chapter 4 decision support system & artificial intelligence
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4Chapter 4Decision Support System & Artificial Intelligence
Definition of decisionDefinition of decisionDecision making process is one of the
most important activity.4 types of decision;
◦Structured – information processing using forms to get the most accurate & correct answer
◦Non-structured – information processing where there is few correct answers, no forms/rules.
◦Recurring – decision that happen repeatedly & often periodically.
◦Non-Recurring – decision made infrequently & have different criteria to use each time.
Decision making processDecision making process4 phases;
INTELLIGENCE
Find what to fix
DESIGNFind solution
CHOICEChoose a solution
IMPLEMENTATION
Apply the solution
Decision making processDecision making processIntelligence (find what to fix)
◦Find & recognize a problem/need/opportunity (also called diagnostic phase of decision making)
Design (find solution)◦Possible ways of solving problem &
develop all the possible solutions you canChoice (pick a solution)
◦Analyzing every possible solution, the effect & choosing the best depending on cost, implementation & employees demand.
Implementation (apply the solution)◦ Implementing the solution, evaluating the
outcome & make necessary changes.
Types of decision support Types of decision support systemsystem
Decision Support SystemDecision Support SystemAllows you to locate & use
information effectively to help decision making in non-structured problem.
An alliance between decision maker & specialized support provided by IT
Advantages;◦ Improves productivity◦ Improves understanding◦ Improves work speed◦Reduces complex problem◦Reduces cost
Components of decision Components of decision support systemsupport system
Data management in DSSData management in DSSContains DSS information & DSS
database management system.3 main sources of information;
◦Organizational information – any information obtained from the organization. Ex. Sales data
◦External information – information obtained from another organization. Ex. From internet
◦Personal information – information obtained from own insights & experience.
Model management in Model management in DSSDSSModel represents event, facts or
situation that occurs.DSS models may include; what-if
model, optimization model, goal-seeking model & statistical model allowing you to analyze in many different ways.
Model management system stores & maintains the DSS models. Its function of managing model is similar to that of database management system.
User interface User interface managementmanagementConsists of user interface & user
interface management system.It allows user to key in
information, instruction and model to the system
Group Decision Support Group Decision Support System (GDSS)System (GDSS)Facilitates the formulation & the
solutions to problems by a team.GDD facilitates GDSS process by
integrating a group with;◦Groupware◦DSS capabilities◦Telecommunication
Phase of Decision Making in Phase of Decision Making in GDSSGDSS
Brainstorming – group members will come up with ideas to solve problem
Issue categorization & analysis – group members will sort the ideas based on the classification & the idea will be evaluated.
Ranking & voting – every group member will chose the suitable ideas in solving the problem. Highest voted idea will be selected.
Main components in GDSSMain components in GDSSMain components;
◦Individual in GDSS◦Information Technology Hardware in
GDSS
Individual◦2 functions of individual in GDSS
Group members solve the problem – every member needs to cooperate & exchange ideas.
Facilitator who helps group to achieve goals – technical & non-technical role
Main components in GDSSMain components in GDSSInformation Technology Hardware in
GDSS◦Contains groupware, DSS &
telecommunication◦Groupware GDSS – any kind of
software that allows a team to communicate & share documents. Able to support 3 phases of decision making. Obtain idea (brainstorming) Analyze idea (issue categorization) Perform vote (ranking & voting)
Group Decision Support Group Decision Support System (GDSS)System (GDSS)DSS capabilities
◦Depends to the type of decision made. The method of analysis such as what-if analysis, statistical analysis etc need to be used by information to present decision.
Telecommunication network◦The hardware & software that
connects computers.
Geographical Information Geographical Information System (GIS)System (GIS)
Specially designed to work with spatial information.
Spatial information – any information that can be shown in map form such as electrical line & roads.
GIS assists business from viewpoint of;◦ Determine which area is suitable to open a branch
based on the area’s population ◦ Determine the possibility of total client in specific
area.◦ Hold the promotion & advertisement based by sale
that is made.◦ Determine the optimal location of a new
distribution outlet.
Geographical Information Geographical Information System (GIS)System (GIS)
Business geography – when business combines textual information & spatial information.
GIS is a combination of graphic technology & database.
GIS manipulates the spatial information & produce graphical result.
Types of Artificial Intelligence Types of Artificial Intelligence SystemSystemThe techniques & software that enables
computers to mimic human behavior in various ways.
4 types of AI;◦ Expert System – reasons thru problems & advice
in a form of conclusion/ recommendations◦ Neural Networks – can be programmed to
recognize patterns◦ Genetic Algorithms – imitates evolution
characteristics, implement the process of suitability to produce better decision.
◦ Intelligent Agents – move around computer/networks to perform repetitive process on its own & adapt to your preferences.
Expert systemExpert systemComponents of Expert System
Expert systemExpert systemInformation types
◦ Domain expertise – set of problem solving steps◦ ‘why’ information – information to inform about
something◦ Problem facts – symptoms of & assertions about
your problem.
People ◦ Domain expert role – provides problem solving
strategies◦ Knowledge engineer role – IT specialist who
formulates the domain expertise into expert system
◦ Knowledge worker role – a person who uses expert system.
Expert systemExpert systemInformation Technology components;
◦Knowledge base – stores the rules made by knowledge engineer.
◦Knowledge acquisition – used to enter the rules
◦Inference engine – takes your problems facts & searches the knowledge base for rules that fit.
◦User interface – interface of a system that you use to run the consultation.
◦Explanation module – keeping the ‘why’ information
Neural NetworksNeural NetworksImitates a person’s capability to
classify certain things.Suitable for identifying, classifying &
forecasting based on collected information
Ex; DNA patterns, asimo..
Genetic AlgorithmsGenetic AlgorithmsSuitable to decide on a decision that
has various possibilities of settlement.Uses 3 evaluation concepts, that are;
◦ Selection – process to select best solution◦ Crossover – process of combining few
solutions◦ Mutation – process to change a solution
randomly.◦ Ex ; criminal face sketch.
Intelligent AgentIntelligent AgentBuilt from one or more modern
technology software including expert system, genetic algorithms & object oriented programming.
4 types of intelligent agent;◦Find-and-retrieve agents◦User agents◦Monitor & surveillance agent◦Data-mining agents
Intelligent AgentIntelligent AgentComponents of Intelligent
agents;◦Autonomy – act without you telling
every step◦Adaptivity – discovering, learning &
taking action independently.◦Sociability – able to confer with other
agents.