chapter 4
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 4
MULTIMEDIA
1.0 MULTIMEDIA CONCEPT
•Multimedia is presentation of information by using a combination of text, audio, graphic, video and animation.
•Multimedia means more than the use of various media.
1.2 THE USE OF MULTIMEDIA IN VARIOUS FIELDFIELD CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETYSource of reference
Multimedia is use as common source of reference. Encyclopedias, directories, dictionaries and electronic books are among common multimedia references.
Education Learning has become more interesting and effective with educational programmes such as “edutainment” that is a combination of education and entertainment.
Entertainment
Beside that, multimedia is greatly used in entertainment industry. These industries produce computer games, and develop animations or special effects for cartoon and movies
FIELD CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETYScientific research
Multimedia applications are also widely used in Scientific Research. For example, from research, new findings can help the researchers to improve the condition of sick people
Business Multimedia applications are used in advertising products. Many companies nowadays develop and distribute catalogues in the form of a CD-ROM as it is more interesting to the consumers
Art In art, artist use multimedia elements by combining drawing and animation
Medicine In medicine, doctors can practice or be trained in performing high-risk surgery by using virtual surgery
FIELD CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETYEngineering In engineering, Computer-Aided Design
or CAD is used. By using this application, engineers can view the design from many aspects and improve on it before production
INTERACTIVITY OF MULTIMEDIA
•Interactivity refers to the interaction between user and a multimedia application. The user can use input devices such as keyboard, joystick or mouse to interact with the application through the computer.
•2 types of interactivity of multimedia:▫Linear interactivity▫Non-linear interactivity
Linear interactivity
•The user interacts with the multimedia application without controlling the progress of the content. In the other words, the user is a passive receiver of the multimedia content most of the time. The linear content is usually arranged in sequence. An example of the multimedia linear content is a movie.
Non-linear interactivity
•Allows the user to interact with the content according to what the user wants from the content. Multimedia become interactive when application gives the user control over what information is viewed and when it is viewed. Non-linear interactivity uses tools like hypertext to connect a word or a phrase to another screen and hypermedia to connects different media elements such as audio, animation and video.
Differences between Linear and non-linear multimediaLinear interactivity
Different Non-linear interactivity
Linear interactivity does not allow the user to control the sequence of the multimedia content
Controlling sequence
Non-linear interactivity lets the user control the sequence of the multimedia content
Not interactive Interactivity Interactive
e.g.i) Documentaryii)Movieiii)Video clip
Examples e.g.i) Electronic bookii)Edutainment
softwareiii)Electronic
encyclopedia
Medium of delivery•Generally, there are two very common
mediums used in delivering multimedia contents : web based multimedia and CD-based multimedia.
Web based multimedia delivered media through web pages•Web-based multimedia is a combination of
multimedia technology and Internet technology. With the advancement of both technologies (multimedia & internet), most web pages integrate elements like text, graphic, audio, video and animation. These dynamic elements make the process of distributing information through the internet more interesting and effective to the user.
CD based multimedia delivered multimedia through compact discs.
•CDs like CD-ROM have been used to store and deliver multimedia content.
•The advantages stored information on CD rather than printed material such as book, encyclopedia, etc.i. We can get information fasterii. We can get information easilyiii. The weight of CD is very light contrast to
26 volumes of Britannica encyclopedia.
