chapter 4. consultation and...

Environmental Impact Statement Keddie Ridge Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project

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Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination Preparers and Contributors The Forest Service consulted the following individuals, Federal, State, and local agencies, tribes and non-Forest Service persons during the development of this environmental assessment:

ID Team Members:

Katherine Carpenter – IDT Leader, 4 years, B.S. Wildlife Management Ryan Tompkins – Silviculturist, 14 years, B.S. Forest Management, M.S. Forestry Ryan Bauer – Fuels Specialist, 14 years, certificate in Biological Sciences for Federal Land Managers Chris Collins – Wildlife Biologist, 15 years, B.S. Wildlife Management Michelle Coppoletta – Botanist, 9 years, B.S. Plant Biology, M.S. Ecology Liz Long – Planner, 2 years, B.S. Forestry and Natural Resources, B.S. Society and Environment Kelby Gardiner – Hydrologist, 3 years, B.S. Geosciences (Hydrology) Cristina Weinberg – Archaeologist, 24 years, B.A. Cultural Anthropology Elaine Vercruysse – Logging System Specialist, 22 years, B.A. Environmental Sciences Luke Floch – GIS Specialist, 3 years, B.S. Forestry and Resource Management, M.S. Forestry, certificate in Geographic Information Systems. Scott Lusk – Range Manager, 20 years, B.S. Wildlife Management, SRM Certified Professional in Rangeland Management #CP00-62, CA PFC Creeks and Communities Riparian Ecologist Leslie Edlund – Minerals Specialist, 18 years, B.A. Geography, Cal Poly Career Development Program in Forestry Soai Talbot – Recreation Specialist Judy Schaber – Recreation Specialist, 26 years, B.S. Environmental Resource Sciences, emphasis on Forestry and Wildlife

Federal, State, and Local Agencies:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service California Department of Fish and Game USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Plumas County Road Department Plumas County Environmental Health Department Plumas County Board of Supervisors Plumas-Sierra Counties Department of Agriculture


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Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board U.S. Department of Interior

Tribes:

Estom Yumeka Tribe of Enterprise Rancheria Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria Greenville Rancheria Susanville Indian Rancheria Concow Maidu Tribe of Mooretown Tyme Maidu Tribe of Berry Creek Rancheria Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada

Others:

Plumas County Fire Safe Council Plumas County Horseman’s Association Sierra Access Coalition Sierra Forest Legacy Quincy Library Group Sierra Pacific Industries American Forest Resource Council California Forestry Association Californians for Alternatives to Toxics The John Muir Project of Earth Island Institute Maidu Cultural Development Group Hank Alrich Dixie Dursteler-Harrington Rex Fisher Frank Stewart Sierra Pacific Industries Plumas County Economic Recovery Committee Plumas Corporation

Distribution of the Environmental Impact Statement This environmental impact statement has been distributed to individuals who specifically requested a copy of the document. In addition, copies have been sent to federally recognized tribes, State and local governments, and organizations listed above and the following Federal agencies: • Advisory Council of Historic Preservation, Planning and Review • USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service PPD/EAD • Natural Resources Conservation Service


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• USDA, National Agricultural Library, Acquisitions and Serials Branch • National Marine Fisheries Service Habitat Conservationists Division, Southwest Region • US Army Engineer Division, South Pacific CESPD-CMP • US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Federal Activities • Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9 • US Department of Interior, Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance • Federal Aviation Administration, Western-Pacific Region • Federal Highway Administration, California HAD-CA • US Department of Energy, Office of NEPA Policy and Compliance • US Coast Guard Environmental Management • All individuals listed in the public involvement section of chapter 1 of this EIS. In addition to this list, numerous interested parties will receive notification of the EIS’s availability and location on the World Wide Web through written correspondence.

Acronyms AOC Area of Concern APE Area of Potential Effect ARCO Arabis constancei (Constance’s rock cress) AT Area Thinning ATV All Terrain Vehicle BA Biological Assessment BAER Burned Area Emergency Response BE Biological Evaluation BEMA Bald Eagle Management Area BMP Best Management Practice CASPO California Spotted Owl Interim Guidelines CC Canopy Cover/ Canopy Closure CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFR Code of Federal Regulations CWHR California Wildlife Habitat Relationships CYFA Cypripedium fasciculatum (clustered lady’s slipper) DBH Diameter at Breast Height DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement DFPZ Defensible Fuel Profile Zone EHR Erosion Hazard Rating EIS Environmental Impact Statement EPA Environmental Protection Agency


