chapter 31 fungi. characteristics eukaryotic mostly multicellular, yeasts unicellular no locomotion...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 31
Fungi
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Characteristics• eukaryotic• mostly multicellular, yeasts unicellular• no locomotion• sexual & asexual reproduction in most• heterotrophic by absorption (digestion extracellular)• > 100,000 species• saprophytes (also parasites, mutualistic symbionts)• some pathogenic• decomposers• classified by sexual reproduction• cell walls of chitin (polysaccharide)
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Structure• hyphae – rootlike structures for absorption
which collectively form a network, mycelium• cell walls:
– septate – with cross walls with large pores– aseptate(coenocytic)–no cross walls; multinucleate
• haustoria – nutrient-absorbing threads that penetrate tissues of host in some parasitic types • hyphae may grow as fast as 1km/day• mycelia have haploid nuclei, some dikaryons- 2 separate nuclei that are dissimilar
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Fungal mycelia
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Cell wall types
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Figure 31.2x Septate hyphae (left) and nonseptate hyphae (right)
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Haustoria
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Reproduction• spores (usu. haploid), diploid in brief sexual
reproductive cycles, then meiosis
returns these to haploid
• syngamy – nuclear union in fertilization usu. involves some form of conjugation
• usu. asexually in optimal condtions, sexually in harsh conditions
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Generalized life cycle
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ClassificationDivision Zygomycota – conjugation fungi
-common molds, incl. Rhizopus stolonifer,
Pilobilus
~600 sp. mostly terrestrial in soil or on
decaying plants/animals
-coenocytic hyphae
-asexually produce sporangia
-sexually by zygosporangia formed during
conjugation (+ and – strains fuse)
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Zygomycete life cycle
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Conjugation
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Rhizopus
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Pilobilus
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Division Ascomycota – sac fungi
~30,000 sp.
-yeasts (Saccharomyces, Candida), Peziza
(cup fungus), morels, Ceratocystis ulmi –
causes Dutch elm disease
-septate hyphae
-asexually by conidia on conidiophores
-sexually by haploid ascospores in asci
-most fungal symbionts in this group
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Ascomycete life cycle
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Peziza, truffle, morel
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Yeast
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Penicillium
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apothecia
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Division Basidiomycota – club fungi
~25,000 sp.
-mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
-produce > 10 billion spores
-septate hyphae
-asexually none, or conidia in some
-sexually by basidiospores in basidium
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Basidiomycete life cycle
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basidiomycetes
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Gills of a basidiomycete
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Stinkhorn, Phallis impudicus
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Amanita (death cap)
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Fairy ring
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Division Deuteromycota – imperfect fungi
~25,000 sp.
-ringworm, athlete’s foot fungus, Arthrobotrys –
prey on roundworms in soil
-asexually by conidia
-sexually none observed
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Symbioses1) lichens – algae (filamentous green) –
Chlorophyta or blue green (cyanobacteria) &
fungus (ascomycete)
-may reproduce asexually either from
fragments or by dispersing tiny airborne
starters, soredia
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Lichen structure
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• each organism also reproduces either
sexually or asexually
• alga provides food for fungus, fungus
provides moisture, minerals, protection to
alga perhaps
• thought to be more of a controlled
parasitism, than mutualism
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Lichens
• usu. given genus & specific name
• 3 types:
a) crustose – crusty
b) foliose – leafy
c) fruticose – shrubby
*air pollutant indicators
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Crustose, fruticose, & folliose lichens
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Symbioses
2) mycorrhizae – plant roots & fungus
-plant provides nutrients, fungus provides
more surface area to absorb water
-usu. basidiomycetes, may also be
ascomycetes or zygomycetes
*found in ~90% of tree species
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Benefits of mycorrhizae
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Mycorrhizae
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Importance
Beneficial:
• decomposers
• food source
• source of antibiotics
• used in food and alcohol industries
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Fungal production of an antibiotic
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Importance
Harmful:
• decay products
• cause disease
• destroy crops
• spoil food
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wheat rust, ergot on rye
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pink ear disease of corn