chapter 4 federal programs for education and related ... · federal programs for education and...

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CHAPTER 4

Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities

This chapter provides a summary of federal fundsfor education to help describe the magnitude of thefederal fiscal effort and give some indication of thescope and variety of the education programs. Data inthis chapter reflect outlays and obligations of federalagencies. These tabulations differ from federal re-ceipts reported in other chapters because of numer-ous variations in the data collection systems. Federaldollars are not necessarily spent by recipient institu-tions in the same year they are appropriated. Insome cases, institutions cannot identify the source offederal revenues because they flow through stateagencies. Some types of revenues, such as tuitionand fees, are reported as revenues from studentseven though they may be supported by federal stu-dent aid programs. Some institutions that receivefederal education funds are not included in regularsurveys conducted by the National Center for Edu-cation Statistics. Thus, the revenue data tabulated inthis chapter are not comparable with figures reportedin other chapters. Readers should be careful aboutcomparing data on obligations shown in some tableswith data on outlays and appropriations appearing inothers.

Federal on-budget funding for education showedsizable growth between fiscal years (FYs) 1965 and2002, after adjustment for inflation. Particularly largeincreases occurred between 1965 and 1975. After aslight increase from 1975 to 1980, there was a sub-stantial decrease from 1980 to 1985 (16 percent).Thereafter, federal on-budget funding for educationgenerally increased, showing a rise of 79 percentfrom 1985 to 2002, after adjustment for inflation(table 363).

During the 1965 to 1975 period, after adjustmentfor inflation, federal funds for elementary and sec-ondary education rose by 207 percent, postsec-ondary education by 259 percent, other education by141 percent, and research at educational institutionsby 6 percent. Between 1975 and 1980, federal fund-ing for elementary and secondary education in-creased by 2 percent and research by 15 percent,but postsecondary education decreased slightly by 2percent and other education decreased by 35 per-cent. After declining 21 percent between 1980 and1985, federal funding for elementary and secondaryeducation programs rose by 104 percent between

1985 and 2002. Postsecondary education decreasedby 25 percent between 1980 and 1985 and then in-creased 32 percent between 1985 and 2002. Be-tween 1985 and 2002, other education rose by 90percent, and research rose by 87 percent, after ad-justment for inflation (table 363).

Off-budget support and nonfederal funds gen-erated by federal legislation showed an increase inreal dollars between FY 1980 and FY 2002 (281 per-cent), but there were significant fluctuations through-out the period. These amounts tend to fluctuate be-cause of changes in interest rates and program legis-lation which affect the number and volume of studentloans. Between FY 1990 and FY 2002, these samefunds showed an increase of 158 percent (table363).

According to FY 2002 estimates, $46.3 billion orabout 43 percent of the $108.0 billion spent by thefederal government on education came from the U.S.Department of Education. Large amounts of moneyalso came from the U.S. Department of Health andHuman Services ($22.9 billion), the U.S. Departmentof Agriculture ($11.9 billion), the U.S. Department ofLabor ($6.4 billion), the U.S. Department of Defense($4.7 billion), and the U.S. Department of Energy($3.6 billion) (table 364).

Fiscal year 2002 estimates call for federal programfunds for elementary and secondary education to be$53.3 billion; for postsecondary education, $22.8 bil-lion; for research at universities and related institu-tions, $25.7 billion; and for other programs, $6.2 bil-lion (table 365).

Almost 60 percent of total federal education sup-port, excluding estimated federal tax expenditures,went to educational institutions in FY 2002. Another19 percent was used for student support. Banks andother lending agencies received 7 percent, and mul-tiple recipients, including libraries, museums, andfederal institutions, received 13 percent (table 366).

Between FYs 1990 and 2002, U.S. Department ofEducation obligations rose 67 percent, after adjust-ment for inflation. Funds for student financial assist-ance increased by $1.8 billion in 2002, a rise of 12percent since 1990. Funds for elementary and sec-ondary education were an estimated $21.2 billion in2002, an increase of 123 percent since 1990, afteradjustment for inflation. Funds for the disabled in-

410 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

* The U.S. Department of Education as established in 1867 waslater known as the Office of Education. In 1980, under Public Law96–88, it became a cabinet-level department. Therefore, for pur-poses of consistency, it is referred to as the ‘‘U.S. Department ofEducation’’ even in those tables covering years when it was officiallythe Office of Education.

creased by 153 percent, to $11.7 billion, and fundsfor vocational and adult education increased 28 per-cent, after adjustment for inflation (table 367).

Of the $46.3 billion spent by the U.S. Departmentof Education in FY 2002, about $19.7 billion went toschool districts, $8.3 billion to college students, $8.7billion to postseondary institutions, and $5.0 billion tostate education agencies (table 368).

Federal Education Legislation

A capsule view of the history of federal educationactivities is provided in the following list of selectedlegislation:

1787 Northwest Ordinance authorized land grants forthe establishment of educational institutions.

1802 An Act Fixing the Military Peace Establishmentof the United States established the U.S. Mili-tary Academy. (The U.S. Naval Academy wasestablished in 1845 by the Secretary of theNavy.)

1862 First Morrill Act authorized public land grants tothe states for the establishment and mainte-nance of agricultural and mechanical col-leges.

1867 Department of Education Act authorized the es-tablishment of the U.S. Department of Edu-cation.*

1876 Appropriation Act, U.S. Department of theTreasury, established the U.S. Coast GuardAcademy.

1890 Second Morrill Act provided for money grantsfor support of instruction in the agriculturaland mechanical colleges.

1911 State Marine School Act authorized federalfunds to be used for the benefit of any nau-tical school in any of 11 specified state sea-port cities.

1917 Smith-Hughes Act provided for grants to statesfor support of vocational education.

1918 Vocational Rehabilitation Act provided forgrants for rehabilitation through training ofWorld War I veterans.

1919 An Act to Provide for Further Educational Fa-cilities authorized the sale by the federal gov-ernment of surplus machine tools to edu-cational institutions at 15 percent of acquisi-tion cost.

1920 Smith-Bankhead Act authorized grants tostates for vocational rehabilitation programs.

1935 Bankhead-Jones Act (Public Law 74–182) au-thorized grants to states for agricultural ex-periment stations.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (Public Law 74–320) authorized 30 percent of the annual cus-toms receipts to be used to encourage theexportation and domestic consumption of ag-ricultural commodities. Commodities pur-chased under this authorization began to beused in school lunch programs in 1936. TheNational School Lunch Act of 1946 continuedand expanded this assistance.

1936 An Act to Further the Development and Mainte-nance of an Adequate and Well-BalancedAmerican Merchant Marine (Public Law 74–415) established the U.S. Merchant MarineAcademy.

1937 National Cancer Institute Act established thePublic Health Service fellowship program.

1941 Amendment to Lanham Act of 1940 authorizedfederal aid for construction, maintenance, andoperation of schools in federally impactedareas. Such assistance was continued underPublic Law 815 and Public Law 874, 81stCongress, in 1950.

