chapter 3: the biosphere what is ecology? ecology and biomes
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3: The Biosphere
What is ecology?
Ecology and Biomes
![Page 2: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ecology
• Ecology – the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and environment
• Interdependence- is mutual dependence between things.
![Page 3: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Levels of Organization
![Page 4: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Levels of Organization• Biosphere – largest, portions of planet where
life exists (land, H2O, air)– 8 km above to 11 km below
![Page 5: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Levels of Organization• Biome – group of ecosystems with same
climate, rainfall/freshwater, elevation, latitude
• Ecosystem – collection of all organisms in a particular place together with the abiotic (physical) environment.
![Page 6: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Levels of Organization• Community – groups of different
populations that live together in a defined area.
![Page 7: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Levels of Organization• Population – groups of individuals of same
species in same area.
![Page 8: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Levels of Organization• Species – group of organisms so similar that
they can mate and produce fertile offspring.
![Page 9: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Biotic and Abiotic Factors• Biotic – living
– Plants, Animals ,Mold, Fungi, Bacteria, Protist
• Abiotic – Nonliving– Sunlight, soil, wind, water,
temperature
• Habitat – the area where an organism lives; includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
![Page 10: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ecological Methods1. Observation – 1st step to
designing an experiment
2. Experiment – test hypotheses; imitate & manipulate
3. Modeling – make models based on observation & experiment
• Helps make future predictions
![Page 11: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers
• One of the most important factors to determine capacity to sustain life
•Leopard, Hyena, Lion
•Peregrine Falcon Dive
![Page 12: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Producers (Autotrophs)• Can trap sunlight to produce food
– Plants– Some protist– Some bacteria
• Photosynthesis – captures solar energy and converts it to chemical energy
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Chemosynthesis – Chemical energy used to produce carbohydratesSUN
![Page 13: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
• Can’t trap energy directly; must acquire it from other organisms– Herbivores – plants– Carnivores – animals– Omnivores – both– Detritivores – remains of
dead plants & animals– Decomposers – break down
organic matter
![Page 14: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Food Chains and Food Webs
![Page 15: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Food Chains and Food WebsSUN Autotrophs Heterotroph
1. Food Chain – energy trapped by producers passed on when organisms eat and are eaten
2. Food Web – relationship more complex than a chain
![Page 16: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids
• Trophic Levels – each step in a food chain/web
Ex: producers, then consumers• Ecological Pyramids – shows relative amount of energy
at each level (10% rule)• Biomass – total amount of living tissue within a trophic
level
![Page 17: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3.4 Cycles of Matter
*Recycle Matter*
![Page 18: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Carbon Cycle
• Photosynthesis – uses CO2 from atmophere– Happens in the CHLOROPLAST
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Respiration – returns CO2 to atmoshere– Happens in the MITOCHONDRIA
C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2
![Page 19: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Carbon Cycle
![Page 20: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Carbon Cycle
1. Volcanoes, respiration, fossil fuels, and decomposition add CO2 to atmosphere.
2. Plants take CO2 and make carbohydrates
3. Plants are eaten by animals and carbohydrates are passed through the food chain.
4. As the animal breathes and eventually dies and decomposes CO2 is return to atmosphere.
![Page 21: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Water CycleBill Nye - Clouds
![Page 22: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Water Cycle1. Water enters the atmosphere by:
• Evaporation – water changes from a liquid to a gas
• Transpiration – Evaporation through leaves
2. As water rises it cools condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds.
3. Droplets returns to Earth as precipitation.
4. Water enters the rivers, ground water, ocean or plant roots to restart cycle.
![Page 23: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nitrogen Cycle
![Page 24: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Nitrogen Cycle1. Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of atmosphere
2. Nitrogen Fixation: bacteria take nitrogen gases and turn it into ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate.
3. Plants and animals use nitrate to make amino acids.
4. Animal dies and decomposes returning nitrates to the soil.
5. Denitrification: other bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.
Legumes and Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
Algae Blooms
![Page 25: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Phosphate – parts of DNA/RNA
• Found in rocks that are worn down
• Washes into rivers/streams/oceans for marine organisms
• Taken in by plants and turned into organic compounds
![Page 26: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nutrient Limitation• Primary Productivity – the rate at which
organic molecules are created by producers
• If nutrients are in short supply, they are called LIMITING NUTRIENTS
Ex: Nitrogen is often limiting in water; if there is suddenly an input of N (fertilizer runoff), organisms can grow rapidly (Algal Bloom)
![Page 27: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Discussion questions:
1. How many stops can you make on your trip?
2. Will your journey ever end?
3. Was everyone’s journey the same? Why not?
4. What would happen if a farmer used too much fertilizer? (In this game, that would mean that everyone started from the fertilizer station at the same time.)
5. Livestock farming creates a large amount of animal waste. How would this affect the nitrogen cycle?
![Page 28: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Bald Eagle – Temperate Forest
![Page 31: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Black bear – Temperate Forest
![Page 32: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Silver Gibbon – Tropical Forest
![Page 33: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Toucan – Tropical Forest
![Page 34: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pit Viper – Tropical Forest
![Page 35: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mountain goat – Boreal - Alpine
![Page 36: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Snowy owl – Tundra
![Page 37: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Caribou – Tundra
![Page 38: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Desert Big Horn – Desert
![Page 39: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Antelope – Desert
![Page 40: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Gila Monster – Desert
![Page 41: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Koala – Grassland
![Page 42: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Lion– Grassland
![Page 43: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Zebra - Grassland
![Page 44: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The three basic types of population distribution within an area. From left to right, spaced (uniform/regular), random and clumped (aggregated
![Page 45: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Questions for tree hole community article:
1. What is a tree hole community (what lives there, what interactions exist)?
2. How did this scientist choose to gather data about the tree hold community (what method did he use to study it)?
3. How did the researcher describe the relationships with the tree holes?
4. What three factors did this particular researcher study within the tree holes?
5. Lastly, why can’t interactions between wolf and deer populations be studied the same way as tree holes?
![Page 46: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The three basic types of ecological pyramids: energy, biomass and numbers.
![Page 47: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The three basic types of ecological pyramids: energy, biomass and numbers.
![Page 48: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Marine environments can have inverted biomass pyramids because primary producers are phytoplankton. These tiny photosynthetic organisms reproduce rapidly so a small mass has a fast rate of primary production (energy available)
![Page 49: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Why is this pyramid of numbers inverted?
Why is this pyramid of numbers inverted?
![Page 50: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
If a person needs 3,000 Calories per day, then 30,000 Cal beef are needed, which in turn need 300,000 Cal of corn, which in turn means 30,000,000 Cal of sunshine. This works out to be 1.5 acres of corn per day per person. If the person ate corn directly then 10 people could be supported by the same 1.5 acres of corn.
![Page 51: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Chapter 3: The Biosphere What is ecology? Ecology and Biomes](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e7a5503460f94b7b5ed/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)