CHAPTER 39 CHAPTER 39 The Cold War BeginsThe Cold War Begins

Postwar Economic AnxietiesPostwar Economic Anxieties

►1945, World War II and the Great 1945, World War II and the Great Depression had just ended.Depression had just ended.

►After the war labor strikes swept the After the war labor strikes swept the nation.nation.

►Suicide rates increase and marriage rate Suicide rates increase and marriage rate decreased as a result of an economic decreased as a result of an economic downturn.downturn.

►Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act: Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act: they outlawed “closed shops”.they outlawed “closed shops”.

►This was opposite to the Wagner Act.This was opposite to the Wagner Act.

Operation DixieOperation Dixie

► In 1948 “Operation Dixie” was created In 1948 “Operation Dixie” was created to overcome lingering fears of racial to overcome lingering fears of racial mixing. mixing.

►This plan was proved frustrating and This plan was proved frustrating and unsuccessful.unsuccessful.

► It aimed at unionizing Southern textile It aimed at unionizing Southern textile workers and steel workers.workers and steel workers.

The Employment ActThe Employment Act

►The Democratic administration sold war The Democratic administration sold war factories and other government installation.factories and other government installation.

►The Employment Act was passed in 1946.The Employment Act was passed in 1946.►Their policy was to “promote maximum Their policy was to “promote maximum

employment, production, and purchasing employment, production, and purchasing power”power”

►To enforce this policy Congress created the To enforce this policy Congress created the Three Member Council of Economic Three Member Council of Economic Advisors which would provide data to the Advisors which would provide data to the president.president.

ServicemenServicemen’’ s Readjustments s Readjustments ActAct

► ServicemenServicemen’’ s Readjustments Act was s Readjustments Act was passed in 1944 to allow servicemen to have passed in 1944 to allow servicemen to have free education after coming home from war.free education after coming home from war.

► Eight million veterans advanced their Eight million veterans advanced their education in technical and vocational education in technical and vocational schools and two million were in colleges and schools and two million were in colleges and universities.universities.

► 14.5 million dollars were used total14.5 million dollars were used total► The Veteran administration used sixteen The Veteran administration used sixteen

billion dollars in loans to veterans.billion dollars in loans to veterans.

The Long Economic Boom, 1950-The Long Economic Boom, 1950-19701970

► The economy began to recover.The economy began to recover.► The technological advances grew rapidly The technological advances grew rapidly

(i.e. television, two car garage, radio, etc.)(i.e. television, two car garage, radio, etc.)► The middle class began to receive an annual The middle class began to receive an annual

household income of 3,000-10,000 dollars.household income of 3,000-10,000 dollars.►Women began to play an important role in Women began to play an important role in

the work force. They were ¼ of the the work force. They were ¼ of the American work force.American work force.

►Men returning from war were not very Men returning from war were not very happy with this which sparked feminist happy with this which sparked feminist revolts in 1960´s.revolts in 1960´s.

The Roots of Postwar The Roots of Postwar ProsperitiesProsperities

►Most of the prosperity of the 50´s and 60´s Most of the prosperity of the 50´s and 60´s resulted from colossal military projects: resulted from colossal military projects: named by critics the “permanent war named by critics the “permanent war economy”.economy”.

►Massive appropriations were for the Massive appropriations were for the upcoming Korean War and defense spending upcoming Korean War and defense spending such as aerospace, plastics, electronics, and such as aerospace, plastics, electronics, and reseach.reseach.

► R and D became a new industry and it was R and D became a new industry and it was one of the famous “think tanks”.one of the famous “think tanks”.

Roots of Postwar Prosperities Roots of Postwar Prosperities cont.cont.

► Cheap energy which was abundant Cheap energy which was abundant petroleum from the Middle East that kept petroleum from the Middle East that kept prices low.prices low.

