Chapter 3

Steps to Preparing Speech 1-Determine the Speech Purpose 2-Select a Topic 3-Analyze the Audience 4-Develop Main Points 5-Conduct Research and Develop Supporting Points 6-Organize and Outline 7-Practice 8-Deliver Speech

1. Determine Speech Purposes General Speech Purpose-inform, persuade, special

occasion

To Inform-people, objects, events, issues, processes, concepts

To Persuade-argument which has alternative side

Special Occasion-introductory, acceptance, toasts, roasts, eulogies, cultural artifact

2. Topic Selection… Choosing a Topic-brainstorm and think of …….

-Interests, Current Events, Controversial issues-Avoid common/overdone topics-Relate to audience

  Narrow down topic-focus on specific aspects of topic

Write thesis statement single statement-central idea of speech-connects all parts of speech shows what you will try to prove in case of persuasive speech comes at end of introduction most important statement

3. Audience Analysis Audience Centered Approach

Speech topic, information, delivery, style, language, etc should be determined based on audience needs

Get to know your listeners ○ Who are they, what are they interested in, what would

grab their attention, etc..InterviewsQuestionnaires

4. Develop Main Points Main Points express key ideas and major

themes that will fulfill the speech purpose○ Usually 3-4 main points ○ Main Points are the “main” areas of topic you will

focus on-they are general ideas ○ Usually most important elements of topic○ Support thesis○ Unity, coherence and balance between main points

5. Develop Supporting Points (Research) Provides detail on main points/further develops

and backs up main points

Supporting Material includes world of information available to speaker

○ Examples○ Statistics○ Facts

Follow up with sub-supporting points if necessary

ExampleA-Main Point 1-High passing rate of board exam

1-Last year, 89% who took the test passed after their first time.2-95% passed after taking test the second time around.

 B-Main Point 2-Experienced Faculty teaching courses

1-Attended good schools2-Have experience-# of years teaching3-Worked at top hospitals in the nation

C-Main Point 3-Provide hands on experience.1-This many hours of practice2-Provide real life situations to practice with3-Have best tools needed for clinical practice

6. Organize and Outline Process of organizing parts of speech

Use headings to label different partsIndentFollow outline format Use transitions

7-PracticeOut loudSeveral timesTry to have audience of few people

8-Deliver

Main Parts to Speech/Outline• Introduction

– Attention Getter/Introduction to Topic– Establish Credibility– Thesis Statement– Preview Statement

• Body– Main Points-key ideas & major themes (usually 3-4 of them)– Supporting Material-supports & backs up main points

• Sub-Supporting Points-elaborates on supporting material if necessary

• Conclusion– Wrap Up– Summarize Main Points– Interesting Closing

Introduction Attention Getter/Introduction to Topic

Stories, Anecdotes, Quotes, Rhetorical Question, Fact, Startling Statistic, Humor, Joke

Establishment of Credibility Be well prepared and confident Tell audience about your personal experience with topic Common Ground with audience

Thesis-claim, single statement, connects speech, last sentence

Preview-tells audience what pain points you will discuss

Sample Attention Getters

“It’s Saturday morning, and you are helping clean out your grandmother’s attic. After working a while, you stumble upon a trunk, open it, and discover inside hundreds of old postcards. Thinking about getting to the football game on time, you start tossing the cards into the trash can. Congratulations! You have just thrown away a year’s tuition”

“In 31 states, a blind man can be licensed to drive. In 5 states, just send in your check and they will send back your renewed license, no questions asked. In 1916 my grandfather got his license for the first time. No exam was required; no exam has been required since. Ever wonder why our highways seem a bit unsafe today”

Sample Thesis Statements

Although fad diets produce quick weight loss, they can lead to serious health problems by creating deficiencies in vitamins and minerals and by breaking down muscle tissue as well as fat.

Played on a smaller, enclosed field that resembles a hockey rink with artificial turf, indoor soccer involves faster action, more scoring, and different strategies than outdoor soccer.

Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula has many attractions for vacationers, including a warm climate, excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins

Sample Preview StatementsIlliteracy among athletes must be stopped. In order to fully grasp the

significance of this problem, we will look at the root of it, and then move to its effects, and finally, we will look at the solution.

In the following presentation, I will discuss what global warming is, its possible causes and the impact it has on the environment.

The following speech will examine the economic, social and political implications that will result from legalizing the death penalty in the United States.

TransitionsTransition/Signposts

Conjunctions , phrases, words Allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next in speech Ex. Next, first, we now turn to, finally, similarly

1-Restate-forecast form-Transition restates the point just covered and previews what is next.

2-Previews-Internal previews3-Internal Summaries-Review of ideas

Outlining Speech 2 types of outlines

Working Outline/Preparation OutlineRough draft outlines-preparationUsed to brainstorm main points and supporting

points

Speaking Outline/Delivery OutlineFinal version-used to practice

Different Ways to Outline

Sentence Outlines Use full sentences-prevents memory lapse Good for remembering specific details May distract & limit eye contact when used during speaking

Phrase Outlines Partial construction of sentences. Phrases written to remind speaker of ideas Greater eye contact, require more memory, must rehearse

Key word Outlines (single words or brief phrases)-good for speaking, greater eye

contact

Format of Outline-Roman numeral outline is most common - using indentation between main and supporting

points (coordination and subordination)

EXAMPLEII. Body

A. Main Point #1 1. Supporting Points

a. Sub-supporting pointsb. Sub-supporting points

2. Supporting Pointsa. Sub-supporting points

B. Main Point #2

Arranging Main Points• 1-Topical/Categorical

• 2-Chronological • 3-Spatial/geographical

• 4-Cause/effect

• 5-Problem/Solution

• 6-Narrative

• 7-Advantage/Disadvantage

• 8-Circular Pattern of Arragement

1-Topical or Categorical Stresses natural divisions in a topic Used when each main point is equally important and can

be placed in any order without changing msg. Gives greatest freedom to organize

Examples: Why certain cities are good to live in Why we should vote for a particular candidate for

president Different majors available in college

2-Chronological Used to reflect natural sequential order of main points Shows main points in progression or in time order Like a time line

Examples: Historical accounts of events Lives of historical people Advances in technology The way something has developed throughout time

3-Spatial/Geographical Used when purpose is to describe physical

arrangement of a place, scene, object Usually arranged in order of physical

proximity or closeness to each other

Examples: Layouts of cities Parts of machines or equipment Vacation spots to visit Giving a tour of a particular place

4-Cause/effect Used when main points describe a cause and

effect relationship One MP can describe why something

happens and another can describe the effects of it

Examples: How certain diseases are contracted and the effects Pollution-ways we pollute earth and effects of it

5-Problem/Solution When main points describe a particular

problem and offer solution One MP describes the problem and another

proposes a solution

Examples: Illness-describe the problem which is the

disease and offer a solution Pollution-describe the problems with it and

offer solutions or ways to prevent

6-Narrative When speech consist of stories or a

series of short stories These type of speeches use other

arrangements as a combination as well

7-Advantage/Disadvantage Listing Pros and Cons

8-Circular Pattern one idea leads to another, which leads

to another, etc..until they arrive back at thesis