1943 Vocational Rehabilitation Act (Public Law 78–16) provided assistance to disabled veterans.

School Lunch Indemnity Plan (Public Law 78–129) provided funds for local lunch food pur-chases.

1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (Public Law78–346) known as the GI Bill, provided as-sistance for the education of veterans.

Surplus Property Act (Public Law 78–457) au-thorized transfer of surplus property to edu-cational institutions.

1946 National School Lunch Act (Public Law 79–396) authorized assistance through grants-in-aid and other means to states to assist inproviding adequate foods and facilities for theestablishment, maintenance, operation, andexpansion of nonprofit school lunch pro-grams.

George-Barden Act (Public Law 80–402) ex-panded federal support of vocational edu-cation.

1948 United States Information and Educational Ex-change Act (Public Law 80–402) provided forthe interchange of persons, knowledge, and

411FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

skills between the United States and othercountries.

1949 Federal Property and Administrative ServicesAct (Public Law 81–152) provided for dona-tion of surplus property to educational institu-tions and for other public purposes.

1950 Financial Assistance for Local EducationalAgencies Affected by Federal Activities (Pub-lic Law 81–815 and Public Law 81–874) pro-vided assistance for construction (Public Law815) and operation (Public Law 874) ofschools in federally affected areas.

Housing Act (Public Law 81–475) authorizedloans for construction of college housing fa-cilities.

1954 An Act for the Establishment of the UnitedStates Air Force Academy and Other Pur-poses (Public Law 83–325) established theU.S. Air Force Academy.

Educational Research Act (Public Law 83–531)authorized cooperative arrangements withuniversities, colleges, and state educationalagencies for educational research.

School Milk Program Act (Public Law 83–597)provided funds for purchase of milk for schoollunch programs.

1956 Library Services Act (Public Law 84–597) pro-vided grants to states for extension and im-provement of rural public library services.

1957 Practical Nurse Training Act (Public Law 84–911) provided grants to states for practicalnurse training.

1958 National Defense Education Act (Public Law85–864) provided assistance to state andlocal school systems for strengthening in-struction in science, mathematics, modernforeign languages, and other critical subjects;improvement of state statistical services;guidance, counseling, and testing servicesand training institutes; higher education stu-dent loans and fellowships; foreign languagestudy and training provided by colleges anduniversities; experimentation and dissemina-tion of information on more effective utiliza-tion of television, motion pictures, and relatedmedia for educational purposes; and voca-tional education for technical occupationsnecessary to the national defense.

Education of Mentally Retarded Children Act(Public Law 85–926) authorized federal as-sistance for training teachers of the handi-capped.

Captioned Films for the Deaf Act (Public Law85–905) authorized a loan service of cap-tioned films for the deaf.

1961 Area Redevelopment Act (Public Law 87–27)included provisions for training or retraining ofpersons in redevelopment areas.

1962 Manpower Development and Training Act (Pub-lic Law 87–415) provided training in new andimproved skills for the unemployed and un-deremployed.

Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962(Public Law 87–510) authorized loans, ad-vances, and grants for education and trainingof refugees.

1963 Health Professions Educational Assistance Actof 1963 (Public Law 88–129) provided fundsto expand teaching facilities and for loans tostudents in the health professions.

Vocational Education Act of 1963 (Part of Pub-lic Law 88–210) increased federal support ofvocational education schools; vocationalwork-study programs; and research, training,and demonstrations in vocational education.

Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963 (PublicLaw 88–204) authorized grants and loans forclassrooms, libraries, and laboratories in pub-lic community colleges and technical insti-tutes, as well as undergraduate and graduatefacilities in other institutions of higher edu-cation.

1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Public Law 88–352)authorized the Commissioner of Education toarrange for support for institutions of highereducation and school districts to provide in-service programs for assisting instructionalstaff in dealing with problems caused by de-segregation.

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (Public Law88–452) authorized grants for college work-study programs for students from low-incomefamilies; established a Job Corps programand authorized support for work-training pro-grams to provide education and vocationaltraining and work experience opportunities inwelfare programs; authorized support of edu-cation and training activities and of commu-nity action programs, including Head Start,Follow Through, and Upward Bound; and au-thorized the establishment of Volunteers inService to America (VISTA).

1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of1965 (Public Law 89–10) authorized grantsfor elementary and secondary school pro-


grams for children of low-income families;school library resources, textbooks, and otherinstructional materials for school children;supplementary educational centers and serv-ices; strengthening state education agencies;and educational research and research train-ing.

Health Professions Educational AssistanceAmendments of 1965 (Public Law 89–290)authorized scholarships to aid needy studentsin the health professions.

Higher Education Act of 1965 (Public Law 89–329) provided grants for university communityservice programs, college library assistance,library training and research, strengtheningdeveloping institutions, teacher training pro-grams, and undergraduate instructionalequipment. Authorized insured student loans,established a National Teacher Corps, andprovided for graduate teacher training fellow-ships.

National Foundation on the Arts and the Hu-manities Act (Public Law 89–209) authorizedgrants and loans for projects in the creativeand performing arts and for research, train-ing, and scholarly publications in the human-ities.

National Technical Institute for the Deaf Act(Public Law 89–36) provided for the estab-lishment, construction, equipping, and oper-ation of a residential school for postsec-ondary education and technical training of thedeaf.

School Assistance in Disaster Areas Act (Pub-lic Law 89–313) provided for assistance tolocal education agencies to help meet excep-tional costs resulting from a major disaster.

1966 International Education Act (Public Law 89–698) provided grants to institutions of highereducation for the establishment, strength-ening, and operation of centers for researchand training in international studies and theinternational aspects of other fields of study.

National Sea Grant College and Program Act(Public Law 89–688) authorized the establish-ment and operation of Sea Grant Collegesand programs by initiating and supportingprograms of education and research in thevarious fields relating to the development ofmarine resources.

Adult Education Act (Public Law 89–750) au-thorized grants to states for the encourage-ment and expansion of educational programs

for adults, including training of teachers ofadults and demonstrations in adult education(previously part of Economic Opportunity Actof 1964).

Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act(Public Law 89–694) authorized the establish-ment and operation, by Gallaudet College, ofa model secondary school for the deaf.

1967 Education Professions Development Act (PublicLaw 90–35) amended the Higher EducationAct of 1965 for the purpose of improving thequality of teaching and to help meet criticalshortages of adequately trained educationalpersonnel.

Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 (Public Law90–129) established a Corporation for PublicBroadcasting to assume major responsibilityin channeling federal funds to noncommercialradio and television stations, program produc-tion groups, and ETV networks; conduct re-search, demonstration, or training in mattersrelated to noncommercial broadcasting; andaward grants for construction of educationalradio and television facilities.