Web based v/s CD-based
Web-based Criteria CD-basedStore low resolution
picture and video
Resolution Store high resolution
picture and video (high end)
Can be changed or deleted by irresponsible individuals
Contents Can be permanently
stored and are not changeable
Information for multimedia can
be updated easily
Update Information on a multimedia
can be quickly outdated
FILE FORMATSELEMENT STANDARD FILE FORMAT
Text *.doc*.txt*.rtf
Microsoft Word DocumentText fileRich Text File
Audio *.wav*.midi*.aiff*.au*.wma*.mp3
wave form (Microsoft)musical instrument digital interfaceaudio interchange file formataudio (sun microsystem)windows media audio (Microsoft)
Graphic *.jpg*.gif*.tiff*.bmp*.png*.psd
Joint Photographic Expert GroupGraphic Interchange FormatTagged Image File FormatBitmapPortable Network GraphicsThe native Photoshop format
FILE FORMATSELEMENT STANDARD FILE FORMAT
Video *.avi*.mov*.mpeg*.wmv
Audio Video Interleaved develop by Microsoft
Apple Quicktime MovieMoving Picture Expert GroupVideo file format for the Internet, develop by Microsoft
Animation *.swf*.gif*.swi
Macromedia FlashGif AnimationSwish Animation
Multimedia Application
*.au7*.fla*.tbk
Macromedia Authoware 7Macromedia Flash 8SumTotal Toolbook Assistant 2004
Web pages *.asp*.php*.htm*.jsp
Activer Server PagePHP Hypertext ProcessorHypertext Markup LanguageJava Server Page
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE THAT CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE MULTIMEDIA PRODUCT
HARDWARE FUNCTIONScanner A scanner is a device that can convert
text documents, drawing or photographs into digital files
Video camera A digital video camera is a device that records video in digital signals, which can be stored in various forms of media, such as digital video tape, DVD-RAM and hard-disk
Camera A digital camera is a device that captures the photo not on film, but in an electronic imaging sensor. The images are stored in a memory card such as xD card, SD etc.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE THAT CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE MULTIMEDIA PRODUCT
HARDWARE FUNCTIONScanner A scanner is a device that can convert
text documents, drawing or photographs into digital files
Video camera A digital video camera is a device that records video in digital signals, which can be stored in various forms of media, such as digital video tape, DVD-RAM and hard-disk
Camera A digital camera is a device that captures the photo not on film, but in an electronic imaging sensor. The images are stored in a memory card such as xD card, SD etc.
HARDWARE FUNCTIONAudio devices Audio devices are devices that convert
sound waves into electrical energy. The sounds are then changed into digital sound. Examples of devices used for recording sounds or audio are microphone, sound card, voice synthesizer and keyboard.
Video capture devices
Video capture device is a device that enables you connect a video camera to a computer. They help to transfer video from video camera to the computer so that the data can be edited or stored (manipulate).Examples of video captures devices are:1. Video capture card2. Fire wire3. USB cable
EDITING SOFTWARE
EDITING SOFTWARE
EXAMPLES
PROPRIETARY OPEN SOURCE
Text Editor 1. Notepad2. Microsoft Word
2007
1. OpenOffice Write
2. AbiWord
Graphic and Image Editor
1. Adobe Photoshop
2. Adobe Illustrastor
3. Jasc Paint Shop Pro
4. Corel Draw
1. GIMP2. Inkscape3. Photoscape4. Paint.Net
Audio Editor 1. Sound Forge2. Sound
Recorder3. Adobe Audition
1. Audacity2. Ardour
EDITING SOFTWARE PROPRIETARY OPEN SOURCE
Video Editor 1. Pinnacle studio2. Adobe Premier3. Sony Vegas4. Adobe After
Effects5. Ulead Video
Studio
1. JahShaka2. Cinelerra
Animation Editor 1. Flash2. Swish3. 3D Studio Max4. Maya5. Lightwave 3D6. Ulead 3D
Studio
1. Blender
AUTHORING TOOLS•Authoring tools are software that we use
to develop multimedia presentations or applications.
•The authoring tools integrate multimedia elements (text, audio, graphic, video and animation) into a single presentation.
•The concept are name according how multimedia elements are organised in certain object.
VARIOUS CONCEPTS IN AUTHORING TOOLS
CONCEPT
DEFINITION
Time frame concept
Time frame concept authoring tools that organizes the multimedia elements or evens along a time line.Example of authoring tools using the time frame concept are Flash and Director. These two software can support multi platforms.
Icon concept
Icon concept authoring tools is a authoring tools that organizes the multimedia elements or event as icon.Examples authoring tools which use this concept are Authorware and IconAuthor. These two software support multi platforms.
Card concept
Card concept authoring tools that organizes the multimedia elements or events as page of book or stack of card.Examples of the card concept in authoring tools are ToolBook, HyperCard and SuperCard.