► Energy was used to power automobiles, and Energy was used to power automobiles, and spider grids of electrical cables carried spider grids of electrical cables carried power of oil, gas, coal, and falling water.power of oil, gas, coal, and falling water.

► The farming industry was improved by new The farming industry was improved by new technology in fertilizers and machinery.technology in fertilizers and machinery.

► There was less farmers, but there was more There was less farmers, but there was more production.production.

The Smiling SunbeltThe Smiling Sunbelt

►Dr. Benjamin SpockDr. Benjamin Spock’’ s wrote “The s wrote “The Common Sense of Baby and Child Common Sense of Baby and Child Care” used by many parents. It Care” used by many parents. It became popular because the families became popular because the families were separated due to migration.were separated due to migration.

► Immigration caused the Sunbelt to Immigration caused the Sunbelt to increase its population twice as much increase its population twice as much the Frostbelt, industrial zones of the the Frostbelt, industrial zones of the Northeast.Northeast.

The Smiling Sunbelt cont.The Smiling Sunbelt cont.

►Oportunities in the Sunbelt atracted Oportunities in the Sunbelt atracted immigrants to California´s electronics immigrants to California´s electronics industry and the aerospace complexes of industry and the aerospace complexes of Texas and FloridaTexas and Florida

► Around 125 million federal dollars poured Around 125 million federal dollars poured into the Sunbelt.into the Sunbelt.

► Every U.S. president came from that region Every U.S. president came from that region since 1964.since 1964.

► Sunbelters took political power out of the Sunbelters took political power out of the North and Notheast.North and Notheast.

The United States and the The United States and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

► Communism and Capitalism were historically Communism and Capitalism were historically hostile social philosophies.hostile social philosophies.

► The U.S. would not recognize the Bolshevik The U.S. would not recognize the Bolshevik revolutionary Government in Moscow until 1933revolutionary Government in Moscow until 1933

► Britain and the U.S. had frozen the Soviet Union Britain and the U.S. had frozen the Soviet Union from developing nuclear or atomic weapons.from developing nuclear or atomic weapons.

► 1945: The Washington Gov. also withdrew a vital 1945: The Washington Gov. also withdrew a vital lend-lease of $6 billion reconstructive loan to lend-lease of $6 billion reconstructive loan to Moscow- while they approved a similar loan to Moscow- while they approved a similar loan to Berlin for $ 3.75 billion.Berlin for $ 3.75 billion.

► Stalin had made it clear that he wanted the Soviet Stalin had made it clear that he wanted the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R) to have a friendly Gov. specially in Union (U.S.S.R) to have a friendly Gov. specially in nations like Poland as a result of the attacks to the nations like Poland as a result of the attacks to the heartland twice before.heartland twice before.

The United States and the The United States and the Soviet Union cont.Soviet Union cont.

► The U.S.S.R wanted to maintain a “sphere of The U.S.S.R wanted to maintain a “sphere of influence” in Eastern and Central Europe to influence” in Eastern and Central Europe to protect itself and become the world’s protect itself and become the world’s leading communist country once again.leading communist country once again.

► Both the USA and the USSR had been Both the USA and the USSR had been isolated from world affairs prior to WWII. The isolated from world affairs prior to WWII. The USA by choice and the USSR by rejection of USA by choice and the USSR by rejection of other powers. other powers.

► Both also had history of conducting Both also had history of conducting “missionary” diplomacy and found “missionary” diplomacy and found themselves in a political down stare.themselves in a political down stare.

► The Cold War went on for 4 ½ decades.The Cold War went on for 4 ½ decades.

Shaping the Postwar Shaping the Postwar WorldWorld

► The USA managed to establish some of Franklin D. The USA managed to establish some of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ideas of an open world.Roosevelt’s ideas of an open world.

