chapter 3 ( yule , 2010, pp . 25-39) the sounds of language speech organs
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CHAPTER 3 ( Yule , 2010, pp . 25-39) THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE Speech organs. Phonetics. speech sounds / phonemes (distinctive sounds) (44 phonemes in English) 1. Articulatory Phonetics (production) 2. Auditory Phonetics (perception) 3. Acoustic Phonetics (sound waves) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 3 (Yule, 2010, pp. 25-39)
THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
Speech organs1
PHONETICS
speech sounds / phonemes (distinctive sounds)(44 phonemes in English)
1. Articulatory Phonetics (production)2. Auditory Phonetics (perception)3. Acoustic Phonetics (sound waves)
In this course: Articulatory Phonetics (introductory)
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Respiratory System& Speech
air in breathing is basic ingredient of speech
air is modified to create different sounds
sounds are produced when we breath out
modification by vocal organs
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VOCAL ORGANS
organs of the body involved in the production of speech
Some examples:TonguePalateVocal cordsLungs
Other functions: breathing / eating
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Vocal tract
Sub-glottal system
Larynx
Vocal Organs
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SUB-GLOTTAL SYSTEMa) Lungsb) Trachea /trəˈkiː.ə/ / (windpipe) 6
LARYNX/ˈlær.ɪŋks/ (voice box)(on top of the trachea)1) Vocal Cords/Folds (two elastic bands of
muscle in the throat)2) Glottis (the gap between the
vocal cords)
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Glottal States
Wall of the Larynx
Open vocal cords (air passes through freely)e.g. /s/
Vocal Folds/Cords
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Approximated vocal cords (vibration: open and close rapidly and repeatedly– around 100 times per second in men, 200 times in women and children for a given sound / up to 800 times per second)e.g. /z/
Test: put your fingers on your throat/ears and say /s/ and /z/, alternating them. 9
VOCAL TRACT
1)Pharynx /ˈfær.ɪŋks/ (the passage above
the vocal cords)2) Oral cavity(space in the mouth)3) Nasal cavity (space behind the
nose)
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ARTICULATORS (parts of the oral cavity)
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Upper articulators (upper surface of the oral cavity)
1) Palate (the roof of the mouth) (separates oral and nasal cavities) 2) Upper teeth3) Upper lip
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Lower articulators
(lower surface) (they are moved toward the upper surface which is not mobile)
1) Tongue 2) Lower teeth 3) Lower lip
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THE PALATE
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hard palat
ealveolar
ridgesoft palat
e
Alveolar Ridge(behind the upper front teeth)hard roughfixed
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Hard Palate (highest part of the palate) (between the alveolar ridge and the soft palate)hardevenfixed
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Soft Palate (velum)(at the back of the mouth)softmovable Uvulathe end point of the soft palate
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States Of The Velum (Soft Palate)
Lowered position: gap between soft palate and pharynx; air goes into the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. (e.g. /m/)
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Raised position: contact with the back wall of pharynx; nasal cavity is closed; air goes into the mouth only. (e.g. /b/ )
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THE TONGUE
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BackLies under the soft palate/raised to touch the soft palate and to any point beneath that
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FrontLies under the hard palate/raised to touch the hard palate and to any point beneath that
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Blade
(between the tip and the front)
lies under the alveolar ridge
very mobile (can touch the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge and the hard palate)
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Tip
(the most forward part)
lies under the alveolar ridge
very mobile
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SidesRaised (curved upwards/pressed firmly against the sides of the palate/air goes through the centre) e.g. /s/
Lowered (centre is raised/air goes trough the sides) e.g. /l/
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Positions of the lips (extreme positions are rare in English)
Closed/Apart /p/ /t/ /m/ /g/
Rounding/Spreading /w/ /v/
Protrusion (pushed forward/almost none in English)
THE LIPS
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/f/ /v/ (upper teeth) / / (upper and lower teeth)
THE TEETH
ð θ
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/ /
THANK YOU!
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