulsof it and kissed them and danced around...
Josiah Henson and thousands of other slaves escapedto freedom using the “Underground Railroad,” which wasnot a railway at all. It was the name for the people whoworked secretly to help slaves reach Upper Canada safely.Some people helped the runaways move from one safeplace to another. Others offered their houses to sleep in andhot meals to eat. For some escaped slaves, the journey couldtake as long as a year. For many, the destination was theLowlands.
What Was the Underground Railroad?
Voicesof Canada
A Duty to Help
To me it was a command;and a settled convictiontook possession of mymind that it was my dutyto help the oppressed tofreedom...
Alexander Ross, a Canadianwho helped slaves find their wayto Canada, around 1855
Thinking It Through
■ Today, many people from around the world seek safety, orasylum, in Canada. Are their reasons for coming the sameas in the past or are they different?
This map shows the communities where many escaped slaves settled when theyreached Upper Canada. Find Owen Sound on the map. How can you find outmore about the Black people who settled there? What did they do when theycame to the community?
Slaves are people who areowned by another personand made to work for little or no money. Parts of theThirteen Colonies, and later, part of the UnitedStates, forced Black people to work as slaves for almost200 years.
words matter !
This stamp was designed toremember Josiah Henson. Hesettled in Dresden, Ontario. Hehelped other escaped slaves learnhow to farm. What are other wayshe contributed to his community?
London
Lucan
PortStanley
Port BurwellChatham
Buxton
DresdenWindsor
SandwichAmherstburg
Niagara Falls
St. Catharines
Fort Erie
Hamilton
0 60 120
kilometresLake Erie
Toronto
Kingston
Owen Sound
CollingwoodOro
Lake Ontario
LakeHuron
UNITEDSTATES
UPPERCANADA
0 60 120
kilometresLake Erie
Toronto
Kingston
Owen Sound
CollingwoodOro
Lake Ontario
LakeHuron
UNITEDSTATES
Black Settlements in Upper Canada, 1835–1870
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About 8 million immigrants, mostly from Britain, Scotland,and Ireland, came to the British colonies in Canadabetween 1815 and 1850. This was called the GreatMigration. These immigrants faced many hardshipsaboard ship and once they arrived. Thousands of Britishand Irish people settled in the Great Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands. For many, this was a chance to start a new life.Read these stories to find out more about why they cameand about their lives in the new land.
How Did the Great MigrationChange the Lowlands?
Voices of Canada
A Canadian Song
Come, launch the light canoe!The breeze is fresh and strong;The summer skies are blue,And ‘tis a joy to float along.Away o’er the waters!The bright-glancing waters,The many-voiced waters,As they dance in light and song.
Susanna Moodie
Susanna Moodie came fromEngland. She and her familysettled in Upper Canada in 1832.Moodie published many writingsabout her life as a settler. Whatdoes this poem show about hercharacter and her life? What canyou find out about how her lifechanged when she came toUpper Canada?
Voices of Canada
The Irish in Québec
Irish newcomers to Québec found themselves in a place where they didnot speak the common language, French. However, many remainedhappy that they had come.
Whenever an Irish [person] told me of his hard up-hill fight, hewas sure to add: “The laws are good and just, and we enjoyeverything we have a right to hope for. We have nothing tocomplain of here, and we all wish that you were as well off athome.”
John Frances Maguire, 1868
My friend Marc says thathis ancestors were Irishpeople who came toQuébec during this time.How can I trace my ownancestry?
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Stopping at Grosse-ÎleMany ships with immigrants from Europe wereovercrowded, and often there was not enough food andwater. Terrible diseases spread among the passengers, manyof whom died before they arrived in Canada.
To make sure that diseases did not spread throughoutLowlands communities, all ships had to stop at Grosse-Île.Grosse-Île is an island in the St. Lawrence River, not farfrom Québec City. There, doctors tried to cure as manypeople as they could before letting them onto the mainland.Despite their attempts, thousands of people died on Grosse-Île.
■ Prepare a tour guidescript that explainsthe importance ofthe Grosse-Île site.
Skill Smart
Voicesof Canada
Grosse-Île
Catherine Parr Trailltravelled by ship fromEngland and landed atGrosse-Île. She wasSusanna Moodie’s sister.This is what she wrote inher journal:
August 12, 1832. Wereached Grosse-Îleyesterday evening. Thereare several vessels lyingat anchor close to theshore; one bears themelancholy symbol ofdisease, the yellow flag;she is a passenger-ship,and has the smallpoxand measles among hercrew.