► International Monetary Fund (MIF) was established by International Monetary Fund (MIF) was established by Western allies at the meeting at Bretton Woods, New Western allies at the meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, 1944, by regulating currency exchange rates. Hampshire, 1944, by regulating currency exchange rates. (World Bank) (World Bank)

► The UN Conference opened April 25, 1945, as planned. 13 The UN Conference opened April 25, 1945, as planned. 13 days after FDR’s deathdays after FDR’s death

► The member nations made a charter. (similar to the old The member nations made a charter. (similar to the old League of Nations) was written to prevent another power League of Nations) was written to prevent another power war.war.

► They formed a security council with 5 permanent powers.They formed a security council with 5 permanent powers.(China, USSR, Britain, France, USA) which had total (China, USSR, Britain, France, USA) which had total veto veto powers and was powers and was held in NYC(Twin Towers)held in NYC(Twin Towers)

► July 28, 1945 The senate approved the UN 89:2 because it July 28, 1945 The senate approved the UN 89:2 because it provided safeguard for US sovereignty and freedom of provided safeguard for US sovereignty and freedom of action.action.

Shaping the Postwar World Shaping the Postwar World cont.cont.

► The UN kept peace with Kashmir and other places The UN kept peace with Kashmir and other places and created the new Jewish State, Israeland created the new Jewish State, Israel

► Formed groups: UNESCO(UN Educational, Scientific, Formed groups: UNESCO(UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), FAO(Food and and Cultural Organization), FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization),and WHO(World Health Agriculture Organization),and WHO(World Health Organization) to benefit people.Organization) to benefit people.

► US delegate Bernard Baruch wanted the UN agency US delegate Bernard Baruch wanted the UN agency free from the great power veto to investigate all free from the great power veto to investigate all nuclear facilities and weapons.nuclear facilities and weapons.

► USSR opposed it and did not want to give up veto USSR opposed it and did not want to give up veto power and rejected “capitalist spies”power and rejected “capitalist spies”

► The possibility of regulating nuclear weapons was The possibility of regulating nuclear weapons was lost.lost.

The Problems of GermanyThe Problems of Germany

► In the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-46 punished 22 In the Nuremberg Trials of 1945-46 punished 22 culprits of the Holocaust for crimes against laws of culprits of the Holocaust for crimes against laws of war and humanity and plotting aggressions.war and humanity and plotting aggressions.

► The US knew that Germany needed to be strong to The US knew that Germany needed to be strong to be able to recover all of Europe.be able to recover all of Europe.

► Russia feared another blitzkrieg so they demanded Russia feared another blitzkrieg so they demanded a large reparations from Germany.a large reparations from Germany.

► Germany was divided into four occupational zones Germany was divided into four occupational zones controlled by the Big Four Powers (USSR, USA, controlled by the Big Four Powers (USSR, USA, Britain, France)Britain, France)

► The Western nations made sure that Stalin would The Western nations made sure that Stalin would not get his promised part of Germany.not get his promised part of Germany.

The Problems of Germany The Problems of Germany cont.cont.

► Germany seemed to be indefinitely divided. Germany seemed to be indefinitely divided. The West became an independent country The West became an independent country and the east became part of the Soviet-and the east became part of the Soviet-dominated countries like Poland and Hungary.dominated countries like Poland and Hungary.

► 1948 USSR blocked all air and railway access 1948 USSR blocked all air and railway access to Berlin(East Germany) hoping to starve to Berlin(East Germany) hoping to starve allies out since Berlin itself was divided into allies out since Berlin itself was divided into four zones.four zones.

► Allies got organized to feed the people of Allies got organized to feed the people of Berlin through the massive Berlin Airlift, and Berlin through the massive Berlin Airlift, and the Soviets stopped the blockade. the Soviets stopped the blockade.

The Cold War CongealsThe Cold War Congeals► 1946 Stalin did not remove his troops from Iran and instead aided 1946 Stalin did not remove his troops from Iran and instead aided

a rebel movement and Truman protested, and the Soviets backed a rebel movement and Truman protested, and the Soviets backed down. down.

