chapter 4 continued nonrenewable mineral resources energy energy options environmental degradation...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4 continued
• Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
• Energy
• Energy Options
• Environmental Degradation
• Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development
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Nonrenewable Natural Resources• The widespread distribution of nonmetallic
elements (e.g. sand & gravel, nitrogen, potash, phosphorous, sulfur, etc.)
• Uneven distribution of metallic minerals• Figure 4.12 – diversity of strategic minerals in
U.S. Canada, Australia, South Africa and Russia• Growing U.S. dependent on imports• Mineral supply options: the oceans, improved
mining technologies, recycling• Figure 4.13: “transmaterialization” – substitution
of advanced materials for natural materials• Environmental Impacts – use of lower quality
ores
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Production of Strategic Materials
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Changing Consumption of Metals
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U.S. Energy Consumption
With about 5% of global population, the U.S. uses about 25% of global energy consumption
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Total andPer CapitaEnergyConsumption
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Global Petroleum ReservesAlaska?
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Petroleum ReservesAnd Production
% differentThan Fig.4.18
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U.S. Oil Statistics Figure 4.16 – textData are very differentThan the scale onThis graph – see the nextSlide for more accurate data
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Source: U.S. Energy Administration. Tight Oil is shale oil production
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Oil Production & Consumption U.S.
Growing foreign dependence
Rise of OPEC
Global imbalance in energydemand and supply
Pressures to increasedomestic output – Alaska,Offshore
Future demands and supplies:when will global output peak,and what will be the alternative?
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Crude Oil Reserves, Production & Trade
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Production & Consumption Crude Oil by Major Region
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Natural GasReserves andProduction
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World Trade in Natural Gas
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Coal ProductionAnd Reserves
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Major Iron-Producing & Coal Fields
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Acid Rain Creation
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Energy Options – Post Cheap Fossil Fuels
• Conservation
• Nuclear Power – Figure 4.29
• Geothermal
• Hydropower
• Solar Energy
• Wind – note case study
• Biomass
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Source: NWPCC 6th Northwest Power Plan, Chapter 2
An Example of Renewable Energy Options -RPS – Renewable Resource Portfolio Standard
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Environmental Degradation
• Pollution – air and water
• Wildlife & habitat preservation
• Environmental Equity
Causes ofDecrease
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Sources of Air Pollutants
Point vs. Non-point sources
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Acid Rain Concentration
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Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming
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Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development
• Environmental spillovers of human development
• Principle of sustainable development– Western concerns with long-run growth and
efficiency, externalizing environmental costs– A critique from the Global South – equity and
internalizing environmental costs– P. 127 last paragraph before summary
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Problems ofAir pollution,Acid Rain, And AquiferDepletion
2010 Gulf Oil Spill
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Problems of poverty,Poor land distribution,Lack of rural opportunities,Exploitation of environment by corporate interests,Threatening forests,Polluting water, Creating Urban Air Quality Problems
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ProblemsOf deforestation,Desertification,Overgrazing,Soil erosion,Wildlife extinction
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Water supply problems,Overgrazing,Irrigation-induced salinization
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Marine pollution,Acid rain,Polluted rivers
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Summary• Resource problems can be solved by• (1) changing societal goals• (2) changing consumption patterns• (3) changing technology• (4) altering population levelsViewing the “food crisis” as socially
constructedNonrenewable resources – shifting from a
growth-oriented to a balance-oriented lifestyle