1968 Elementary and Secondary Education Amend-ments of 1968 (Public Law 90–247) modifiedexisting programs, authorized support of re-gional centers for education of handicappedchildren, model centers and services for deaf-blind children, recruitment of personnel anddissemination of information on education ofthe handicapped; technical assistance in edu-cation to rural areas; support of dropout pre-vention projects; and support of bilingual edu-cation programs.

Handicapped Children’s Early Education Assist-ance Act (Public Law 90–538) authorized pre-school and early education programs forhandicapped children.

Vocational Education Amendments of 1968(Public Law 90–576) modified existing pro-grams and provided for a National AdvisoryCouncil on Vocational Education and collec-tion and dissemination of information for pro-grams administered by the Commissioner ofEducation.

1970 Elementary and Secondary Education Assist-ance Programs, Extension (Public Law 91–230) authorized comprehensive planning andevaluation grants to state and local educationagencies; provided for the establishment of aNational Commission on School Finance.


National Commission on Libraries and Informa-tion Services Act (Public Law 91–345) estab-lished a National Commission on Librariesand Information Science to effectively utilizethe nation’s educational resources.

Office of Education Appropriation Act (PublicLaw 91–380) provided emergency school as-sistance to desegregating local educationagencies.

Environmental Education Act (Public Law 91–516) established an Office of EnvironmentalEducation to develop curriculum and initiateand maintain environmental education pro-grams at the elementary-secondary levels;disseminate information; provide training pro-grams for teachers and other educational,public, community, labor, and industrial lead-ers and employees; provide community edu-cation programs; and distribute material deal-ing with the environment and ecology.

Drug Abuse Education Act of 1970 (Public Law91–527) provided for development, dem-onstration, and evaluation of curricula on theproblems of drug abuse.

1971 Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Actof 1971 (Public Law 92–257) amended TitleVII of the Public Health Service Act, increas-ing and expanding provisions for health man-power training and training facilities.

1972 Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972(Public Law 92–255) established a SpecialAction Office for Drug Abuse Prevention toprovide overall planning and policy for all fed-eral drug-abuse prevention functions; a Na-tional Advisory Council for Drug Abuse Pre-vention; community assistance grants forcommunity mental health centers for treat-ment and rehabilitation of persons with drug-abuse problems, and, in December 1974, aNational Institute on Drug Abuse.

Education Amendments of 1972 (Public Law92–318) established the Education Division inthe U.S. Department of Health, Education,and Welfare and the National Institute of Edu-cation; general aid for institutions of highereducation; federal matching grants for stateStudent Incentive Grants; a National Commis-sion on Financing Postsecondary Education;State Advisory Councils on Community Col-leges; a Bureau of Occupational and AdultEducation and State Grants for the design,establishment, and conduct of postsecondaryoccupational education; and a bureau-levelOffice of Indian Education. Amended current

U.S. Department of Education programs to in-crease their effectiveness and better meetspecial needs. Prohibited sex bias in admis-sion to vocational, professional, and graduateschools, and public institutions of under-graduate higher education.

1973 Older Americans Comprehensive ServicesAmendment of 1973 (Public Law 93–29)made available to older citizens comprehen-sive programs of health, education, and so-cial services.

Comprehensive Employment and Training Actof 1973 (Public Law 93–203) provided for op-portunities for employment and training to un-employed and underemployed persons. Ex-tended and expanded provisions in the Man-power Development and Training Act of1962, Title I of the Economic Opportunity Actof 1962, Title I of the Economic OpportunityAct of 1964, and the Emergency EmploymentAct of 1971 as in effect prior to June 30,1973.

1974 Education Amendments of 1974 (Public Law93–380) provided for the consolidation of cer-tain programs; and established a NationalCenter for Education Statistics.

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency PreventionAct of 1974 (Public Law 93–415) provided fortechnical assistance, staff training, centralizedresearch, and resources to develop and im-plement programs to keep students in ele-mentary and secondary schools; and estab-lished, in the U.S. Department of Justice, aNational Institute for Juvenile Justice and De-linquency Prevention.

1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education As-sistance Act (Public Law 93–638) providedfor increased participation of Indians in theestablishment and conduct of their educationprograms and services.

Harry S Truman Memorial Scholarship Act(Public Law 93–642) established the Harry STruman Scholarship Foundation and createda perpetual education scholarship fund foryoung Americans to prepare and pursue ca-reers in public service.

Indochina Migration and Refugee AssistanceAct of 1975 (Public Law 94–23) authorizedfunds to be used for education and training ofaliens who have fled from Cambodia or Viet-nam.

Education for All Handicapped Children Act(Public Law 94–142) provided that all handi-


capped children have available to them a freeappropriate education designed to meet theirunique needs.

1976 Educational Broadcasting Facilities and Tele-communications Demonstration Act of 1976(Public Law 94–309) established a tele-communications demonstration program topromote the development of nonbroadcasttelecommunications facilities and services forthe transmission, distribution, and delivery ofhealth, education, and public or social serviceinformation.

1977 Youth Employment and Demonstration ProjectsAct of 1977 (Public Law 95–93) established ayouth employment training program that in-cludes, among other activities, promotingeducation-to-work transition, literacy trainingand bilingual training, and attainment of cer-tificates of high school equivalency.

Career Education Incentive Act (Public Law95–207) authorized the establishment of acareer education program for elementary andsecondary schools.

1978 Tribally Controlled Community College Assist-ance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95–471) pro-vided federal funds for the operation and im-provement of tribally controlled communitycolleges for Indian students.

Education Amendments of 1978 (Public Law95–561) established a comprehensive basicskills program aimed at improving pupilachievement (replaced the existing NationalReading Improvement program); and estab-lished a community schools program to pro-vide for the use of public buildings.

Middle Income Student Assistance Act (PublicLaw 95–566) modified the provisions for stu-dent financial assistance programs to allowmiddle-income as well as low-income stu-dents attending college or other postsec-ondary institutions to qualify for federal edu-cation assistance.

1979 Department of Education Organization Act(Public Law 96–88) established a U.S. De-partment of Education containing functionsfrom the Education Division of the U.S. De-partment of Health, Education, and Welfarealong with other selected education programsfrom HEW, the U.S. Department of Justice,U.S. Department of Labor, and the NationalScience Foundation.

1980 Asbestos School Hazard Detection and ControlAct of 1980 (Public Law 96–270) established

a program for inspection of schools for detec-tion of hazardous asbestos materials and pro-vided loans to assist educational agencies tocontain or remove and replace such mate-rials.

1981 Education Consolidation and Improvement Actof 1981 (Part of Public Law 97–35) consoli-dated 42 programs into 7 programs to befunded under the elementary and secondaryblock grant authority.

1983 Student Loan Consolidation and TechnicalAmendments Act of 1983 (Public Law 98–79)established an 8 percent interest rate forGuaranteed Student Loans and extendedFamily Contribution Schedule.