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ERA Equivalent Roaded Area FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement FFE Fire and Fuels Extension of the Forest Vegetation Simulator FSEIS Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement FSSC Forest Survey Site Class FMA Fire Management Analyst FOFEM First Order Fire Effects Model FSH Forest Service Handbook FSSC Forest Survey Site Class FVS Forest Vegetation Simulator GIS Geographic Information Systems GS Group Selection GTR General Technical Review HFQLG Herger-Feinstein Quincy Library Group HFRA Healthy Forest Restoration Act HRM Heritage Resource Manager IDT Interdisciplinary Team MIS Management Indicator Species mbf Thousand Board Feet mmbf Million Board Feet MVUM Motor Vehicle Use Map MYLF Mountain Yellow-legged Frog NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFDRS National Fire Danger Rating Systems NFMA National Forest Management Act NFS National Forest System NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NOA Notice of Availability NSAQMD Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District OHV Off Highway Vehicle PAC Protected Activity Center PLAS Plumas Lassen Administrative Study PM Particulate Matter PNF Plumas National Forest PNF LRMP Plumas National Forest Land and Resources Management Plan RHCA Riparian Habitat Conservation Area RMO Riparian Management Objective ROD Record of Decision ROS Recreation Opportunity Spectrum


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RPA First Amended Regional Programmatic Agreement SAT Scientific Analysis Team SMC Sierra Mixed Conifer SMZ Streamside Management Zone SNFPA Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment SOHA Spotted Owl Habitat Area SRPM Standard Resource Protection Measure TOC Threshold of Concern TU Treatment Unit USC United States Code USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFS United States Forest Service USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service VQO Visual Quality Objective WUI Wildland Urban Interface

Glossary

90th percentile weather conditions — high air temperature, low relative humidity, strong wind conditions and low fuel moisture content levels that historically that are met or exceeded on 10 percent of days during the fire season. It defines potential fire behavior as a result of these conditions: a 90th percentile weather day has the potential for severe wildfire behavior. Adjuvant — a vegetable oil and silicone-based surfactant used to facilitate and enhance the spreading and penetrating properties of herbicides. Age class — a distinct aggregation of trees originating from a single natural event or regeneration activity. Annosum root rot — a conifer disease caused by the fungus Heterobasidion annosum. The fungus usually enters through freshly cut stump surfaces. Annosum can cause mortality and butt rot of conifers. Basal area — the total cross-sectional area of all stems, including the bark, in a given area, measured at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground). Usually given in units of square feet per acre. Biomass —trees less than 10 inches DBH not used as sawlogs. This material is usually chipped and/or removed from the project area and hauled to the mill to be used for cogeneration of energy or as fiber for wood products. Board feet — a unit of measure of sawlog volume, equivalent to 12 inches by 12 inches by 1 inch. One thousand board feet is denoted as mbf. California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (CWHR) — a system developed jointly by Region 5 of the Forest Service and the California Department of Fish and Game that classifies forest stands by dominant species types, tree sizes, and tree densities, and which rates the resulting classes in regard to habitat value


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for various wildlife species or guilds. The CWHR system has three elements: (1) major tree dominated vegetation associations, (2) tree size, and (3) canopy cover. The major tree dominated CWHR habitats in the Empire Project include red fir, Sierra mixed conifer, ponderosa pine, white fir, montane hardwood, and montane riparian. Tree size and canopy cover classes are as follows:

Tree Size Classes in CWHR: 1 = Seedling (less than 1 inch DBH) 2 = Sapling (1-6 inches DBH) 3 = Pole (6-11 inches DBH) 4 = Small (11-24 inches DBH) 5 = Medium/Large (greater than 24 inches DBH) 6 = Multilayered (size class 5 over a distinct layer of size class 3 or 4, total canopy

greater than 60- percent closure). In this EIS, class 6 is included in class 5. Canopy Cover Classes in CWHR: S = Sparse Cover (10-24 percent canopy closure) P = Poor Cover (25-39 percent canopy closure) M = Moderate Cover (40-59 percent canopy closure) D = Dense Cover (greater than 60 percent canopy cover)

