chapter 4 (east asia's reaction to western impact)

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CHAPTER 4

EAST ASIA’S REACTION TO THE WESTERN IMPACT

“Say (O Muhammad): “O Allah! Possessor of the kingdom. You give the kingdom to whom You will, and you take the kingdom from whom You will, and You endue with honour whom You will, and You humiliate whom You will. In your hand is the good. Verily, You are able to do all things.” (Al-Imran:26)

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4.1 WESTERN INTRUSION (1839 – 1860)

• Biggest and strongest country in Asia for thousands of years

• Ruled by Manchu dynasty from 1644 – 1911

• Under the Manchus, China followed a policy of isolation

• China regarded themselves as superior to other nations. Saw Westerners as ‘barbarians’

Map of China showing ports

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Canton Trade

In 18th Century, Canton was only port opened to the West

Western traders only allowed to trade with Cohongs

Corruption and bribery part of the Chinese administration at that time

Chinese official (Cohong) awaiting a British trader

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• British bought tea from Chinese

• In 1770s British traded opium with the Chinese

• In 1880, a law was passed banning the import of opium

• However the law was unable to stop illegal trade of opium

• Lin Tse-hsu asked to stop the illegal smuggling of opium

• British did not agree to stop importing opium

Man smoking opiumOFF

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The Opium War 1839 - 42

The British resentment of: • trade restrictions on the foreign traders• the ban on opium imports by the Emperor

The Chinese resentment of: • British refusal to hand over soldier who had killed Chinese sailor• the outflow of Chinese silver currency in buying opium• harmful effects of opium

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• 1839: Battle of Chuenpi fought between Chinese and British

• Many Chinese junks sunk by British warships.

• British won. War ended with Treaty of Nanking in 1842

Chinese junks fighting British warships

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Terms of Treaty of Nanking 1842

• Five ports ( Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo and Shanghai) opened to foreign trade

• Hong Kong island to the British

• Cohong abolished

• British consuls appointed to protect British interest

China’s first five treaty ports

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Treaty of Nanking ended Chinese policy of isolation


Chinese forced to open door to and sign treaties with America, France and Holland

Chinese not happy with treaties. Did not adher to them. Second Anglo Chinese War

(Arrow War) in 1856. British won. Led to signing of Convention of Peking in 1860

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4.2 MODERNISATION AND REFORMS (1860 – 1898)

Attempted Modernisation

AFTER THE CONVENTION OF PEKING CHINA TRIED AFTER THE CONVENTION OF PEKING CHINA TRIED TO STRENGTHEN ITSELF BYTO STRENGTHEN ITSELF BY

2. Creating new industries

3. Establishing a new foreign office

to deal with Western powers

1. Using Western technology to build up military and naval strength

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1894: China at war with Japan over Korea

War won by Japan

1895: Treaty of Shimonoseki signed.

China recognises independence of Korea

Western powers such as Russia, Germany, France and Britain demanded new privileges and concessions from China. They joined in the ‘scramble for concessions’.

11Map showing ‘scramble for concessions and territories’ by Europeans

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Attempted Reforms

In 1898, Emperor Kuang-hsu made reforms in government, education, industry and international relations

Reforms short-lived because of Empress Dowager who took over throne from her nephew.

Chinese hatred of foreigners led to outbreak of rebellion

Empress Dowager Tzu-hsi

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• Peasant secret society• Angry about unequal treaties imposed on Chinese by foreigners• 1900 uprising – war declared on foreigners• Uprising crushed before end of year

Failure of Boxer Rebellion weakened Manchu dynasty. People wanted a stronger government. They wanted a revolution.

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4.3 REVOLUTION AND REPUBLIC (1911-12)

• China was ruled by Manchu government for about 267 years• Chinese lived in misery due to corrupt and weak government

Dr Sun Yat-sen led revolutionaries to overthrow government and set up a republic

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Dr. Sun Yat-sen

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Dr Sun first started a secret society called Hsing-chung Hui in 1895.

In 1905, he had support from other groups. He became leader of the Tung-meng Hui (Combined League).

Aims of Tung-meng Hui:

• Overthrow Manchu dynasty• End foreign control of China• Establish a Republic

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The 1911 Revolution

October 1911: revolution broke out in Central China, led by an army commander, Li Yuan-hung.

Revolution spread through Central China and southern provinces. Military governors took over. Yuan Shih-kai made head of new government

December 1911: Sun Yat Sen returned to China and was elected first President of the Republic of China

February 1912: Emperor Hsuan-tung abdicated the throne

April 1912: Sun Yat Sen gave up presidency to Yuan Shih-kai

Yuan Shih-kai

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After resigning the presidency, Sun Yat Sen continued to lead the Tung-meng Hui. It was renamed Kuomintang (KMT) or the Nationalist Party.

Kuomintang advocated:Nationalism, democracy and socialism

Sun Yat Sen died in 1925. In China, he is still regarded as the father of the revolution.

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4.4 COMMODORE PERRY’S EXPEDITION

• Japan’s Emperor not very strong• Real power in hands of military ruler – the Shogun• Shoguns controlled Japan ever since 1192• Shoguns did not like Westerners. Advocated closed door policy towards Westerners• Policy of isolation ended in 1850. Japan realised need to adopt Western-influence programs of modernisation

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Map of Japan showing its ports and cities

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Americans were looking for markets and raw materials in the East. Also needed a port to provide shelter for American ships.

In 1850, Commodore Perry arrived in Japan asking Japanese to consider trade with America.

A treaty called the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed in 1854.

One year later, Commodore Perry returned to get Japan’s answer. In light of American military strength, Japan agreed.

Commodore Perry

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Treaty of Kanagawa signed between Japan and America in 1854.

Terms of Treaty of Kanagawa (1854):

• ports of Shimoda and Hakodate were opened to American ships

• American consul sent to Japan

• America given most-favoured nation status

Terms of Treaty of Edo (1858)

• 4 more Japanese ports opened to America.

• Law import duties imposed

• Foreign residence to be allowed at Edo and Osaka

• Americans to have extraterritorial rights

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4.5 MEIJI RESTORATION

Return of power from the Shogun to the Emperor of Japan

• First Meiji emperor was Emperor Mutsuhito• Edo renamed as Tokyo• Emperor Mutsuhito began series of modernisations.

Emperor Mutsuhito Emperor arrives in Tokyo with courtOFF

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4.5 MEIJI RESTORATION 1868

Administration

AgricultureCommunications Industry

Education

LawMilitary

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4.6 SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894 - 1895

• Both China and Japan wanted to control Korea• Japan won the Sino-Japanese War• Treaty of Shimonoseki signed in 1895

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4.6 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904 - 1905

Japan and Russia both wanted control of Korea and Manchuria

War broke out in 1904

Japan won first battle at the Yalu River

Japan won second battle in 1905

Japan and Russia agreed to a peace treaty

Ships that took part in Russo-Japanese war

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4.7 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904 - 1905

The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on 5 Sept 1905 between Japan and Russia.

Terms of Treaty:

• Russia to recognise Japan’s interest in Korea

• Japan to take over the Liaotung Peninsula lease

• Japan and Russia not to interfere in Manchuria’s commercial / industrial development

• Japan and Russia to withdraw troops from Manchuria

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Humiliation and disgrace

Call by people for a Republic

of China

Convention of Peking 1860

Reforms to Modernise

China

CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY

Boxer Rebellion 1900

Opium War 1839 - 42

Treaty of Nanking 1842

War on Foreigners

The 1911 Revolution

Rise of Secret Societies

Overthrow Manchus

Reforms to Modernise

China

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