Challenge Grant Amendments of 1983 (PublicLaw 98–95) amended Title III, Higher Edu-cation Act, and added authorization of Chal-lenge Grant program. The Challenge Grantprogram provides funds to eligible institutionson a matching basis as an incentive to seekalternative sources of funding.

Education of the Handicapped Act Amend-ments of 1983 (Public Law 98–199) addedthe Architectural Barrier amendment andclarified participation of handicapped childrenin private schools.

1984 Education for Economic Security Act (PublicLaw 98–377) added new science and mathe-matics programs for elementary, secondary,and postsecondary education. The new pro-grams included magnet schools, excellencein education, and equal access.

Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act (Pub-lic Law 98–524) continued federal assistancefor vocational education through FY 1989.The act replaced the Vocational EducationAct of 1963. It provided aid to the states tomake vocational education programs acces-sible to all persons, including handicappedand disadvantaged, single parents and home-makers, and the incarcerated.

Human Services Reauthorization Act (PublicLaw 98–558) created a Carl D. Perkins schol-arship program, a National Talented Teach-ers Fellowship program, a Federal MeritScholarships program, and a Leadership inEducational Administration program.

1985 Montgomery GI Bill—Active Duty (Public Law98–525), brought about a new GI Bill for indi-viduals who initially entered active militaryduty on or after July 1, 1985.


Montgomery GI Bill—Selected Reserve (PublicLaw 98–525), is an education program formembers of the Selected Reserve (which in-cludes the National Guard) who enlist, reen-list, or extend an enlistment after June 30,1985, for a 6-year period.

1986 Handicapped Children’s Protection Act of 1986(Public Law 99–372) allowed parents ofhandicapped children to collect attorneys’fees in cases brought under the Education ofthe Handicapped Act and provided that theEducation of the Handicapped Act does notpreempt other laws, such as Section 504 ofthe Rehabilitation Act.

Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of1986 (Part of Public Law 99–570), part of theAnti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, authorizedfunding for FYs 1987–89. Established pro-grams for drug abuse education and preven-tion, coordinated with related community ef-forts and resources, through the use of fed-eral financial assistance.

1987 Higher Education Act Amendments of 1987(Public Law 100–50) made technical correc-tions, clarifications, or conforming amend-ments related to the enactment of the HigherEducation Amendments of 1986.

1988 Augustus F. Hawkins-Robert T. Stafford Ele-mentary and Secondary School ImprovementAmendments of 1988 (Public Law 100–297)reauthorized through 1993 major elementaryand secondary education programs including:Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Bilingual Education,Math-Science Education, Magnet Schools,Impact Aid, Indian Education, Adult Edu-cation, and other smaller education programs.

Technology-Related Assistance for Individualswith Disabilities Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–407) provided financial assistance to states todevelop and implement consumer-responsivestatewide programs of technology-related as-sistance for persons of all ages with disabil-ities.

Stewart B. McKinney Homeless AssistanceAmendments Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–628) extended for two additional years pro-grams providing assistance to the homeless,including literacy training for homeless adultsand education for homeless youths.

Tax Reform Technical Amendments (PublicLaw 100–647) authorized an Education Sav-ings Bond for the purpose of postsecondaryeducational expenses. The bill grants tax ex-

clusion for interest earned on regular seriesEE savings bonds.

1989 Children with Disabilities Temporary Care Re-authorization Act of 1989 (Public Law 101–127) revised and extended the programs es-tablished in the Temporary Child Care forHandicapped Children and Crises NurseriesAct of 1986.

Childhood Education and Development Act of1989 (Part of Public Law 101–239) author-ized the appropriations to expand Head StartPrograms and programs carried out under theElementary and Secondary Education Act of1965 to include child care services.

1990 Excellence in Mathematics, Science and Engi-neering Education Act of 1990 (Public Law101–589) was intended to promote excel-lence in American mathematics, science, andengineering education by creating a nationalmathematics and science clearinghouse, andcreating several other mathematics, science,and engineering education programs.

Student Right-To-Know and Campus SecurityAct (Public Law 101–542) requires institutionsof higher education receiving federal financialassistance to provide certain information withrespect to the graduation rates of student-ath-letes at such institutions. The act also re-quires the institution to certify that it has acampus security policy and will annually sub-mit a uniform crime report to the Federal Bu-reau of Investigation (FBI).

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (PublicLaw 101–336) prohibits discrimination againstpersons with disabilities.

National and Community Service Act of 1990(Public Law 101–610) increased school andcollege-based community service opportuni-ties and authorized the President’s Points ofLight Foundation.

School Dropout Prevention and Basic Skills Im-provement Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–600)was intended to improve secondary schoolprograms for basic skills improvements anddropout reduction.

Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthor-ization Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–637) re-authorized the Asbestos School HazardAbatement Act of 1984, which provided finan-cial support to elementary and secondaryschools to inspect for asbestos and to de-velop and implement an asbestos manage-ment plan.


Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990(Public Law 101–454) provided a permanentendowment for the Eisenhower ExchangeFellowship Program.

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990(Public Law 101–508) included a set of stu-dent aid provisions that were estimated toyield a savings of $2 billion over 5 years.These provisions included delayed Guaran-teed Student Loan disbursements, tightenedability-to-benefit eligibility, and expanded prorata refund policy and the elimination of stu-dent aid eligibility at high default schools.

1991 National Literacy Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–73) established the National Institute for Lit-eracy, the National Institute Board, and theInteragency Task Force on Literacy. Amend-ed various federal laws to establish and ex-tend various literacy programs.

High-Performance Computing Act of 1991(Public Law 102–194) directed the Presidentto implement a National High-PerformanceComputing Program. Provided for: (1) estab-lishment of a National Research and Edu-cation Network; (2) standards and guidelinesfor high performance networks; and (3) theresponsibility of certain federal departmentsand agencies with regard to the Network.

Veterans’ Educational Assistance Amendmentsof 1991 (Public Law 102–127) restored cer-tain educational benefits available to reserveand active-duty personnel under the Mont-gomery GI Bill to students whose coursestudies were interrupted by the Persian GulfWar.

Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–166)amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964, theAge Discrimination in Employment Act of1967, and the Americans with Disabilities Actof 1990, with regard to employment discrimi-nation. Established the Technical AssistanceTraining Institute.

1992 Ready-To-Learn Act (Public Law 102–545)amended the General Education ProvisionsAct to establish Ready-To-Learn Televisionprograms to support educational program-ming and support materials for preschool andelementary school children and their parents,child care providers, and educators.

National Commission on Time and Learning,Extension (Public Law 102–359) amendedthe National Education Commission on Timeand Learning Act to extend the authorizationof appropriations for such Commission,

amended the Elementary and SecondaryEducation Act of 1965 to revise provisions for(1) a specified civic education program; and(2) schoolwide projects for educationally dis-advantaged children, and provided for addi-tional Assistant Secretaries of Education.