Canopy cover — Also referred to as canopy closure. The ground area covered by tree crowns. Canopy cover is expressed as a percent of the area. Values for percent canopy cover can be derived in many ways (From the glossary in the 2004 SNFPA ROD, USFS PSW 2004b). Cumulative effects — According the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) NEPA regulations, “cumulative impact” is the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such actions (40 CFR 1508.7). Decommission (roads) — closing a road to mechanical use and returning the road to a natural or semi-natural condition. This could include removing stream crossing fills and structures (e.g., culverts or bridges), recontouring to natural topography obliteration (e.g., replacing fill slope material against cut slopes), surface shaping (e.g., constructing in-road water bars), and/or surface scarification. Defensible Fuel Profile Zones (DFPZ) — a zone approximately 0.25 mile wide accessible to firefighters (usually along roads) in which fuel loads are light enough to cause approaching crown fires to drop to the ground where it may successfully be attacked by ground forces during 90th percentile weather conditions. Desired conditions — desirable resource conditions for various land allocations or resources, as prescribed in forest plans. Diameter at breast height (DBH) — the diameter of a tree trunk measured at 4.5 feet above the ground. Disturbance — a natural event such as fire, flood, or earthquake. Dripline — the perimeter of the vertical projection of a tree canopy upon the ground. Duff/duff layer — decaying leaves and branches on the forest floor.


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Endemic — in the context of this environmental impact statement, refers to localized pockets within a small area, such as a pocket within a stand or a small stand. Ephemeral — a watercourse that contains sporadic running water only sporadically, such as during or following storm events. Ephemeral streams have a definable channel and evidence that scour and deposition occur with less-than-annual frequency. Activity buffers are measured from edges of stream channels. Equivalent Roaded Area — a conceptual unit of measure used to assess ground-disturbing activities. All landscape disturbances are evaluated in comparison to a completely impervious or roaded surface. Road surfaces are considered to represent 100 percent hydrologic disturbance, with maximum rainfall-runoff potential. Other ground-disturbing activities are assigned disturbance coefficients that represent a typical ratio of their hydrologic impact compared to the same roaded area. Disturbance coefficients are assigned based on local coniditons. In a given watershed, disturbances are added together to determine a cumulative equivalent roaded area and compared to the Threshold of Concern. Erosion Hazard Rating — predicts the potential for sheet, rill, and gully erosion under existing conditions if vegetation and litter are moved. Fire frequency — the average number of years between fires. Fireline — a corridor, which has been cleared of organic material to expose mineral soil. Firelines may be constructed by hand or by mechanical equipment (e.g., dozers). Fire Regime Condition Class — a classification of the amount of departure from the natural fire regime. Assessing Fire Regime and Condition Class can help guide management objectives and set priorities for treatments.

Condition Class 1 — fire regimes are within historical range. Risk of losing key ecosystem components to wildfire is low. Species composition and structure are functioning within historical range. Potential wildfire intensities and severity are low to moderate. Condition Class 2 — fire regimes are slightly altered from historical range. Risk of losing key ecosystem components to wildfire is moderate. This results in moderate changes in one or more of the following: fire size, fire intensity, and fire severity. In forestland, there is moderate encroachment of shade tolerant tree species. Potential wildfire intensities and severity are moderate to high. Condition Class 3 — fire regimes are significantly altered from historical range. Risk of losing key ecosystem components to wildfire is high. This redults in dramatic changes to one or more of the following: fire size, fire intensity, and fire severity. In forestland, there is high encroachment and establishment of shade tolerant tree species. Potential wildfire intensities and severity are moderate to extreme.

Fire type — a description of how a fire burns, such as on the forest floor (surface) or in the tree crowns. Flame length — the length of flame measured in feet. Increased flame lengths increase resistance to control and likelihood of torching events and crown fires. Forest Survey Site Class (FSSC) — an index of the productive potential of well-stocked stands. FSSC reflects the mean annual increment of a stand at the point of culmination, and is based on normal yield