Catherine Parr Traill
This memorial was built on Grosse-Île in 1909. It is dedicated to the memory ofthe Irish people who died on the island. Is this memorial still in place today?
Irish in QuébecMany children were left orphans after their parents died onGrosse-Île. Patrick and Thomas Quinn were adopted by aFrancophone named George Bourke. With him, they learnedFrench and adopted a Francophone identity. Today, there aremany Francophone families in Québec with Irish last names.
More About. . .
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Contributions of the PeopleDid you ever wonder why we celebrate St. Patrick’s Day? St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, not Canada. Butwhen Irish immigrants came to Canada, they brought theircelebrations, traditions, and ways of life with them. Scottishand English immigrants did the same thing.
Immigrants from Scotland, Ireland, and Englandcontributed more than just holidays and games to their newcountry. They worked as teachers, priests and nuns,politicians, farmers, engineers, explorers, and artists. Theirwork helped shape our schools, churches, communities, andgovernment. Today, the descendants of these immigrantsform a large part of Canada’s population. In 2001, morethan 3 million people living in Canada identifiedthemselves as being of Irish ancestry. More than 4 millionwere Scottish, and over 5 million English.
Curling was probably invented inScotland. The first curling club inCanada began in Montréal on theSt. Lawrence River.
Tommy Douglas (1904–1986)was born in Scotland, but grewup in Winnipeg. A preacher,social activist, and politician,Douglas was premiere ofSaskatchewan and the leader ofthe NDP. He led the creation ofMedicare, a system which givesall Canadians access to freemedical care. In 2004, he wasvoted “The Greatest Canadian”.
? Critical Inquiry TIP
Creating
A poster is one way youmight present informationabout different traditionsand celebrations inCanada.
Egerton Ryerson was the son ofBritish loyalists. He was born inUpper Canada in 1803.Ryerson helped found theUpper Canada Academy. In1844, he became theSuperintendent of Education inUpper Canada and would leavea lasting mark on the educationsystem. He put libraries in allschools, and started a textbookpublishing press. A school hefounded in Toronto would laterbecome Ryerson University.
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The Lowlands does not look the same as it did 300 yearsago. Over time, more and more people have come to theregion. Newcomers often changed the land to fit theirneeds.
Creating the St. LawrenceSeawayToday, ships can travel on the St. Lawrence River from theAtlantic Ocean to Lake Superior. In the past, people had toportage around rapids, such as the Lachine Rapids nearMontréal. The rapids prevented larger ships from travellingon the river.
Over the years, people built canals and locks. Canalsare long, narrow strips dug out of the land and filled withwater. They are used to join two bodies of water. Built intothe canals are locks. Locks act like staircases or elevators forships. Using canals and locks, workers connected the St.Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and other rivers and lakes.This system is called the St. Lawrence Seaway.
How Has the Region Changed?
Montréal
Windsor
Sault Ste. Marie
ThunderBay
Toronto
Québec City
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
LakeHuron
WellandCanal
ATLANTICOCEAN
Lake
Mic
higa
n
Lake Superior
0 175 350
kilometres QUÉBEC
ONTARIO
UNITEDSTATES
N
S
W E
Legend
Locks
Canada/U.S. border
The St. Lawrence Seaway
Can you imagine trying to paddlethrough the Lachine Rapids?
This lock is near Montréal.
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Effects of the Seaway In order to build the St. Lawrence Seaway, more than 6500 people had to move to new towns. Ten villages were flooded. They became known as the “Lost Villages.”How might you feel if you were forced to move or yourcommunity was destroyed? How do these two people feel?
Voices of Canada
Leaving Home
Three years before the flooding, this farmer spoke of how he felt aboutmoving away from his farm.
It’s a really hard thing to do after 23 years because I’m verymuch attached to [my farm]. It’s hard leaving orchards... youcan’t take them with you.
W.J. Kirkwood, Aultsville, Ontario
M a k i n g a D i f f e r e n c e
89
After the Seaway was built, shipping activity
on the St. Lawrence River increased. Factories
were built close to the river and the Great
Lakes, because the Seaway allowed for easier
shipping of materials and products. These
factories cause pollution. What effect does
that have on local wildlife?