1993 Student Loan Reform Act (Public Law 103–66)reformed the student aid process by phasingin a system of direct lending designed to pro-vide savings for taxpayers and students. Al-lows students to choose among a variety ofrepayment options, including income contin-gency.

National Service Trust Act (Public Law 103–82)amended the National and Community Serv-ice Act of 1990 to establish a Corporation forNational Service and enhance opportunitiesfor national service. In addition, the Act pro-vided education grants up to $4,725 per yearfor 2 years to people age 17 years or olderwho perform community service before, dur-ing, or after postsecondary education.

NAEP Assessment Authorization (Public Law103–33) authorizes the use of NAEP forstate-by-state comparisons.

1994 Goals 2000: Educate America Act (Public Law103–227) established a new federal partner-ship through a system of grants to states andlocal communities to reform the nation’s edu-cation system. The Act formalized the na-tional education goals and established theNational Education Goals Panel. It also cre-ated a National Education Standards and Im-provement Council (NESIC) to provide vol-untary national certification of state and localeducation standards and assessments andestablished the National Skill StandardsBoard to develop voluntary national skillstandards.

School-To-Work Opportunities Act of 1994(Public Law 103–239) established a nationalframework within which states and commu-nities can develop School-To-Work Opportu-nities systems to prepare young people forfirst jobs and continuing education. The Actalso provided money to states and commu-nities to develop a system of programs thatinclude work-based learning, school-basedlearning, and connecting activities compo-nents. School-To-Work programs will providestudents with a high school diploma (or itsequivalent), a nationally recognized skill cer-tificate, or an associate degree (if appro-


priate) and may lead to a first job or furthereducation.

Safe Schools Act of 1994 (Part of Public Law103–227) authorized the award of competitivegrants to local educational agencies with seri-ous crime to implement violence preventionactivities such as conflict resolution and peermediation.

Educational Research, Development, Dissemi-nation, and Improvement Act of 1994 (Part ofPublic Law 103–227) authorized the edu-cational research and dissemination activitiesof the Office of Educational Research and Im-provement. The regional educational labora-tories and university-based research and de-velopment centers are authorized under thisact.

Student Loan Default Exemption Extension(Public Law 103–235) amended the HigherEducation Act of 1965 to extend until July 1,1998, the effective date for cohort default rateextension for Historically Black Colleges andUniversities, tribally controlled community col-leges, and Navajo community colleges.

Improving America’s Schools Act (Public Law103–382) reauthorized and revamped the El-ementary and Secondary Education Act. Thelegislation includes Title I, the federal govern-ment’s largest program providing educationalassistance to disadvantaged children; profes-sional development and technical assistanceprograms; a safe and drug-free schools andcommunities provision; and provisions pro-moting school equity.

1995 Amendment to the Elementary and SecondaryEducation Act of 1965 (Public Law 104–5)amended a provision of Part A of Title IX ofthe Elementary and Secondary Education Actof 1965 relating to Indian education, to pro-vide a technical amendment and for otherpurposes.

1996 Contract With America: Unfunded Mandates(Public Law 104–4) a bill to curb the practiceof imposing unfunded federal mandates onstates and local governments; to strengthenthe partnership between the federal govern-ment and state, local, and tribal governments;to end the imposition, in the absence of fullconsideration by Congress, of federal man-dates on state, local, and tribal governmentswithout adequate funding, in a manner thatmay displace other essential governmentalpriorities and to ensure that the federal gov-ernment pays the costs incurred by those

governments in complying with certain re-quirements under federal statutes and regula-tions; and for other purposes.

Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Billof Rights Act Amendments of 1996 (PublicLaw 104–1834) amended the DevelopmentalDisabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Actto extend the act, and for other purposes.

Remove Grant Limits on Historically Black Col-leges (Public Law 104–141) amended section326 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 topermit continued participation by historicallyblack graduate and professional schools inthe grant program authorized by that section.

Correct Impact-Aid Payments (Public Law 104–195) amends the Impact Aid Program to pro-vide for a hold-harmless with respect toamounts for payments relating to the federalacquisition of real property, and for other pur-poses.

Human Rights, Refugee, and Other ForeignRelations Provisions Act of 1996 (Public Law104–319) made certain provisions with re-spect to internationally recognized humanrights, refugees, and foreign relations to re-vise U.S. human rights policy.

1997 Need-Based Educational Aid Antitrust Protec-tion Act of 1997 (Public Law 105–43) amendsthe Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994to clarify the financial information exchangedbetween institutions of higher education.

The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (Public Law105–34) enacted the Hope Scholarship andLife-Long Learning Tax Credit provisions intolaw.

Individuals with Disabilities Education ActAmendments of 1997 (Public Law 105–17)amended the Individuals with Disabilities Edu-cation Act (IDEA) to revise its provisions andextend through fiscal year 2002 the author-ization of appropriations for IDEA programs.

Emergency Student Loan Consolidation Act of1997 (Public Law 105–78) amends the High-er Education Act to provide for improved stu-dent loan consolidation services.

1998 Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (Public Law105–220) enacted the Adult Education andFamily Literacy Act, and substantially revisedand extended, through fiscal year 2003, theRehabilitation Act of 1973.

Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supple-mental Appropriations Act, 1999 (Public Law


105–277) enacted the Reading ExcellenceAct, to promote the ability of children to readindependently by the 3rd grade; earmarkedfunds to help states and school districts re-duce class sizes in the early grades.

Charter School Expansion Act (Public Law105–278) amended the charter school pro-gram, enacted in 1994 as Title X, Part C ofthe Elementary and Secondary Education Actof 1965.

Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Tech-nology Education Amendments of 1998 (Pub-lic Law 105–332) revised, in its entirety, theCarl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Tech-nology Education Act, and reauthorized theAct through fiscal year 2003.

Assistive Technology Act of 1998 (Public Law105–394) replaced the Technology-RelatedAssistance for Individuals with Disabilities Actof 1988 with a new Act, authorized throughfiscal year 2004, to address the assistive-technology needs of individuals with disabil-ities.

1999 Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999(Public Law 106–25) authorizes the Secretaryof Education to allow all states to participatein the Education Flexibility Partnership pro-gram.

District of Columbia College Access Act of1999 (Public Law 106–98) establishes a pro-gram to afford high school graduates from theDistrict of Columbia the benefits of in-statetuition at state colleges and universities out-side the District of Columbia.

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improve-ment Act of 1999 (Public Law 106–170)amends the Social Security Act to expand theavailability of health care coverage for work-ing individuals with disabilities and estab-lishes a Ticket to Work and Self-SufficiencyProgram in the Social Security Administrationto provide such individuals with meaningfulopportunities to work.

2000 The National Defense Authorization Act for Fis-cal Year 2001 (Public Law 106–398) in-cludes, as Title XVIII, the Impact Aid Reau-thorization Act of 2000, which extends the Im-pact Aid programs through fiscal year 2003.

College Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act of2000 (Public Law 106–420) enhanced federalpenalties for offenses involving scholarshipfraud, requires an annual scholarship fraudreport by the Attorney General, the Secretaryof Education, and the Federal Trade Commis-sion (FTC), and requires the Secretary ofEducation, in conjunction with the FTC, tomaintain a scholarship fraud awareness Website.

Consolidated Appropriations Act 2001 (PublicLaw 106–554) created a new program of as-sistance for school repair and renovation, andamended the Elementary and SecondaryEducation Act of 1965 to authorize credit en-hancement initiatives to help charter schoolsobtain, construct, or repair facilities; reauthor-ized the Even Start program; and enacted the‘‘Children’s Internet Protection Act.’’

2001 50th Anniversary of Brown v. the Board of Edu-cation (Public Law 107–41) establishes acommission for the purpose of encouragingand providing for the commemoration of the50th anniversary of the 1954 Supreme Courtdecision Brown v. Board of Education.

2002 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Public Law107–110) provides for the comprehensive re-authorization of the Elementary and Sec-ondary Education Act of 1965, incorporatingspecific proposals in such areas as testing,accountability, parental choice, and earlyreading.

The Department of Labor, Health and HumanServices, and Education, and Related Agen-cies Appropriations Act of 2002 (Public Law107–116) provides fiscal year 2002 funds forDepartment of Education programs.

Reauthorization of the National Center for Edu-cation Statistics and the Creating of the Insti-tute of Education Sciences of 2002 (PublicLaw 107–279) establishes the Institute ofEducation Sciences within the U.S. Depart-ment of Education to carry out a coordinated,focused agenda of high-quality research, sta-tistics, and evaluation that is relevant to theeducational challenges of the nation. The In-stitute is administered by a Director, ap-pointed by the President, and is comprised ofthree National Education Centers, each head-ed by a Commissioner.


SOURCE: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2003; and NationalScience Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, and 2002.

Department of Interior, 1.1%

Department of Agriculture, 11.0%

Department of Education, 42.9%

Department of Defense, 4.4%

Department of Energy, 3.4%

Department of Health and Human Services, 21.2%

Department of Labor, 5.9%

Department of Veterans Affairs, 2.1%

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1.9%

National Science Foundation, 3.0%

Other, 3.0%

Total = $108.0 billion

Figure 20.–Federal on-budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal year 2002


1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Fiscal year

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

In billions of constant FY 2002 dollars

Figure 21.–Federal on-budget funds for education, by level orother educational purpose: 1965 to 2002

42.6

10.7

17.9

18.7

1.3

4.8

4

Figure 22.–Department of Education outlays, by type of recipient:Fiscal year 2002

Elementary and secondary

Other education

Postsecondary

Research at educational institutions

State education agencies, 10.7%

Local education agencies, 42.6%

Other and multiple types of recipients, 4.8%

Federal, 1.3%

Postsecondary institutions, 18.7%

Postsecondary students, 17.9%

SOURCE: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2003; Catalog of

Federal Domestic Assistance; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development , Fiscal Years

1999, 2000, and 2002; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies.

SOURCE: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, fiscal years 1967 to 2003; NationalScience Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1967 to 2002; and unpublished data.

$

Total outlays = $46.3 billion

Other, 4.0%

421FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Tab

le 3

63.—

Fed

eral

su

pp

ort

an

d e

stim

ated

fed

eral

tax

exp

end

itu

res

for

edu

cati

on

, b

y ca

teg

ory

: F

isca

l ye

ars

1965

to

200

2[In

mill

ions

of

dolla

rs]

Fis

cal y

ear

Tot

al o

n-bu

dget

supp

ort,

off-

budg

et s

uppo

rt,

and

nonf

eder

al f

unds

gene

rate

d by

fede

ral l

egis

latio

n

On-

budg

et s

uppo

rt1

Off-

budg

et s

uppo

rt a

nd n

onfe

dera

l fun

ds g

ener

ated

by

fede

ral l

egis

latio

nE

stim

ated

fede

ral t

axex

pend

i-tu

res

for

educ

atio

n9

Tot

alE

lem

enta

ryan

dse

cond

ary

Pos

t-se

cond

ary

Oth

ered

ucat

ion

Res

earc

hat

edu

-ca

tiona

l in-

stitu

tions

Tot

al

Off-

budg

et s

uppo

rtN

onfe

dera

l fun

ds

Fed

eral

Dire

ctS

tude

nt L

oans

2

Fed

eral

Fam

ilyE

duca

tion

Loan

s3

Per

kins

Loan

s4

Inco

me

Con

tinge

ntLo

ans

5

Leve

ragi

ng E

duca

tiona

lA

ssis

tanc

e P

artn

ersh

ips

Pro

gram

s6

Sup

plem

enta

l Edu

-ca

tiona

l Opp

ortu

nity

Gra

nts

7

Wor

k-S

tudy

aid

8

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

Cur

rent

dol

lars

1965

......

......

......

$5,3

54.7

$5,3

31.0

$1,9

42.6

$1,1

97.5

$374

.7$1

,816

.3$2

3.7

††

$16.

1†

††

$7.6

†19

70...

......

......

...13

,359

.112

,526

.55,

830.

43,

447.

796

4.7

2,28

3.6

832.

6†

$770

.021

.0†

††

41.6

†19

75...

......

......

...24

,691

.523

,288

.110

,617

.27,

644.

01,

608.

53,

418.

41,

403.

4†

1,23

3.0

35.7

†$2

0.0

†11

4.7

$8,6

05.0

1980

......

......

......

39,3

49.5

34,4

93.5

16,0

27.7

11,1

15.9

1,54

8.7

5,80

1.2

4,85

6.0

†4,

598.

031

.8†

76.8

†14

9.4

13,3

20.0

1985

......

......

......

47,7

53.4

39,0

27.9

16,9

01.3

11,1

74.4

2,10

7.6

8,84

4.6

8,72

5.5

†8,

467.

021

.4†

76.0

†16

1.1

19,1

05.0

1986

......

......

......

48,3

57.3

39,9

62.9

17,0

49.9

11,2

83.6

2,62

0.0

9,00

9.4

8,39

4.4

†8,

142.

020

.2†

72.7

†15

9.5

20,4

25.0

1987

......

......

......

50,7

24.6

41,1

94.7

17,5

35.7

10,3

00.0

2,82

0.4

10,5

38.6

9,52

9.8

†9,

272.

020

.9$0

.676

.0†

160.

420

,830

.019

88...

......

......

...54

,078

.743

,454

.418

,564

.910

,657

.52,

981.

611

,250

.510

,624

.3†

10,3

80.0

20.6

0.5

72.8

†15

0.4

17,0

25.0

1989

......

......

......

59,5

37.4

48,2

69.6

19,8

09.5

13,2

69.9

3,18

0.3

12,0

09.8

11,2

67.8

†10

,938

.020

.40.