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tables as follows: FSSC 5: 50-84 cubic feet per acre per year; FSSC 6: 20-49 cubic feet per acre per year; FSSC 7: less than 20 cubic feet per acre per year. Fragmentation/ stand fragmentation — occurs when a large patch of habitat is broken down into many smaller patches of open habitat, resulting in a loss in the amount of quality forested habitat. Fuel arrangement — how fuels are distributed in the fuel bed. Fuel bed — the fuels both living and dead that are available to burn. Fuel loading — the weight of fuel (vegetative matter both living and dead) present at a given site; usually expressed in tons per acre. This value generally refers to the fuel that would be available for consumption by fire. Group selection — a silvicultural system that involves harvest of small areas of trees (generally less than 2 acres). Implementation results in unven-aged (all-aged) forests consisting of small even-aged (same-aged) groups. Harvest openings must be large enough to allow for sufficient sunlight for regeneration tree seedlings to establish and grow. Grubbing — removal of vegetation at or below the ground level with hand tools. Hand line — fire lines created by forest workers using shovels and hand tools to remove organic materials and expose mineral soil. The line width generally ranges between 2 and 3 feet. Hand piling — piling by hand branches and limbs from tree harvests or thinnings by hand, for burning at a later time. Hazard Quotient — the ratio of the estimated level of exposure to the reference does or some other index of acceptable exposure. Heterobasidion root disease — see Annosum root rot. Home Range Core Areas — these areas are designed to encompass the best available spotted owl habitat, where the most concentrated owl foraging activity is likely to occur, and is in the closest proximity to owl protected activity centers where the most concentrated owl foraging activity is likely to occur. On the Plumas National Forest, each protected activity center is 300 acres and the home range core area is an additional 700 acres, totaling 1,000 acres. Interdisciplinary Team (ID Team) — the team of Forest Service resource specialists involved in project planning and analysis. The ID Team members for the Keddie Ridge Project are listed in the beginning of chapter 4. Intermittent — a watercourse with non-permanent flow but having a definable channel and evidence of annual scour and deposition. Activity buffers are measured from edge of stream channel. Jackpot burn — A burning technique that targets isolated concentrations of heavy fuels. Ladder (fuel) — shrubs or trees that connect fuels at the forest floor to the tree crowns. Landings — forested openings, cleared of vegetation, leveled and graded, and used to stockpile sawlogs for eventual loading of load log trucks for haul to a sawmill. Leave trees — the trees that are purposefully left in a stand that is thinned or harvested. Mainline — the line used in cable yarding to bring logs to the landing. Mastication — mechanical grinding of harvest residue or thinning; masticated material is usually left scattered on the harvest site.


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Mechanical thinning — the use of tractors, cable systems, or helicopters to remove trees that have been cut by chainsaws; also refers to the use of feller-bunchers (wheeled vehicles with lopping shears or saws that cut and collect trees and carry them to a landing site). Multilayer — stand with three or more distinct foliage layers (canopies). Trees in the different layers may or may not be in the same age class. Mycorrhiza/mycorrhizae (pl.) — the mutually beneficial association of a fungus and the roots of a plant, such as a conifer or an orchid, in which the plant’s mineral absorption is enhanced and the fungus obtains nutrients. Natural fire regime — a general classification of the role fire would play across a landscape in the absence of modern human mechanical intervention, but it also includes the influence of aboriginal burning (Agee 1993; Brown 1995). Operability — the ability to conduct vegetation management operations, which include construction of access roads and log landings, use of cable logging systems, clearing of central skid trails for tractor logging, and removal of trees that pose hazards to forest workers. Trees to be removed for operability would be designated by a Forest Service representative. Passive crown fire — the movement of fire though groups of trees; it usually does not continue for long periods of time. Perennial streams — streams that flows continuously. The groundwater table lies above the bed of the stream at all times. Activity buffers are measured from edge of stream channel. Piling and burning — piling harvest or thinning residues (branches and limbs) and burning them when moisture content has been reduced through evaporation, wildfire hazard is low, and atmospheric conditions are favorable for dispersal of smoke. Prescribed burning — fire purposefully ignited to achieve a beneficial purpose, such as reducing fuels on the forest floor or fuels generated by logging or thinning forest trees. Protected Activity Centers (PAC) — areas delineated around nesting sites of nesting pairs of particular wildlife species. Habitat disturbance is minimized or excluded within the delineated area. Quadratic mean diameter — the upper story diameter of a tree of mean basal area within dominant or codominant positions in the stand. In other words, instead of being an arithmetic average of tree diameters, it is a weighted average based on the basal area of each tree in the upper story within the stand. Rate of spread — the relative activity of a fire in extending its horizontal dimensions. Expressed as rate of increase of the total perimeter of the fire. Reconstructed (roads) — reconstruction of an existing road in or adjacent to its current location to improve capacity and/or correct drainage problems. Reconstruction consists of brushing, blading the road surface, improving drainage, and replacing/upgrading culverts where needed. Regeneration — tree seedlings and saplings that have the potential to develop into mature forest trees. Release — in the context of this environmental impact statement, giving preferred trees (i.e. old, large pines) more space to grow – to “release” them from crowded conditions. Residual trees — trees that are left to grow in a stand following treatment or fire.


