Chapter 30 Section 1Chapter 30 Section 1Study GuideStudy Guide

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

But first…a review of But first…a review of capitalismcapitalism

CapitalCapital EntrepreneurEntrepreneur "laissez faire""laissez faire" Private propertyPrivate property

– "means of production""means of production" IndustrializationIndustrialization

– opened a huge gap opened a huge gap between rich & poorbetween rich & poor

Democratic countriesDemocratic countries– Unions grewUnions grew

Strength of Strength of the Strongthe Strong

SocialismSocialism– Public Public

should ownshould own– Operate for Operate for

the welfare the welfare of the of the peoplepeople

– Gov't Gov't should plan should plan the the economyeconomy

Karl Marx & MarxismKarl Marx & Marxism Observed evils of Observed evils of

Industrial Revolution in Industrial Revolution in EnglandEngland

Wrote the Wrote the Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto in 1848 with in 1848 with Friedrich EngelsFriedrich Engels

– Eternal class struggleEternal class struggle

– Bourgeoisie vs. Bourgeoisie vs. proletariatproletariat

The future according to The future according to MarxMarx

Believed the failure of capitalism was Believed the failure of capitalism was inevitable inevitable because:because:

– Laissez faire capitalism would eventually result in Laissez faire capitalism would eventually result in a few owners owning everythinga few owners owning everything

– Eventually, workers would revolt, take over the Eventually, workers would revolt, take over the means of production, and set up a “dictatorship of means of production, and set up a “dictatorship of the proletariat”the proletariat”

– Once “communism” was in effect (once everyone Once “communism” was in effect (once everyone had enough food, shelter, heat, etc.), the had enough food, shelter, heat, etc.), the dictatorship would wither awaydictatorship would wither away

Marx’s view of historyMarx’s view of history Based on what he was observing (laissez faire capitalism), Based on what he was observing (laissez faire capitalism),

Marx’s view seemed logical, scientific, reasonable…Marx’s view seemed logical, scientific, reasonable…

Marx believed the primary motive force in all of human Marx believed the primary motive force in all of human history was economichistory was economic

BUTBUT

History has proven this theory to be…wrongHistory has proven this theory to be…wrong

BECAUSEBECAUSE

Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties, a desire for Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties, a desire for democracy and reform have ALL been motives democracy and reform have ALL been motives throughout historythroughout history

Appeal of CommunismAppeal of Communism

It was new and offered hope to the It was new and offered hope to the hopelesshopeless

Communism told peasants & workers:Communism told peasants & workers:– "We feel your pain…and we're here to "We feel your pain…and we're here to

help."help." Modern, scientific, futuristicModern, scientific, futuristic IdealisticIdealistic

– Appealed to the best in human natureAppealed to the best in human nature– Sharing, community, equality, etc.Sharing, community, equality, etc.

Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

A long fuseA long fuse– InequalityInequality– RepressionRepression– PogromsPogroms– No reformsNo reforms– No No

loosening loosening upup

Czar Nicholas II, 1894Czar Nicholas II, 1894– autocraticautocratic– Nice but unintelligentNice but unintelligent

A family manA family man Scrupulous about his Scrupulous about his

duty to Russiaduty to Russia Might have been the Might have been the

perfect British monarchperfect British monarch

– Believed he had to Believed he had to preserve autocracy preserve autocracy intact for his sonintact for his son

Russia trying to industrializeRussia trying to industrialize

1890-1900 became 4th steel producer 1890-1900 became 4th steel producer in worldin world

But lagged behind Western Europe & But lagged behind Western Europe & U.S.U.S.

Large gap between nobility & the Large gap between nobility & the massesmasses– Terrible conditionsTerrible conditions– No unionsNo unions

Police repressionPolice repression

Various revolutionary Various revolutionary groupsgroups

Fix monarchy, dump monarchy, Fix monarchy, dump monarchy, make a republic, introduce socialism, make a republic, introduce socialism, radical communism, etc.radical communism, etc.