► The Kremlins had refused to continue the wartime partnership The Kremlins had refused to continue the wartime partnership with the US.with the US.

► Truman stated “I’m tired of babying the Soviets”Truman stated “I’m tired of babying the Soviets”► March 12, 1947 Truman took on intellectual coherence by having March 12, 1947 Truman took on intellectual coherence by having

George F. Kennan formulate the “containment doctrine” to George F. Kennan formulate the “containment doctrine” to prevent the spread of communism later becoming the “Truman prevent the spread of communism later becoming the “Truman doctrine”doctrine”

► Truman’s first implementation was helping Greece and Turkey by Truman’s first implementation was helping Greece and Turkey by giving them $400 million to prevent a communist takeover.giving them $400 million to prevent a communist takeover.

► The idea was criticized because the US gave dictators money who The idea was criticized because the US gave dictators money who were “fighting communism”were “fighting communism”

► Truman with the help of Secretary of State George C. Marshall Truman with the help of Secretary of State George C. Marshall implemented the “Marshall Plan”, a recovery effort to bring up implemented the “Marshall Plan”, a recovery effort to bring up Western Europe and succeeded.Western Europe and succeeded.

► This helped to form the European Community (EC)This helped to form the European Community (EC)

The Cold War Congeals The Cold War Congeals cont.cont.

► The plan cost the US $12.5 billion in four years to 16 The plan cost the US $12.5 billion in four years to 16 nations to aid recovery, but at first congress disagreed nations to aid recovery, but at first congress disagreed with the idea since they had already given $2 billion to with the idea since they had already given $2 billion to United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) but the Soviet sponsored coup Administration (UNRRA) but the Soviet sponsored coup in the Czechoslovakia Gov. made them change their in the Czechoslovakia Gov. made them change their mind.mind.

► Truman recognized the state of Israel on May 14, Truman recognized the state of Israel on May 14, 1948(its B-day) despite the Arab opposition and the 1948(its B-day) despite the Arab opposition and the fact that those Arabs controlled the oil supplies in the fact that those Arabs controlled the oil supplies in the Middle East.Middle East.

► One of Truman’s reasons were all the Jewish Holocaust One of Truman’s reasons were all the Jewish Holocaust survivors, his wishes to preempt Soviet influence, and survivors, his wishes to preempt Soviet influence, and to retain American Jewish voter support.to retain American Jewish voter support.

America Begins to RearmAmerica Begins to Rearm► 1947 National Security Act made the Dept. of Defense housed in 1947 National Security Act made the Dept. of Defense housed in

the Pentagon and headed by the Secretary of Defense, a new the Pentagon and headed by the Secretary of Defense, a new cabinet position.cabinet position.

► They also created National Security Council(NSC) to advise the They also created National Security Council(NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government’s foreign fact-gathering.(CIA) to coordinate the government’s foreign fact-gathering.

► 1948 broadcast radio “Voice of America”, while congress resorted 1948 broadcast radio “Voice of America”, while congress resorted to military draft. (Selective Service System) persuaded young to military draft. (Selective Service System) persuaded young people to go to college.people to go to college.

► 1948: The US became part of the North Atlantic Treaty 1948: The US became part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with Britain, France, Belgium, the Organization (NATO) with Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

► Any attack to one of the members would be considered an attack Any attack to one of the members would be considered an attack on all of them, Even though the US had a policy of no involvement on all of them, Even though the US had a policy of no involvement in entangling alliance.in entangling alliance.

► The USSR created their own alliance system, Warsaw Pact.The USSR created their own alliance system, Warsaw Pact.► NATO grew, 1952 Greece and Turkey joined and in 1955 West NATO grew, 1952 Greece and Turkey joined and in 1955 West

Germany.Germany.

Reconstruction and Reconstruction and Revolution in AsiaRevolution in Asia

► General Douglas MacArthur was head of reconstruction in General Douglas MacArthur was head of reconstruction in Japan and democratized it.Japan and democratized it.

