chapter 35 special senses 35-2 learning outcomes (cont.) 35.1 describe the anatomy of the nose and...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER
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35Special Senses
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
35.1 Describe the anatomy of the nose and the function of each part.
35.2 Describe the anatomy of the tongue and the function of each part.
35.3 Describe the anatomy of the eye and the function of each part, including the accessory structures and their functions.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
35.4 Explain the visual pathway through the eye and to the brain for interpretation.
35.5 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various disorders of the eyes.
35.6 Describe the anatomy of the ear and the function of each part, and the role of the ear in maintaining equilibrium.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
35.7 Explain how sounds travel through the ear and are interpreted in the brain.
35.8 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various disorders of the ears.
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Introduction
• Special senses – receptors in the head– Nose – Tongue – Eyes – Ears
• Touch is a generalized sense
• Stimulus nervous system brain response
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The Nose and the Sense of Smell
• Olfactory receptors– Chemoreceptors – respond to changes in
chemical concentrations
– Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus
– Located in the olfactory organ
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The Nose and the Sense of Smell (cont.)
The information is sent along olfactory bulbs and tracts
Cerebrum – interprets information as a type of smell
Activation of smell receptors information sent to olfactory nerves
Sensory Adaption
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: After a few minutes, smell receptors undergo sensory adaptation and no longer respond to the chemical, and the patient can no longer smell the odor.
You notice an odor coming from a patient when you enter the exam room. Why would the patient not be able to smell it?
Very Good!
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The Tongue and the Sense of Taste
• Gustatory receptors – on the taste buds
• Taste buds – Papillae of the tongue– Roof of mouth– Walls of throat
Tongue
} fewer than on tongue
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The Tongue and the Sense of Taste (cont.)
• Taste buds – Taste cells ~ chemoreceptors that react to
chemicals in food and drink must be dissolved in saliva to activate
– Supporting structures ~ fill in space
Tongue
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The Tongue and the Sense of Taste (cont.)
• Taste sensations – Sweet – tip
– Sour – sides
– Salty – tip and sides
– Bitter – back
• Umami – 5th basic taste
– Glutamate
• Spicy foods– Activate pain
receptors
– Interpreted by brain as “spicy”
Tongue
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The Tongue and the Sense of Taste (cont.)
Activation of taste cells
Cranial nerves
Gustatory cortex of cerebruminterprets information as
a particular taste
Taste sensation
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Apply Your Knowledge
What are the four primary taste sensations and where are their corresponding taste cells located?
ANSWER: The four primary taste sensations are:
Sweet – concentrated on the tip of the tongue
Sour – concentrated on the sides of the tongue
Salty – concentrated on the tip and sides of the tongue
Bitter – concentrated on the back of the tongue
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The Eye and the Sense of Sight
• Vision system– Eyes
– Optic nerves
– Vision centers in the brain
– Accessory structures
• Eye – Processes light to
produce images
– Three layers
– Two chambers
– Specialized parts
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The Eye and the Sense of Sight (cont.)
• Outer Layer– Sclera
• Tough outer layer
• Light cannot pass through the sclera
• Sense receptors
– Limbus ~ corneal-scleral junction
– Cornea • Transparent
• “Window” that allows light into eye
Eye
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The Eye and the Sense of Sight (cont.)
• Middle layer – choroid – Contains blood vessels
– Iris• Muscle tissue relaxes and contracts to alter the
size of the pupil
• Regulates the amount of light entering the eye
Eye
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The Eye and the Sense of Sight (cont.)
• Middle layer (cont.) – Ciliary body ~ wedge-shaped muscles
that controls the shape of the lens
– Lens • Changes shape to focus light on retina• Accommodation – the ability of the lens to change
shape
Eye
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The Eye and the Sense of Sight (cont.)
• Inner layer – retina– Optic disc – optic nerve enters retina
– Rods • Sensitive to light • Function in dim light – “night” and peripheral vision• Do not provide sharp image or detect color
Eye
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The Eye and the Sense of Sight (cont.)
• Inner layer (cont.)
– Cones
• Function in bright light
• Sensitive to color and provide sharp images
• Enable differentiation of tones and hues of color
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The Eye and the Sense of Sight (cont.)
• Anterior chamber of the eye– Front of lens– Filled with aqueous humor – nourishes and bathes
anterior eye
• Posterior chamber – Behind lens– Contains vitreous humor – maintains shape of eyeball
and keeps the retina flat
Eye
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Visual Accessory Organs
• Eye orbits – form a protective shell around the eyes
• Eyebrows protect eyes
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Visual Accessory Organs
• Eyelids – Skin, muscle, and connective tissue– Blinking
• Prevents surface from drying out• Keeps foreign material out of eye
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Visual Accessory Organs (cont.)