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Riparian Habitat Conservation Area (RHCA) — activity buffers of specified widths along streams and watercourses and around lakes and wetlands that vary according to stream or feature type, as described by the Scientific Analysis Team (SAT) guidelines. Sanitation — tree removal or modification operations designed to reduce damage caused by forest pests and to prevent their spread. Seral — relating to a series of ecological communities formed in ecological succession. Shade intolerant — species (such as ponderosa pine) that require full, open sunlight on the forest floor to establish and grow. Silviculture — a branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests. Size class — a classification of forest stands based on the average diameter of trees in the stand. Skidding — dragging a log with a tractor to a landing for loading onto a logging truck. Skyline — a harvesting system in which a cableway is stretched taut between two points, such as a yarding tower and stump anchor, and used as a track for a block or skyline carriage. Slash — tree tops and branches left on the ground after logging or accumulating as a result of natural processes. Snags — a dead standing tree; for wildlife purposes, one that is at least 15 inches in diameter at breast height (DBH) and 20 feet high. Spotted Owl Habitat Area (SOHA) — areas delineated in land and resource management plans for the purpose of providing nesting and foraging habitat for spotted owls. Stocking levels — the number of trees per acre in a regeneration site. Subsoiling — performed after vegetation treatments, wherein mechanized equipment is used to till compacted soil to reduce soil compaction and consequent soil erosion. Surface fire — a fire that burns surface litter, debris, and small vegetation. Surfactant — an agent, such as a detergent, that reduces the surface tension of liquids to that the liquid spreads out, rather than collecting in droplets. Thinning from below — the process of thinning a conifer stand by removing the smallest diameter trees and successively removing larger diameter trees until a canopy cover or basal area retention standard is met for the stand. Threshold of Concern — the level of watershed disturbance which, if exceeded, could create adverse watershed or water quality effects, in spite of application of best management practices and project design criteria. Torching — (1) the envelopment in flame of live or dead branches on a standing tree or group of trees; (2) fire burning a single or very small group of trees. Underburning — a prescribed fire in fuels on the forest floor that is intended to generally remain on the forest floor without consuming significant portions of the forest canopy. Uneven-aged — a stand of trees of three or more distinct age classes, either inter-mixed or in small groups. Uneven-aged silvicultural systems are a planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with three or more age classes.


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White pine blister rust — a disease caused by a fungus that commonly infects sugar pines and causes branch dieback and bole cankers leading to tree mortality if infection is severe enough. Whole-tree removal — a harvest method where trees are felled at the stump and skidded to the landing for de-limbing, bucking, and processing. Large trees may be bucked in the treatment unit to facilitate removal to the landing and reduce skidding damage to residual trees. Most activity slash would be removed to the landing. Wildland Urban Interface — the area, or zone, where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. It generally extends out for 1.5 miles from the edge of developed private land into the wildland. Yarding — bringing sawlogs or biomass to a central location for removal from a treatment area.


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Index 90th percentile weather conditions, iii, 3, 23,

26, 28, 40, 51, 58, 66, 72, 339, 340 age class, 77, 91, 92, 123, 124, 128, 164,

166, 178, 343, 345 alternative A, i, v, 11, 13, 26, 43, 81, 82, 83,

84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 105, 108, 111, 112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 123, 129, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159, 161, 163, 171, 172, 187, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 269, 270, 273, 274, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285

alternative B, i, 59, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 126, 127, 130, 153, 156, 169, 173, 174, 179, 180, 186, 208, 210, 212, 214, 220, 228, 240, 244, 247, 251, 253, 256, 266, 274, 282, 283, 299, 304, 305, 311, 317, 321, 327

alternative C, 26, 32, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 119, 120, 151, 154, 159, 172, 175, 182, 228, 229, 271, 283, 284

alternative D, 19, 26, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 119, 120, 121, 129, 151, 154, 158, 159, 160, 171, 172, 179, 229, 269, 270, 284

alternative E, ii, v, xiv, 19, 21, 111, 113, 114, 115, 123, 151, 152, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 171, 173, 179, 230, 271, 285

area thinning, i, 6, 76, 91, 98, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 162, 171, 175, 181, 186, 195, 197, 199, 201, 226, 307, 311, 321

bald eagle, i, iii, iv, v, 4, 6, 13, 16, 18, 20, 135, 150, 154, 155, 156, 229

basal area, 3, 4, 36, 50, 52, 53, 54, 58, 68, 69, 71, 72, 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 118, 120, 123, 137, 160, 344, 345

bat, 135, 150 best management practices, 79, 153, 155,

181, 186, 187, 190, 207, 217, 221, 255, 329, 331, 333, 334, 345

biomass, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 31, 3253, 80, 81, 125, 127, 131, 159, 172, 211, 216, 260, 263, 276, 277, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 345

BMP, 196, 197, 209, 211, 217, 218, 331, 337, 366

board feet, 275, 339 botanical resources, 257 rare species occurring on Plumas National