Beluga whales live in parts of the St.
Lawrence. Pollution in the river has made
them sick and unable to reproduce. Today,
environmental groups in the area monitor
the condition of the river and campaign to
reduce pollution.
An important result of the campaign to
help the beluga was the creation of the
Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park.
Managed by Parks Canada and Parcs Québec,
the park protects a section of the St.
Lawrence. The park helps to protect the
ecosystem where the whales live, and also
educates the public about the importance of
protecting the fragile marine environment.
Voicesof Canada
Prosperity
The mayor of Cornwallthought that the newSeaway would bringprosperity to his city.
We in Cornwall are veryhappy [about] the St.Lawrence development.It will bring industry toCornwall. Cornwall willbe a prosperous little cityfor the next few years.And I daresay it will beone of the largest cities ineastern Ontario.
Mayor Horowitz, 1954
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ViewpointsViewpoints
Should We Control How Big OurCities Get?When cities spread quickly, more land is used than peopleneed. This is called urban sprawl. Cities often grow sobig that they join up with other cities. Farmland inbetween the cities is used to build new homes, schools,libraries, and stores.
Toronto: A Century of ChangesMore than 1000 years ago, people began settling in thearea known today as Toronto. The area was a meetingplace between lakes Ontario and Huron. Today, peoplefrom many countries still come to make their home inToronto. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the City ofToronto plus the surrounding areas. The GTA has morethan 4.5 million people.
90
The picture on the left shows Yonge Street in Toronto in 1907. Today, Toronto is one of the mostculturally diverse cities in the world.
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1. Discuss each point of view. How many different points of view are presented?
2. Do the points of view represent an individual or a group? What to they havein common?
3. Do you live in or near a large community in Alberta? How do you think urbansprawl might affect you? How might it affect you if you lived far away from alarge community?
Over to You
91
There is so much
building going on that I
have my choice of jobs.
It’s great for my family.
We can live near my
work, and I’m making
good money.
Green areas need to
be preserved in our
city. Parks keep
cities healthy. I love my newhouse! We live near
a park where I can
play with myfriends. My parents
drive to work on the
nearby highway.
Wildlife used to live in theforests and along therivers in my area. But asthe city grew, the animalsand birds lost theirhomes. We have all lostsomething very valuablenow.
Read the following views to learn more about what differentpeople think about urban sprawl.
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Discuss a Historical Resource
Choose an example of a historical resource from this chapter. It couldbe a photograph, a map, an interview, an object, or a story, such as aVoices of Canada. Discuss why this resource could be used to illustratethe past in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands.
Research a Community
Find out more about a city or a town in the Great Lakes–St. LawrenceLowlands.• How did it start? How did the community get its name? • What are some historical sites in the community? Use your information to create a newsletter to tell the story of thecommunity. Include ways people can help preserve and remember thehistory of the community. Try using technology to make yournewsletter.
Design a Licence Plate
This is a licence plate from Québec. “Je me souviens” is French for “I remember.” • Create a design for a licence plate for your family, school, or region.
You can include symbols that bring more meaning to the design.Explain your idea.
• Why did Québec choose “Je me souviens” as its motto? How doesthe motto represent the province?
Build Your Skills!
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Inquiring Minds?
During her inquiry, Claire discovered that museums werean important source of information about the past. Whileshe was researching, she realized that she could organizethe museums she found to keep track of what kind ofinformation they offered. This made her research easier.This is what part of her tracking chart looked like:
Take Time to Reflect
What happens when someone moves to a new place? Thinkabout the Loyalists when they first came to this region.Conduct an interview with someone in your school orcommunity who has recently come from a different place.What effects did this have on the person? Write or record yourinterview. Save your work for your Canada Collection.
Review the inquiry questions for this chapter: • How does the St. Lawrence River affect ways of life in
this region?• Why are First Nations and Francophones so important
to the identity of this region?
Putting It All Together
93
Name of Museum Where it Web site Information
is located
McCord Museum of Montréal http://www.mccord- History of Montréal Canadian History museum.qc.ca/en
Marguerite Bourgeoys Montréal http://www.marguerite- History of MargueriteMuseum bourgeoys.com Bourgeoys and the Notre-
Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel
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