• Conjunctivas – produce mucus to keep the surface of the eyeball moist
• Lacrimal apparatus– Lacrimal glands ~
produce tears
– Nasolacrimal ducts ~ drain tears into nose
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Visual Accessory Organs (cont.)
• Extrinsic eye muscles– Six per eye – Move the eye
Levator palpebrae superioris (cut)
Optic Nerve
Inferior Rectus
Trochlea
Superior oblique
Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
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Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:___ Middle layer of eye A. Lacrimal glands___ Eye sockets B. Aqueous humor___ Controls shape of lens C. Retina___ Outer layer of eye D. Sclera___ Anterior chamber E. Vitreous humor___ Tears F. Ciliary body___ Ability of lens to G. Choroid
change shape H. Orbits___ Posterior chamber I. Accommodation___ Inner layer of eye
I
HF
E
D
C
BA
G
ANSWER:
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Visual Pathways
• Eye works like a camera– Light enters the eye through the lens
– Refraction – bending of light to focus it on the retina
– Projected upside down on the retina
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Opticchiasm
Visual Pathways
Opticnerve
Occipital lobe of
cerebrum
Retina convertslight to nerve
impulse
Image upside down on retina Image turned
right-side up
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Apply Your Knowledge
What is refraction and which part of the eye carries out refraction?
ANSWER: Refraction is the bending of light that enters the eye to focus it on the retina. The cornea performs this function.
Well done!Well
done!
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The Aging Eye
• Tears altered
• Eyes dryer
• Lens more rigid
• Retinal changes
• Less adaptable to light
• Impaired night and peripheral vision
• Impaired depth perception
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Common Diseases and Disorders
Disorder/Disease Description
Astigmatism Cornea or lens has abnormal shape; blurred images
Dry eye syndrome Results from a decreased production of the oil within the tears
Ectropin Eversion of lower eyelid
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Common Diseases and Disorders
Disorder/Disease Description
Entropion Inversion of lower eyelid
Nystagmus Rapid, involuntary eye movements
Retinal detachment
Layers of retina separate; medical emergency
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Apply Your Knowledge
What vision changes can occur in the elderly patient?
ANSWER: An elderly patient may have difficulty seeing because of drooping eyelids. Focusing may be more difficult because less light enters the eye. He may have difficulty distinguishing colors due to yellowing of the lens. Vision may be fuzzy because of changes in the retina. Night vision can become impaired. The patient may see floaters or “sparks.”
Nice job!
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The Ear and Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium
• External ear– Auricle (pinna) - collects sound waves
– External auditory canal• Lined with hairs and glands that produce cerumen
• Guides sound wave to the tympanic membrane which separates external ear and middle ear
Ear
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The Ear and Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium (cont.)
• Middle ear– Ear ossicles
• Malleus
• Incus
• Stapes
–Ossicles • Vibrate
• Hit the oval window
Ear
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The Ear and Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium (cont.)
• Middle ear (cont.)
– Eustachian tube• Connects middle ear to throat• Equalizes pressure on eardrum
– Oval window – separates middle ear from inner ear
Ear
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The Ear and Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium (cont.)
• Inner ear – labyrinth of communicating chambers– Semicircular canals ~ equilibrium
– Vestibule ~ equilibrium
– Cochlea• Hearing receptors • Organ of Corti – organ of hearing
Inner ear
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The Ear and Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium (cont.)
Head movement
Activates equilibrium and
hearing receptors
Vestibular nerves transmit
information
Cerebrum interprets information and
advises the body to make adjustments
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Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
___ Pinna A. Organ of Corti
___ Malleus, incus, and stapes B. Cerumen
___ Hearing receptors C. Ear ossicles
___ Inner ear D. Tympanic membrane
___ Organ of hearing E. Auricle
___ Earwax F. Cochlea
___ Eardrum G. Labyrinth
___ Detect balance of body H. Semicircular canalsH
G
F
D
C
B
A
E
ANSWER:
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The Hearing Process
• External ear– Collect sound waves
– Channels waves to the tympanic membrane
– Tympanic membrane vibrates
• Middle ear – ossicles amplify vibrations
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The Hearing Process (cont.)
• Inner ear– Amplified waves bend hairs lining cochlea
– Movement of hairs trigger nerve impulses
– Impulses are transmitted by auditory nerve to the brain for interpretation
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The Hearing Process (cont.)