Forest, 233 canopy cover, iii, 4, 11, 16, 50, 55, 75, 76,

82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 129, 136, 137, 143, 151, 154, 158, 165, 171, 175, 182, 210, 216, 217, 219, 225, 234, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 267, 340, 345, 355

catastrophic, 169, 174, 180, 187, 218, 219, 240, 321, 322, 327, 328

clustered lady’s slipper, i, iii, 4, 6, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 226, 229, 230, 237, 248, 249, 337, 364

crown closure, 54 crown fire, iii, 2, 3, 33, 40, 48, 56, 58, 66,

72, 88, 89, 94, 100, 101, 108, 114, 121, 123, 202, 267, 340, 342, 343, 350, 362

cumulative effects, 45, 46, 48, 49, 55, 59, 73, 77, 95, 97, 101, 102, 109, 116, 127, 128, 131, 133, 147, 148, 150, 153, 164, 166, 170, 173, 174, 177, 179, 180, 182, 185, 187, 193, 197, 201, 205, 210, 216, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 235, 240, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 297, 299, 302, 307, 308, 311, 314, 316, 319, 321, 322, 357

CWHR, x, xii, xiv, 3, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 37, 38, 42, 50, 53, 55, 56, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 136, 137, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 157,


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158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 337, 340

DBH, ii, iv, 411, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 37, 53, 56, 61, 66, 70, 75, 76, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 92, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 114, 136, 137, 147, 151, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 171, 172, 184, 187, 237, 249, 337, 339, 340, 341, 344

decommission, 313 Defensible Fuel Profile Zone, i, iii, 6, 11, 15,

17, 19, 168, 195, 226, 322, 337, 340 desired condition, iii, v, 1, 3, 4, 5, 23, 26, 28,

32, 36, 37, 48, 52, 56, 62, 66, 68, 73, 74, 78, 79, 86, 99, 106, 112, 118, 120, 121, 126, 129, 130, 131, 307, 313, 323

DFPZ, i, xii, 6, 7, 11, 15, 17, 19, 44, 77, 82, 85, 91, 94, 98, 103, 111, 112, 117, 124, 142, 150, 152, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171, 175, 181, 185, 186, 195, 197, 199, 226, 228, 229, 230, 280, 307, 310, 311, 321, 322, 337, 340

diameter at breast height, ii, 4, 11, 53, 61, 136, 344

disturbance, 31, 42, 48, 49, 51, 62, 64, 71, 78, 99, 121, 128, 129, 144, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 166, 169, 170, 172, 174, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 188, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 217, 218, 219, 220, 225, 234, 235, 237, 238, 243, 251, 252, 253, 258, 261, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 301, 314, 329, 341, 344, 345, 347, 357

duff, iv, 4, 23, 26, 28, 195, 201, 209, 212, 214, 215, 216, 225, 237, 240, 245, 246, 249, 251, 341

economic, 2, 7, 48, 91, 126, 257, 274, 275, 276, 280, 282, 283, 287, 291, 293, 294, 295, 317, 327, 333

endemic, 64, 65, 78, 131, 236, 245, 246, 354 ephemeral, 27, 28, 29, 148, 192, 203, 204 ERA, xiv, xv, 181, 185, 187, 192, 193, 194,

196, 197, 201, 202, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 326, 338, 341

erosion, 23, 26, 27, 28, 148, 181, 182, 186, 187, 192, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 225, 304, 323, 341, 345, 359

erosion hazard rating, 199, 200 fire behavior, i, iii, 2, 3, 15, 47, 49, 51, 53,

56, 59, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 97, 100, 103, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114, 116, 120, 121, 123, 128, 129, 164, 214, 260, 339, 346, 350, 358, 362

fire frequency, 248, 250, 261, 347 fire type, 3, 51, 56, 58, 71, 85, 87, 88, 91,

95, 100, 101, 107, 108, 113, 114, 120 fireline, 89, 193 fireline intensity, 193 fish, 28, 29, 145, 147, 184, 192, 202, 204,

207, 217, 290, 332 fisher, v, 134, 135, 136, 141, 142, 143, 150,

175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 369 flame length, 3, 23, 26, 28, 51, 56, 58, 66,

71, 72, 78, 85, 87, 89, 90, 94, 95, 100, 107, 108, 113, 120, 121, 123, 342

Foothill yellow-legged frog, 136, 150 Forest Service direction, 257

laws, 188 Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment,

191 Forest Survey Site Class, 47, 338, 342 fragmentation, 159, 165, 168, 172, 178, 179,

182, 186, 342, 358 FSSC, 47, 199, 338, 342 fuel, iii, 2, 4, 7, 15, 23, 26, 28, 47, 48, 49,