Socialists in Russia: two factionsSocialists in Russia: two factions– "Mensheviks" - majority faction"Mensheviks" - majority faction– "Bolsheviks" - minority faction"Bolsheviks" - minority faction

Crises in RussiaCrises in Russia

Russo-Japanese War, 1905Russo-Japanese War, 1905– Humiliated by AsiansHumiliated by Asians

Bloody Sunday, 1905Bloody Sunday, 1905– Czar's troops fired on peaceful protestersCzar's troops fired on peaceful protesters– Czar no longer viewed as benevolent father Czar no longer viewed as benevolent father

figurefigure World War IWorld War I

– Czarist gov't displayed incompetenceCzarist gov't displayed incompetence– Mutiny, famine, shortages, inflationMutiny, famine, shortages, inflation

Palace SquarePalace Square

Winter Palace

St. Petersburg

World War IWorld War I

Czar takes charge of the frontCzar takes charge of the front Empress AlexandraEmpress Alexandra Hemophilia of Alexi, the crown princeHemophilia of Alexi, the crown prince Grigori RasputinGrigori Rasputin

– Bad adviceBad advice– AnticsAntics– murdermurder

WWI destroying moraleWWI destroying morale

Troops mutiniesTroops mutinies InflationInflation Food shortagesFood shortages

March 1917 March 1917 – 200,000 workers strike in Petrograd200,000 workers strike in Petrograd– Soldiers refuse to shoot into crowdSoldiers refuse to shoot into crowd

"Cossacks, you are our brothers, you can't "Cossacks, you are our brothers, you can't shoot us." shoot us."

"Working people arise!" by V. Serov

Czar abdicatesCzar abdicates

Provisional gov't Provisional gov't establishedestablished

The DumaThe Duma Alexander Kerensky, Alexander Kerensky,

a socialista socialist– Write a constitutionWrite a constitution– Continue the war on Continue the war on

the Allied sidethe Allied side– Reform the economyReform the economy

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin– Returned to Russia in Returned to Russia in

April 1917 by the April 1917 by the Germans to stir up Germans to stir up troubletrouble

– Opposed to Kerensky's Opposed to Kerensky's moderate gov'tmoderate gov't

– Wants full-scale Wants full-scale revolution, not reformrevolution, not reform

– Organizes Red GuardsOrganizes Red Guards Armed workersArmed workers

"All power to the Soviets!""All power to the Soviets!"

Socialists were splitSocialists were split "Soviets" were "Soviets" were

workers' councilsworkers' councils Lenin works Lenin works

against Kerensky against Kerensky gov't encouraging gov't encouraging local soviets to local soviets to disobey Kerenskydisobey Kerensky– "All power to the "All power to the

Soviets!"Soviets!"

Lenin's slogan: Lenin's slogan: "Land, Bread, Peace""Land, Bread, Peace"– Peasants wanted landPeasants wanted land– Everyone wanted Everyone wanted

food, especially food, especially workers in urban workers in urban areasareas

– Russian soldiers Russian soldiers wanted peacewanted peace

November 1917November 1917– Red Guards take over Red Guards take over

the Winter Palacethe Winter Palace

Lenin in controlLenin in control

Distributes land to Distributes land to peasantspeasants

Puts factories under Puts factories under soviet controlsoviet control

Makes truce with Makes truce with GermanyGermany

March 1918 signs March 1918 signs Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with GermanyLitovsk with Germany– Russia loses territory, Russia loses territory,

leaves warleaves war

Civil War in Russia: 1918-Civil War in Russia: 1918-19201920

Reds vs. WhitesReds vs. Whites Leon Trotsky, Lenin's military Leon Trotsky, Lenin's military

commandercommander Foreign interventionForeign intervention

– British, French, U.S. troopsBritish, French, U.S. troops ≈≈15 million died of war & famine15 million died of war & famine Communist triumph in 1920Communist triumph in 1920

Insignia of the U.S. Army's 31st Infantry Regiment

"Polar Bears"

       Hanging Order11-8-18 Send to Penza To Comrades Kuraev, Bosh, Minkin and other Penza communists

Comrades! The revolt by the five kulak volost's must be suppressed without mercy. The interest of the entire revolution demands this, because we have now before us our final decisive battle "with the kulaks." We need to set an example. 1.You need to hang (hang without fail, so that the public sees) at least 100 notorious kulaks, the rich, and the bloodsuckers. 2.Publish their names. 3.Take away all of their grain. 4.Execute the hostages - in accordance with yesterday's telegram. This needs to be accomplished in such a way, that people for hundreds of miles around will see, tremble, know and scream out: let's choke and strangle those blood-sucking kulaks. Telegraph us acknowledging receipt and execution of this. Yours, Lenin P.S. Use your toughest people for this. ______________________ TRANSLATOR'S COMMENTS: Lenin uses the derogative term kulach'e in reference to the class of prosperous peasants. A volost' was a territorial/administrative unit consisting of a few villages and surrounding land.