• Bone conduction– Alternate sound pathway to inner ear
– Bones of the scull conduct sound waves
• Identification of hearing problems– Normal bone conduction
– Problem likely in middle or external ear
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Apply Your Knowledge
How do we hear?ANSWER: Sound waves are collected by the external ear and are funneled down the ear canal to the tympanic membrane. The waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate. The ossicles amplify these vibrations which enter the inner ear and cause movements of the hairs that line the cochlea. These movements trigger nerve impulses which are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain perceives the impulses as sound.
Great Answer
!
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The Aging Ear
• External ear – Larger– Cerumen drier– Canal narrows
• Middle ear– Eardrum shrinks– Joints between ossicles degenerates
• Inner ear – less sensitive to position changes
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How to Recognize Hearing Problems in Infants
• Infants to 4 months– Startled by loud noises– Recognize mother’s voice
• 4 to 8 months– Regularly follow sounds– Babble at people
• 8 to 12 months– Respond to the sound of
their name– Respond to “no”
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the Ear
Disorder/Disease Description
Acoustic Neuroma
Benign tumor of the cranial nerve involved in hearing and balance; commonly causes gradual hearing loss in one ear
Cerumen impaction
Build up of wax within external auditory canal with some degree of hearing loss due to blocked sound waves
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the Ear
Disorder/Disease Description
Hearing loss Deafness; the loss of the ability to hear sounds at normal levels. Conductive – blockage of sound waves
Sensorineural – damage to auditory nerve
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the Ear (cont.)
Disorder/Disease Description
Otitis
Otitis externa
Otitis media
Otitis interna
Inflammation of the ear
Swimmers’ ear
Middle ear infection; common infection
Labyrinthitis; inner ear infection
Osteosclerosis Immobilization of the stapes; common cause of conductive hearing loss
Presbycusis Hearing loss due to aging process
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Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
___ Otitis media is also called swimmers’ ear.
___ Presbycusis is hearing loss due to the aging process.
___ Otitis interna is an inflammation of the labyrinth.
___ Otosclerosis is the immobilization of the stapes.
Conductive hearing loss is caused by damage to the auditory nerve.
Labyrinthitis often causes nausea and vertigo.
T
T
T
F
ANSWER:
externa
Sensorineural
F
T
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In Summary
35.1 Olfactory receptors – the sense receptors for the sense of smell – are found in the olfactory organ located in the upper part of the nasal cavity.
31.2 Gustatory receptors are found on the taste buds, which are located on the papillae (bumps) of the tongue.
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In Summary35.3 The eye is composed of three layers. The sclera is the
outer protective layer and includes the cornea.
The middle vascular layer is the choroid consisting of the iris, pupil, ciliary body, and lens, and is the area of light regulation and focusing.
The innermost layer is the retina containing the rods and cones, the optic nerve, and the optic disk. This is where the nerve impulse is picked up and brought to the brain for interpretation.
The accessory organs are the orbits, eyelids, conjunctivas, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles, all of which are protective for the eye.
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In Summary (cont.)
35.4 The cornea, lens, and fluids focus light on the retina. The retina converts the image into nerve impulses that the optic nerve transmits to the brain for interpretation.
35.5 There are many common diseases and disorders of the eyes with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments. Some of these include astigmatism, dry eye syndrome, ectropion, entropion, nystagmus, and retinal detachment.
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In Summary (cont.)
35.6 There are three parts to the ear. The external ear includes the auricle or pinna and the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane.
The middle ear begins at the tympanic membrane and ends at the oval window and includes the ear ossicles.
The inner ear is composed of the labyrinth and contains the organ of Corti as well as perilymph and endolymph – the fluids of hearing.
The semicircular canals and vestibule in the inner ear function in the body’s equilibrium and balance, sending impulses to the vestibular nerves, which bring information to the cerebrum for interpretation.
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In Summary (cont.)
35.7 The outer ear collects sound waves and channels them to the tympanic membrane, which vibrates. The vibrations are amplified by the ear ossicles and enter the inner ear and cochlea. The movements of the hairs in the cochlea trigger nerve impulses that the auditory nerve transmits to the brain.
35.8 There are many common diseases and disorders of the ears with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments. Some of these include acoustic neuroma, cerumen impaction, hearing loss, otitis, otitis externa, otitis media, otitis interna, otosclerosis, and presbycusis.
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Every closed eye is not sleeping, and every open
eye is not seeing.
~ Bill Cosby
End of Chapter 35