50, 51, 56, 61, 62, 63, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115, 116, 120, 121, 124, 126, 129, 130, 131, 152, 153, 154, 156, 161, 164, 166, 169, 173, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 186, 188, 189, 192, 195, 196, 197, 201, 202, 208, 210, 213, 214, 217, 220, 235, 260, 275, 280, 281, 283, 284, 299, 304, 307, 316, 317, 320, 322, 330, 339, 340, 342, 343, 346, 348, 350, 354, 358, 361, 362, 363, 368


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fuel bed, 81, 89, 342 fuel loading, iii, 51, 63, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78,

84, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 100, 107, 108, 113, 120, 164, 202, 214, 316, 317

goshawk, v, 6, 9, 134, 135, 140, 141, 150, 152, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 355

group selection, i, 6, 7, 18, 32, 33, 48, 55, 76, 81, 85, 86, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 102, 109, 114, 115, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125, 128, 138, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 185, 186, 187, 195, 201, 209, 211, 213, 226, 228, 229, 230, 235, 246, 249, 252, 258, 269, 271, 307, 310, 321, 322, 356, 369

grubbing, 25, 92 hand line, 58 hand piling, 27, 92, 314 handthin, pile, and burn, 162, 181 hazard quotient, 183, 299 herbicide, i, v, 6, 13, 14, 19, 30, 33, 108,

124, 150, 153, 183, 184, 208, 218, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 234, 241, 242, 243, 247, 250, 252, 255, 260, 263, 265, 266, 268, 270, 272, 298, 299, 305, 306, 310, 311, 316, 339, 363

Heterobasidion, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24, 26, 65, 94, 115, 124, 184, 339, 342, 347, 353, 355, 359

Home Range Core Area, 342 intermittent, 23, 25, 27, 28, 148, 192, 203,

204, 324 jackpot burn, 23, 25, 26, 28 ladder, 2, 4, 8, 61, 66, 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 81,

84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 97, 100, 101, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114, 120, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 154, 155, 164, 202, 220

landing, 22, 23, 25, 31, 126, 154, 211, 234, 323, 343, 344, 345

leave tree, 81, 123 logging, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 60, 65,

79, 80, 155, 165, 166, 181, 201, 202, 209, 248, 250, 275, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 304, 305, 306, 314, 327, 343, 344, 352, 357

mainline, 23, 25

marten, v, 134, 135, 141, 142, 144, 150, 152, 176, 177, 179, 180

mastication, 25, 76, 89, 101, 108, 114, 121, 124, 158, 162, 167, 171, 177, 181, 209, 210, 216, 217, 246, 249, 310, 328, 329

mechanical thinning, 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 75, 81, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 124, 125, 127, 160, 167, 168, 215, 246, 249, 252, 328, 329

migratory birds, 133, 148, 329, 332 MIS, xii, 132, 133, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,

164, 338 mycorrhizae, 234, 341, 343 natural fire regime, 63, 64 no action, i, vi, 6, 10, 14, 59, 68, 71, 72, 76,

78, 79, 123, 124, 126, 127, 130, 156, 169, 170, 174, 175, 180, 186, 208, 212, 213, 214, 220, 228, 235, 240, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 280, 282, 299, 300, 305, 311, 317, 321, 322

noxious weeds, i, iii, iv, 5, 16, 30, 34, 74, 94, 114, 124, 153, 183, 184, 218, 228, 234, 257, 258, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 274, 310

oaks, 26, 149 operability, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 80, 159, 173,

187 PAC, 2, 8, 137, 140, 152, 161, 162, 164,

168, 170, 338, 344 passive crown fire, 58, 66, 72, 88, 89, 94,

100, 101, 108, 114, 123 perennial stream, 23, 25, 29, 148, 203 prescribed burning, v, 68, 89, 90, 124, 213,

216, 218, 246, 266, 268, 270, 310, 328, 329, 352

prescribed fire, 24, 30, 32, 33, 73, 77, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 101, 108, 114, 120, 121, 125, 167, 177, 209, 216, 218, 234, 246, 249, 252, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 310, 328, 330, 345, 347, 349, 358, 362

protected activity center, 2, 8, 73, 78, 133, 342


328

quadratic mean diameter, 50, 84, 87, 92, 99, 106, 113

rate of spread, 89, 259 reforestation, 60, 93, 221, 327 regeneration, 3, 25, 50, 70, 74, 77, 86, 91,