571

.9$2

2.0

215.

017

,755

.019

90...

......

......

...62

,811

.551

,624

.321

,984

.413

,650

.93,

383.

012

,606

.011

,187

.2†

10,8

26.0

15.0

0.5

59.2

48.8

237.

719

,040

.019

91...

......

......

...70

,375

.657

,599

.525

,418

.014

,707

.43,

698.

613

,775

.412

,776

.1†

12,3

72.0

17.3

0.5

63.5

87.7

235.

018

,995

.019

92...

......

......

...74

,481

.160

,483

.127

,926

.914

,387

.43,

992.

014

,176

.913

,998

.0†

13,5

68.0

17.3

0.5

72.0

97.2

242.

919

,950

.019

93...

......

......

...84

,741

.567

,740

.630

,834

.317

,844

.04,

107.

214

,955

.117

,000

.8†

16,5

24.0

29.3

†72

.418

4.6

190.

521

,010

.019

94...

......

......

...92

,781

.568

,254

.232

,304

.416

,177

.14,

483.

715

,289

.124

,527

.3$8

13.0

23,2

14.0

52.7

†72

.418

4.6

190.

522

,630

.019

95...

......

......

...95

,810

.871

,639

.533

,623

.817

,618

.14,

719.

715

,677

.924

,171

.25,

161.

018

,519

.052

.7†

63.4

184.

619

0.5

24,6

00.0

1996

......

......

......

96,8

33.0

71,3

27.4

34,3

91.5

15,7

75.5

4,82

8.0

16,3

32.3

25,5

05.6

8,35

7.0

16,7

11.0

31.1

†31

.418

4.6

190.

526

,340

.019

97...

......

......

...10

3,25

9.8

73,7

31.8

35,4

78.9

15,9

59.4

5,02

1.2

17,2

72.4

29,5

28.0

9,83

8.0

19,1

63.0

52.7

†50

.018

4.6

239.

728

,125

.019

98...

......

......

...10

7,81

0.5

76,9

09.2

37,4

86.2

15,7

99.6

5,14

8.5

18,4

75.0

30,9

01.3

10,4

00.1

20,0

02.5

45.0

†25

.019

4.3

234.

429

,540

.019

99...

......

......

...11

3,41

7.2

82,8

63.6

39,9

37.9

17,6

51.2

5,31

8.0

19,9

56.5

30,5

53.6

9,95

3.0

20,1

07.0

33.3

†25

.019

5.9

239.

437

,360

.020

00...

......

......

...11

9,54

1.6

85,9

44.2

43,7

90.8

15,0

08.7

5,48

4.6

21,6

60.1

33,5

97.4

10,3

47.0

22,7

11.0

33.3

†50

.019

9.7

256.

439

,475

.020

01...

......

......

...13

0,32

7.6

94,5

05.6

48,5

30.1

14,8

93.5

5,88

0.0

25,2

02.0

35,8

22.0

10,6

35.0

24,6

94.0

25.0

†80

.018

4.0

204.

041

,460

.020

021

0...

......

......

146,

484.

610

8,02

3.6

53,3

34.6

22,8

34.1

6,19

0.5

25,6

64.5

38,4

61.0

11,4

04.0

26,5

31.0

25.0

†10

4.0

193.

020

4.0

†

Con

stan

t fis

cal y

ear

2002

dol

lars

11

1965

......

......

......

$29,

289.

4$2

9,15

9.7

$10,

625.

5$6

,550

.2$2

,049

.3$9

,934

.7$1

29.7

††

$88.

1†

††

$41.

6†

1970

......

......

......

58,4

23.2

54,7

82.1

25,4

98.3

15,0

77.8

4,21

9.0

9,98

7.0

3,64

1.1

†$3

,367

.491

.7†

††

181.

9†

1975

......

......

......

75,8

98.5

71,5

84.7

32,6

35.9

23,4

96.8

4,94

4.3

10,5

07.8

4,31

3.8

†3,

790.

110

9.6

†$6

1.5

†35

2.6

$26,

450.

719

80...

......

......

...81

,732

.671

,646

.233

,291

.023

,088

.73,

216.

912

,049

.610

,086

.3†

9,55

0.5

66.0

†15

9.5

†31

0.3

27,6

66.9

1985

......

......

......

73,9

60.4

60,4

46.4

26,1

76.8

17,3

06.9

3,26

4.2

13,6

98.5

13,5

14.0

†13

,113

.733

.1†

117.

7†

249.

529

,589

.819

86...

......

......

...73

,092

.260

,404

.025

,771

.017

,055

.23,

960.

213

,617

.712

,688

.2†

12,3

06.7

30.5

†10

9.9

†24

1.1

30,8

72.4

1987

......

......

......

74,6

22.3

60,6

02.7

25,7

97.3

15,1

52.6

4,14

9.2

15,5

03.6

14,0

19.6

†13

,640

.330

.7$0

.811

1.8

†23

6.0

30,6

43.6

1988

......

......

......

77,1

13.2

61,9

63.5

26,4

72.4

15,1

97.0

4,25

1.5

16,0

42.5

15,1

49.7

†14

,801

.329

.40.

710

3.8

†21

4.5

24,2

76.7

1989

......

......

......

81,8

63.0

66,3

69.9

27,2

37.8

18,2

45.9

4,37

2.9

16,5

13.3

15,4

93.1

†15

,039

.628

.00.

898

.9$3

0.2

295.

624

,412

.919

90...

......

......

...83

,543

.068

,663

.429

,240

.518

,156

.54,

499.

616

,766

.814

,879

.6†

14,3

99.2

20.0

0.7

78.7

64.9

316.

225

,324

.319

91...

......

......

...89

,645

.173

,370

.832

,377

.718

,734

.44,

711.

317

,547

.316

,274

.3†

15,7

59.6

22.1

0.6

80.9

111.

729

9.3

24,1

96.0

1992

......

......

......

91,7

64.0

74,5

17.8

34,4

07.1

17,7

25.9

4,91

8.3

17,4

66.5

17,2

46.2

†16

,716

.421

.40.

788

.711

9.8

299.

324

,579

.319

93...

......

......

...10

1,83

6.6

81,4

06.1

37,0

54.6

21,4

43.7

4,93

5.7

17,9

72.0

20,4

30.5

†19

,857

.435

.2†

87.0

221.

922

9.0

25,2

48.4

1994

......

......

......

109,

231.

980

,355

.938

,032

.019

,045

.35,

278.

717

,999

.928

,876

.0$9

57.1

27,3

29.9

62.0

†85

.321

7.4

224.

326

,642

.419

95...

......

......

...11

0,17

7.5

82,3

81.8

38,6

65.7

20,2

60.0

5,42

7.4

18,0

28.8

27,7

95.7

5,93

4.9

21,2

95.9

60.6

†72

.921

2.3

219.

128

,288

.719

96...

......

......

