chapter 3 – the biosphere
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Chapter 3 – The Biosphere. What is Ecology?. Ecology The study of organisms and their interactions with their environment The root word of ecology means “ houses ” in Greek….so we ’ re studying the “ houses ” or habitat organisms live, and studying the organisms themselves. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
What is Ecology?What is Ecology?
EcologyEcology The study of organisms and their interactions The study of organisms and their interactions
with their environmentwith their environment
The root word of ecology means “houses” in The root word of ecology means “houses” in Greek….so we’re studying the “houses” or Greek….so we’re studying the “houses” or habitat organisms live, and studying the habitat organisms live, and studying the organisms themselves.organisms themselves.
Its biosphere!
BiosphereBiosphere – – Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the
Earth in which life exists, including land, water and the atmosphere
No biosphere = No biosphere = no peopleno people!!
Biosphere – Biosphere – ““life” “sphere”life” “sphere”
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including the Earth in which life exists, including land, water and the atmosphereland, water and the atmosphere
The Biosphere is made up of…
Biomes which are made up of
Ecosystems which contain…
Communities made up of…
Populations made up of…
Organisms or a Species
BiomeBiome – – Group of Group of ecosystemsecosystems that share similar that share similar
climate climate and typical and typical organismsorganisms OR geographic region of earth usually defined OR geographic region of earth usually defined
by weather and the species found there.by weather and the species found there. Biome Examples:Biome Examples:
• Grasslands – Temperate and Grasslands – Temperate and Tropical (savannah)Tropical (savannah)
• DesertsDeserts• Forest – Deciduous, RainForest – Deciduous, Rain• Others…Others…
Ecosystem TermsEcosystem Terms EcosystemEcosystem – – All the living organisms in an area and All the living organisms in an area and
the physical environment in which they the physical environment in which they life.life.• OR living group of organisms that OR living group of organisms that
interact with each other interact with each other and the nonliving environmentand the nonliving environment
Community - Community - The different populations that live in an The different populations that live in an
areaarea
Ecosystem TermsEcosystem Terms PopulationPopulation – –
a group of individuals a group of individuals of the same species in an of the same species in an areaarea
PA Examples:PA Examples:1.1. White tail deerWhite tail deer2.2. Black Black
oak treesoak trees3.3. Black bearsBlack bears
9/12 and 9/13 ATB9/12 and 9/13 ATB
What are 3 characteristics that a species What are 3 characteristics that a species shares?shares?
Today:Today: Printing assignment duePrinting assignment due Discuss hybrid organismsDiscuss hybrid organisms Compare / contrast abiotic and biotic factors Compare / contrast abiotic and biotic factors
and their importance to lifeand their importance to life
Ecosystem TermsEcosystem Terms SpeciesSpecies – –
a group of organisms that are a group of organisms that are capable of capable of breeding and producing fertile offspringbreeding and producing fertile offspring• Similar appearance and similar genetic makeup, Similar appearance and similar genetic makeup,
Examples:Examples:1.1. dogsdogs2.2. catscats3.3. humanshumans
Ecosystem TermsEcosystem Terms HybridHybrid – –
an offspring of two different an offspring of two different species (or objects)species (or objects)
• These are sterileThese are sterile Examples:Examples:
1.1. Mule – horse and donkeyMule – horse and donkey2.2. Liger – lion (male) and tiger Liger – lion (male) and tiger
(female)(female)3.3. Fuel efficient vehiclesFuel efficient vehicleshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
CD6vpheUoPE
Are "Humanzees" Possible? Are "Humanzees" Possible? http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-mizej
ewski/are-humanzees-possible_b_877792.html
Tiglons / Tigons – female lion and male tiger
Ligers – male lion and female tiger- have been found to be fertile in some cases
http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0829/bz9-4.html
Last Class
Ecosystem TermsEcosystem Terms HabitatHabitat – –
a place where a particular a place where a particular species livesspecies lives – can be very big or small – can be very big or small
Examples:Examples:• Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean • Mud puddleMud puddle• ForestForest• YourYour SkinSkin
Biotic and Abiotic FactorsBiotic and Abiotic Factors• Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors – –
• living parts of the ecosystem (grass, living parts of the ecosystem (grass, animals, etc)animals, etc)
• Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors – – • nonliving (never were nonliving (never were
alive) parts of the ecosystem alive) parts of the ecosystem
List 5 abiotic factors on land• Surface/ground water• Sunlight• Wind• Temperature• Altitude
List 5 abiotic factors in water• Currents• Temperature• Concentration of nutrients in the water
•Air (CO2, O2, N2)•Soil•Precipitation•Lighting
•Salinity•Sunlight penetration
Biotic and Abiotic FactorsBiotic and Abiotic Factors
Both of biotic and abiotic factors make up Both of biotic and abiotic factors make up the environment in which organisms livethe environment in which organisms live
Soil – made up of nonliving particles, but Soil – made up of nonliving particles, but also many bacteria and fungialso many bacteria and fungi
Writing practice (3 minutes)Writing practice (3 minutes)
In a margin of your packet:In a margin of your packet: Choose anything biotic and describe how Choose anything biotic and describe how
ANY abiotic factor could affect it.ANY abiotic factor could affect it. THINK…it doesn’t matter what it isTHINK…it doesn’t matter what it is Yes you can be creative, and no, this isn’t Yes you can be creative, and no, this isn’t
graded.graded.
Create a sentence that explains how an Create a sentence that explains how an abiotic factor could affect a biotic factor in abiotic factor could affect a biotic factor in an environmentan environment
Reviewing TermsReviewing TermsBiosphere Biosphere
Ecosystem Ecosystem
PopulationPopulation
SpeciesSpecies
HybridHybrid
Habitat Habitat
Quick TalkQuick TalkHabitat Habitat
Ecosystem Ecosystem
SpeciesSpecies
PopulationPopulation
HybridHybrid
BiosphereBiosphere
ReviewWhat is main the difference
between a species and a hybrid?