92, 93, 94, 96, 99, 106, 123, 154, 165, 330, 339, 342, 344, 357

release, 92, 131, 143, 165, 182, 187, 219, 238, 257, 344

residual trees, 75, 79, 80, 85, 87, 113, 118, 131, 159, 172, 187, 217, 219, 345

RHCA, x, xiii, 27, 28, 29, 78, 82, 87, 97, 98, 103, 110, 111, 118, 134, 150, 153, 181, 182, 186, 187, 192, 202, 203, 204, 207, 217, 218, 219, 227, 229, 331, 334, 338, 344

riparian, iii, 2, 5, 8, 27, 48, 73, 74, 78, 85, 134, 137, 141, 143, 144, 146, 150, 153, 155, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 202, 204, 207, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 227, 228, 240, 323, 329, 331, 333, 334, 340, 347, 351, 357

road, 5, 13, 18, 19, 21, 31, 32, 44, 74, 80, 95, 126, 127, 144, 154, 155, 157, 170, 177, 181, 185, 186, 193, 203, 204, 205, 207, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220, 227, 234, 238, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 275, 278, 282, 292, 304, 306, 313, 315, 316, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 329, 340, 344, 353

sanitation, 49, 60, 73, 165, 201 sediment, iii, 5, 187, 202, 203, 204, 207,

217, 218, 219, 220, 224, 227, 323 sensitive, i, iii, 4, 11, 14, 17, 19, 24, 38, 85,

135, 147, 150, 181, 207, 219, 223, 227, 231, 232, 243, 256, 320, 328

sensitive plants, i, iii, 4, 24 seral, vi, 3, 37, 41, 42, 55, 56, 61, 62, 71, 73,

75, 76, 78, 81, 85, 87, 92, 93, 94, 97, 102, 110, 113, 116, 118, 123, 124, 128, 129, 133, 159, 164, 165, 172

shade intolerant, 3, 13, 41, 82 silviculture, 138, 151, 157, 171, 209, 355,

356, 359, 363, 368 size class, xiv, 4, 25, 50, 53, 55, 61, 62, 65,

71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 93,

95, 97, 98, 99, 102, 106, 110, 113, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 136, 143, 147, 150, 154, 157, 158, 160, 162, 165, 171, 172, 175, 178, 340

skidding, 182, 345 skyline, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25,

31, 79, 81, 181, 344 slash, 23, 25, 65, 77, 79, 81, 92, 166, 209,

246, 345 snags, 23, 26, 27, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 90, 96,

136, 137, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 156, 159, 166, 169, 172, 174, 180, 186, 190, 212, 213, 249, 305, 330

SOHA, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, 82, 98, 103, 111, 156, 339, 344

special interest, 231 spotted owl, v, 2, 8, 11, 82, 98, 103, 105,

111, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 146, 147, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 177, 339, 342, 344, 348, 349, 353, 355, 357, 358

spotted owl habitat area, 8, 82, 98, 103, 111 stocking level, 64, 92, 328 stocking level, 25, 350 subsoiling, 219, 326 surface fire, 8, 58, 61, 85, 88, 89, 91, 101,

108, 114, 267, 362 surfactant, 30, 183, 221, 222, 241, 242, 243,

339 thinning from below, 73, 96 Threshold of Concern, v, 339, 341, 345 TOC, 42, 134, 148, 153, 185, 187, 193, 196,

197, 205, 219, 220, 226, 227, 228, 339 torching, 51, 56, 58, 66, 71, 72, 85, 87, 88,

89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 100, 107, 108, 113, 114, 120, 121, 123, 342

underburning, i, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 33, 58, 68, 75, 83, 84, 89, 92, 95, 101, 108, 115, 126, 130, 139, 154, 157, 158, 165, 171, 181, 209, 215, 217, 226, 229, 230, 237, 254, 306, 311, 316, 321, 330

uneven-aged, iii, 2, 3, 54, 91, 165, 320, 369 visual quality objective, 10, 318, 320, 339 white pine blister rust, 26, 64


329

whole tree removal, 216 wildland urban interface, 9, 73 woody debris, v, 23, 26, 28, 79, 80, 90, 137,

143, 182, 187, 204, 213, 219, 328, 330, 348

WUI, 9, 64, 105, 195, 228, 280, 339 yarding, 22, 23, 25, 81, 87, 100, 107, 113,

209, 215, 343, 344


330

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Appendices A. Alternative Development by Unit, Stand Exam Data and Post

Treatment Outputs by Unit, and Silvicultural and Noxious Weed Maps with Unit Numbers

B. Alternative Maps

C. National Forest System Roads Proposed for Reconstruction

D. Economic Analysis

E. Riparian Management Objectives

F. Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Projects

G. Public Comments, Response to Public Comments, and Issue Identification

H. Standard Management Requirements and Monitoring

I. Human Health Risk Assessment

J. Project Specific Land Allocation Maps

chapter 4. consultation and...

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