WEB EDITORS•Web editor is a program that you use to create
Web page. •A web page is written in Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) which is a set of ‘markup’ symbols inserted into a file for a display on the World Wide Web (WWW) browser. The markup tells the web browser how to display a web page.
•There are two types of web editors:▫Text-based▫What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)
WEB EDITOR
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Text-based A text-based web editor is a basic editor where you work with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) tags to create a web page. It can be used to change HTML source codes. Using a text-based web editor requires you to have HTML knowledge to get started.
Notepad, PSPad, Notepad++
WYSIWYG WYSIWYG web editors provide an editing interface that shows how the pages will be displayed in a web browser. Using a WYSIWYG editor does not require any HTML knowledge. It is easier for an average computer usage.
Microsoft Frontpage, Macromedia Dreamweaver, KompoZer
TEXT-BASED EDITOR v/s WYSIWYG EDITOR
Text-based editor WYSIWYG editorLess user friendly(difficult to use)
More user friendly (easy to use)
Requires HTML knowledge
No HTML knowledge needed
Difficult to insert a specific tag (manually)
Easy to insert a specific tag (automatically)
Cannot visualize the design
Easy to visualize the design
USER INTERFACE
No. Principles1 Consistency
2 Clarity
3 Context
4 Navigation
5 Search
6 Personalisation
7 Learnability
8 Flexibility
CONSISTENCY
•Consistency mean the interface design is in harmony and the same applies to all screen in a software program.
•Every user interface uses the same words or commands perform the same function
CLARITY
•Clarity means clearness of labels on all icons to make the system easy to unedersatand.
CONTEXT
•Context means every part of a lesson should be relevant to a particular title.
NAVIGATION
•Navigation means users can move around the menus, help files or other screens in a system.
SEARCH
•Search means the system enables users to search keywords or glossary. It should provide multiple ways for users to make queries by grouping or sorting.
PERSONALISATION
•Personalisation means the users can make their own personal or individual learning.
LEARNABILITY
•Learnability means the system provides support information and help files to make the system easy to understand.
FLEXIBILITY
•Flexibility means a user has the authority to navigate through all the sections without any limitations.
DEVELOPMENT TEAM MEMBER
•Project Manager•Subject Matter Expert•Instructional Designer•Graphic Artist•Audio-Video Technician•Programmer
PROJECT MANAGER
•The project manager roles are1. To define the scope of the project and
discuss with the client.2. Has to search for financial resources,
equipment and facilities.3. Need to coordinate the production team.
SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT
•The subject matter expert is to do research on the content of a multimedia program. He or she has to provide content for the multimedia program.
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNER
•The instructional designer’s roles are1. To decide on the best educational
strategies.2. And practices to present the
information.
GRAPHIC ARTIST
•The graphic artist’s role is to develop the graphic elements of the program such as backgrounds, buttons, photo collages, 3D objects, logos and animation.
AUDIO-VIDEO TECHNICIAN
•The audio technician is responsible for recording the voice. He edits the sound effects. He record and edits music.
•The video technician is responsible for capturing, editing and digitizing the video.
PROGRAMMER
•The programmer’s role is to write the program code lines or scripts using the authoring tool.
•He combines the multimedia elements into a multimedia program.
THE PHASES IN MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION•Analysis•Design•Implementation•Testing•Evaluation•Publishing
Analysis
•Problem statement and proposal. During the analysis phase, the multimedia developers interview the clients to find out their needs and write the problem statement and a proposal.
Design
•Flow chart and storyboard•The multimedia developer willi. Design a flow chart and storyboardii. Choose the colours and layout of each
individual screen.iii. Determine the position of navigation
button.
Implementation
•Multimedia program. Once the storyboard is confirmed, the multimedia developers will start implementation phase. The implementation phase refers to the process of converting the design plan into a multimedia program. This is the phase where the multimedia program is produced.
Testing
•Checklist. The multimedia developers will use a checklist to test the multimedia program. If there are any errors, the programmer will fix the program.
Evaluation
•Evaluation form. In the evaluation phase, selected users will use an evaluation form to try out the program and give feedback.
PUBLISHING
•Package the presentation using suitable software. Distribute the presentation for public viewing. It will be published to CD or website.