► He followed with Germany’s pattern, Japanese “War He followed with Germany’s pattern, Japanese “War Criminals” were tried in Tokyo, Japan, 1946-48 and 18 Criminals” were tried in Tokyo, Japan, 1946-48 and 18 were sentenced to prison and 7 were hanged.were sentenced to prison and 7 were hanged.

► MacArthur constitution was adopted in 1946(renounced MacArthur constitution was adopted in 1946(renounced militarism, women’s equality, and introduced Western-militarism, women’s equality, and introduced Western-style democratic Gov. style democratic Gov.

► In China a civil war had been going on, Nationalists vs. In China a civil war had been going on, Nationalists vs. CommunistsCommunists

► The communists led by Mao Zedong defeated the The communists led by Mao Zedong defeated the nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

► 1949 Jiang and his forces fled to the island of Formosa 1949 Jiang and his forces fled to the island of Formosa (Taiwan)(Taiwan)

► Now ¼ of the world’s population(500 millon) were under Now ¼ of the world’s population(500 millon) were under the communist flagthe communist flag

Reconstruction and Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia cont.Revolution in Asia cont.

► 1949 Truman announced the Soviets had 1949 Truman announced the Soviets had exploded the first atomic bomb. Before it was exploded the first atomic bomb. Before it was even thought possible. The US was thought even thought possible. The US was thought to be the only ones with nuclear weapons.to be the only ones with nuclear weapons.

► Albert Einstein and J. Robert Oppenheimer Albert Einstein and J. Robert Oppenheimer tried to persuade Truman not to use the H-tried to persuade Truman not to use the H-bomb but in 1952 it was exploded in a South bomb but in 1952 it was exploded in a South Pacific atoll and in 1953 the Soviets did the Pacific atoll and in 1953 the Soviets did the same.same.

► The dangerous arms race began which could The dangerous arms race began which could have ended the world.have ended the world.

Ferreting Out Alleged Ferreting Out Alleged CommunistCommunist

► Anti-red chase in full force. Anti-red chase in full force. ► 1947 Truman launched the “Loyalty” program and found 1947 Truman launched the “Loyalty” program and found

90 supposed disloyal organizations they were not able to 90 supposed disloyal organizations they were not able to defend themselves. defend themselves.

► The Loyalty Review Board investigated more than 3 million The Loyalty Review Board investigated more than 3 million federal employees, 3,000 of whom were resigned or federal employees, 3,000 of whom were resigned or dismissed.dismissed.

► 1949 11 communists were brought to NY jury for violating 1949 11 communists were brought to NY jury for violating the Smith Act of 1798, the first peacetime anti-sedition lawthe Smith Act of 1798, the first peacetime anti-sedition law

► They were convicted and sent to prison by the 1951 case, They were convicted and sent to prison by the 1951 case, Dennis vs. USDennis vs. US

► 1938 the House of Representatives formed the Committee 1938 the House of Representatives formed the Committee on Un-American Activities (“HAUC”) to investigate on Un-American Activities (“HAUC”) to investigate “subversion”“subversion”

► 1948 Richard M. Nixon prosecuted Alger Hiss and was 1948 Richard M. Nixon prosecuted Alger Hiss and was convicted of perjury in 1950convicted of perjury in 1950

Ferreting Out Alleged Ferreting Out Alleged Communist cont.Communist cont.

► Feb. 1950 Joseph R. McCarthy said there were Feb. 1950 Joseph R. McCarthy said there were scores of unknown communists in the State scores of unknown communists in the State Department.Department.

► Americans began to fear that the red chase was Americans began to fear that the red chase was going to far, and how could there be freedom of going to far, and how could there be freedom of speech if saying communists ideas would get speech if saying communists ideas would get people arrested. people arrested.

► Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill, let the president arrest and detain suspicious Bill, let the president arrest and detain suspicious people during an “internal security emergency”people during an “internal security emergency”

► 1951 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted 1951 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage and in 1953 went to the electric of espionage and in 1953 went to the electric chair.chair.

Democratic Divisions in Democratic Divisions in 19481948

► 1946 the Republicans won control of the House 1946 the Republicans won control of the House and nominated Thomas E. Dewey to the 1948 and nominated Thomas E. Dewey to the 1948 ticket, while democrats were forced to choose ticket, while democrats were forced to choose Truman again when Dwight D. Eisenhower Truman again when Dwight D. Eisenhower refused to be chosen. refused to be chosen.

► The Democrats divided and The Southern The Democrats divided and The Southern Democrats “Dixiecrats” nominated Governor J. Democrats “Dixiecrats” nominated Governor J. Strom Thurman of South Carolina.Strom Thurman of South Carolina.

► Former Vice President was nominated by the new Former Vice President was nominated by the new Progressive Party.Progressive Party.

► Everyone thought that Dewey would win and Everyone thought that Dewey would win and even announced his win early but Truman won even announced his win early but Truman won 303 electoral votes: 189. Democrats won control.303 electoral votes: 189. Democrats won control.

Democratic Divisions in 1948 Democratic Divisions in 1948 cont.cont.

► Truman was supported by Farmers, workers, Truman was supported by Farmers, workers, and blacks.and blacks.

► Created “Point Four” financial support for Created “Point Four” financial support for poor, underdeveloped lands to keep poor, underdeveloped lands to keep underprivileged people from turning underprivileged people from turning communists.communists.

► ““Fair Deal”, improved housing (Housing Act, Fair Deal”, improved housing (Housing Act, 1949), full employment, higher minimum 1949), full employment, higher minimum wage(success), better farm price support, New wage(success), better farm price support, New Tennessee Valley Authority, and an extension Tennessee Valley Authority, and an extension in Social Security(Social Security Act, 1950in Social Security(Social Security Act, 1950

The Korean Volcano Erupts The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)(1950)

► June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, pushing them dangerously to Korea, pushing them dangerously to PusanPusan

►Truman sent military to fight against the Truman sent military to fight against the aggressor, North Korea, it was quadrupled aggressor, North Korea, it was quadrupled as the National Security Council as the National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68) Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68)

►There were 3.5 million men under arms There were 3.5 million men under arms and $50 billion were spent per year in and $50 billion were spent per year in defense budget.defense budget.

The Military Seesaw in The Military Seesaw in KoreaKorea

► General MacArthur was went to drive North Koreans back General MacArthur was went to drive North Koreans back across 38th parallel towards China and the Yalu River.across 38th parallel towards China and the Yalu River.

► MacArthur stated “have the boys for Christmas” but he was MacArthur stated “have the boys for Christmas” but he was wrong. wrong.

► Nov. 1950 tens of thousands of Chinese “volunteers ” flooded Nov. 1950 tens of thousands of Chinese “volunteers ” flooded across the border and pushed the South Koreans back.across the border and pushed the South Koreans back.

► MacArthur wanted to blockade China but Truman didn’t want MacArthur wanted to blockade China but Truman didn’t want to have war beyond necessity. to have war beyond necessity.

► MacArthur had to dismiss MacArthur due to public criticism on MacArthur had to dismiss MacArthur due to public criticism on his part and insubordination.his part and insubordination.

► MacArthur was received with cheers and Truman was called MacArthur was received with cheers and Truman was called “pig”, “imbecile”, an appeaser to “Communist Russia and “pig”, “imbecile”, an appeaser to “Communist Russia and Communist China”Communist China”

► July 1951truce discussions began and the issue of prisoner July 1951truce discussions began and the issue of prisoner exchange was addressed.exchange was addressed.

► The discussions lasted another two years of men continuing to The discussions lasted another two years of men continuing to die.die.