Describe TWO ways in which abiotic factors could effect an organism in an environment
Primary ProducersPrimary Producers AutotrophsAutotrophs
Organisms that use solar or chemical energy to produce Organisms that use solar or chemical energy to produce foodfood
What is the food that autotrophs produce? What is the food that autotrophs produce? • Sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)Sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Examples:Examples: Algae, certain types of bacteria, plantsAlgae, certain types of bacteria, plants
Primary ProducersPrimary Producers Primary ProducersPrimary Producers – –
organisms that use elements from the organisms that use elements from the environment to environment to make their own foodmake their own food
aka aka autotrophsautotrophs What elements do most producers use/need?What elements do most producers use/need?
• Sun, Water, COSun, Water, CO22, Soil for nutrients and , Soil for nutrients and mineralsminerals
Examples =Examples =• Plants and chemosynthetic bacteriaPlants and chemosynthetic bacteria
Primary ProducersPrimary Producers
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Process of capturing light energy to make Process of capturing light energy to make
chemical energy (food – glucose)chemical energy (food – glucose)
Primary ProducersPrimary Producers ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis
Organisms that use chemicals (hydrogen sulfide) to Organisms that use chemicals (hydrogen sulfide) to produce carbohydratesproduce carbohydrates
Examples – chemosynthetic bacteriaExamples – chemosynthetic bacteria
ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis Hydrothermal Vents – 1Hydrothermal Vents – 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgA David Attenborough on Hydrothermal Vents David Attenborough on Hydrothermal Vents
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXGF3XS-yAI Hydrothermal Vents (nat geo)Hydrothermal Vents (nat geo)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XotF9fzo4Vo
..
ConsumersConsumers HeterotrophHeterotroph – –
Organisms that must acquire energy from other Organisms that must acquire energy from other organismsorganisms
ConsumerConsumer – – an organism that rely on other organisms for an organism that rely on other organisms for
energy and nutrientsenergy and nutrients Examples = Examples = us, animals, lions, tigers, and us, animals, lions, tigers, and
bearsbears
Ecosystem TermsEcosystem Terms Primary ConsumerPrimary Consumer – –
consumers that feed on plantsconsumers that feed on plants• ExamplesExamples::
Secondary ConsumerSecondary Consumer – – consumers that feed on primary consumersconsumers that feed on primary consumers Examples:Examples:
Tertiary ConsumerTertiary Consumer – – eats a 2nd level consumereats a 2nd level consumer
ConsumersConsumers CarnivoreCarnivore – – aan organism that n organism that only (primarily) eats meatonly (primarily) eats meat
PA ExamplesPA Examples: :
ScavengerScavenger – – an organism that feeds on dead organismsan organism that feeds on dead organisms ExamplesExamples::
HerbivoreHerbivore – – an organism thatan organism that only (primarily) eats plantsonly (primarily) eats plants
PA ExamplesPA Examples::
OmnivoreOmnivore – – an organism thatan organism that readily eats both plants and meatreadily eats both plants and meat
PA ExamplesPA Examples::
Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers
Exceptions?Exceptions? Photosynthetic sea slugPhotosynthetic sea slug Elysia Chlorotica: A Sap-Sucking, Solar-Powered Sea Slug Elysia Chlorotica: A Sap-Sucking, Solar-Powered Sea Slug
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAMP8erryKE Sea slug intro Sea slug intro
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQNIpW0LlsUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQNIpW0LlsU Amazing Photosynthetic Animals Amazing Photosynthetic Animals
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcX2n1rC4W4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcX2n1rC4W4
Venus fly trap - The Private Life of Plants - David Venus fly trap - The Private Life of Plants - David Attenborough - BBC wildlife Attenborough - BBC wildlife http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwo
ConsumersConsumers DecomposerDecomposer – – bacteria or fungus that chemically break down dead bacteria or fungus that chemically break down dead
organismsorganisms How do decomposers help an ecosystemHow do decomposers help an ecosystem??
Break down dead organisms and return their nutrients to Break down dead organisms and return their nutrients to the soil.the soil.
DetrivoresDetrivores Organisms that feed on decaying particles Organisms that feed on decaying particles
(leaves, etc)(leaves, etc) Examples: Worms, crabs, snailsExamples: Worms, crabs, snails
Decomposition VidsDecomposition Vids The Body Farm - Study of Human The Body Farm - Study of Human
Decomposition Decomposition http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_SiqND9bNAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_SiqND9bNA
Baby PigBaby Pig http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1CD6gNmhr0
Elephant Elephant http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/elephant-life-after-
death/ Eating Giants (little gross)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OX9xCo183VA
HippoHippo http://animal.discovery.com/video-topics/wild-http://animal.discovery.com/video-topics/wild-
animals/eating-giants-hippo.htmanimals/eating-giants-hippo.htm
Soil Soil
Why is soil important?Why is soil important? Provides nutrients for plants to growProvides nutrients for plants to grow The loss of soil prevents The loss of soil prevents producersproducers from from
growinggrowing and hurts the and hurts the ecosystemecosystem
Soil ErosionSoil Erosion – – • the the movementmovement of soil by of soil by windwind, , waterwater or any or any
other sourceother source
What do all these have in What do all these have in common?common?
ConsumersConsumers HerbivoresHerbivores OmnivoresOmnivores CarnivoresCarnivores DecomposersDecomposers
All these are considered -- All these are considered -- heterotrophsheterotrophs
Review1. Are herbivores always
consumers?2. Are consumers always
herbivores?3. Are carnivores ever primary
consumers?