...10

8,79

1.8

80,1

36.3

38,6

38.9

17,7

23.8

5,42

4.3

18,3

49.4

28,6

55.5

9,38

9.1

18,7

74.8

34.9

†35

.320

7.4

214.

029

,593

.019

97...

......

......

...11

3,65

9.7

81,1

57.8

39,0

52.2

17,5

66.8

5,52

6.9

19,0

11.9

32,5

01.9

10,8

28.8

21,0

93.0

58.0

†55

.020

3.2

263.

830

,957

.619

98...

......

......

...11

7,18

7.6

83,5

98.6

40,7

46.6

17,1

73.8

5,59

6.3

20,0

81.9

33,5

89.0

11,3

04.7

21,7

42.3

48.9

†27

.221

1.2

254.

832

,109

.319

99...

......

......

...12

1,34

4.8

88,6

55.6

42,7

29.5

18,8

85.0

5,68

9.7

21,3

51.4

32,6

89.2

10,6

48.7

21,5

12.4

35.6

†26

.720

9.6

256.

139

,971

.420

00...

......

......

...12

4,61

0.3

89,5

88.3

45,6

47.6

15,6

45.1

5,71

7.1

22,5

78.5

35,0

22.0

10,7

85.7

23,6

74.0

34.7

†52

.120

8.2

267.

341

,148

.820

01...

......

......

...13

2,99

0.9

96,4

36.9

49,5

21.8

15,1

97.9

6,00

0.2

25,7

17.0

36,5

54.1

10,8

52.3

25,1

98.6

25.5

†81

.618

7.8

208.

242

,307

.320

021

0...

......

......

146,

484.

610

8,02

3.6

53,3

34.6

22,8

34.1

6,19

0.5

25,6

64.5

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3.)

422 FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 364.—Federal on-budget funds for education, by agency:Fiscal years 1965 to 2002

[In thousands of current dollars]

Agency 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Total ........................................................ $5,331,016 $12,526,499 $23,288,120 $34,493,502 $39,027,876 $51,624,342 $71,639,520 $85,944,203 $94,505,551 $108,023,643

Department of Education ................................ 1,000,567 4,625,224 7,350,355 13,137,785 16,701,065 23,198,575 31,403,000 34,106,697 36,562,025 46,324,352Department of Agriculture ............................... 768,927 960,910 2,219,352 4,562,467 4,782,274 6,260,843 9,092,089 11,080,031 11,310,363 11,896,064Department of Commerce .............................. 9,347 13,990 38,967 135,561 55,114 53,835 88,929 114,575 129,923 113,360Department of Defense .................................. 587,412 821,388 1,009,229 1,560,301 3,119,213 3,605,509 3,879,002 4,525,080 5,281,168 4,749,222Department of Energy .................................... 442,434 551,527 764,676 1,605,558 2,247,822 2,561,950 2,692,314 3,577,004 3,746,156 3,625,124Department of Health and Human Services .. 1,027,537 1,796,854 3,675,225 5,613,930 5,322,356 7,956,011 12,469,563 17,670,867 20,728,825 22,858,490Department of Housing and Urban

Development ............................................ 221,256 114,709 52,768 5,314 438 118 1,613 1,400 1,600 1,300Department of the Interior .............................. 170,088 190,975 300,191 440,547 549,479 630,537 702,796 959,802 1,103,988 1,185,653Department of Justice ..................................... 10,252 15,728 61,542 60,721 66,802 99,775 172,350 278,927 447,520 450,098Department of Labor ....................................... 230,041 424,494 1,103,935 1,862,738 1,948,685 2,511,380 3,967,914 4,696,100 5,202,400 6,364,200Department of State ....................................... 64,200 59,742 89,433 25,188 23,820 51,225 54,671 388,349 390,068 387,579Department of Transportation ......................... † 27,534 52,290 54,712 82,035 76,186 135,816 117,054 151,382 144,379Department of the Treasury ........................... 8,240 18 1,118,840 1,247,463 290,276 41,715 49,496 83,000 88,000 139,000Department of Veterans Affairs ...................... 97,237 1,032,918 4,402,212 2,351,233 1,289,849 757,476 1,324,382 1,577,374 1,802,342 2,301,273

Other agencies and programs

ACTION .......................................................... † † 7,081 2,833 1,761 8,472 † † † †Agency for International Development ........... 63,329 88,034 78,896 176,770 198,807 249,786 290,580 332,500 483,500 462,500Appalachian Regional Commission ................ † 37,838 45,786 19,032 4,745 93 10,623 7,243 9,560 8,900Barry Goldwater Scholarship and

Excellence in Education Foundation ....... † † † † † 1,033 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000Corporation for National and Community

Service ..................................................... † † † † † † 214,600 386,000 452,000 431,000Environmental Protection Agency .................. † 19,446 33,875 41,083 60,521 87,481 125,721 98,900 125,500 115,900Estimated education share of federal aid to

the District of Columbia .......................... 11,350 33,019 55,487 81,847 107,340 104,940 78,796 127,127 147,093 184,964Federal Emergency Management Agency ..... † 290 290 1,946 1,828 215 170,400 14,894 23,778 20,380General Services Administration .................... 4,013 14,775 22,532 34,800 † † † † † †Harry S Truman Scholarship fund .................. † † † –1,895 1,332 2,883 3,000 3,000 2,000 3,000Institute of American Indian and Alaskan

Native Culture and Arts Development ... † † † † † 4,305 13,000 2,000 4,000 4,000Institute of Museum and Library Services ...... † † † † † † † 166,000 172,000 231,000James Madison Memorial Fellowship

Foundation ............................................... † † † † † 191 2,000 7,000 3,000 2,000Japanese-United States Friendship

Commission ............................................. † † † 2,294 2,236 2,299 2,000 3,000 3,000 3,000Library of Congress ........................................ 15,111 29,478 63,766 151,871 169,310 189,827 241,000 299,000 315,000 359,000National Aeronautics and Space

Administration .......................................... 208,788 258,366 197,901 255,511 487,624 1,093,303 1,757,900 2,077,830 2,202,032 2,066,869National Archives and Records

Administration .......................................... † † † † 52,118 77,397 105,172 121,879 148,175 180,866National Commission on Libraries and

Information Science ................................ † † 449 2,090 723 3,281 1,000 2,000 1,000 2,000National Endowment for the Arts ................... † 340 4,754 5,220 5,536 5,577 9,421 10,048 10,442 10,854National Endowment for the Humanities ........ † 8,459 63,955 142,586 125,671 141,048 151,727 100,014 105,709 103,000National Science Foundation .......................... 181,216 295,628 535,294 808,392 1,147,115 1,588,891 2,086,195 2,955,244 3,297,579 3,230,812Nuclear Regulatory Commission .................... † † 7,093 32,590 30,261 42,328 22,188 12,200 7,300 10,100Office of Economic Opportunity ...................... 189,871 1,092,410 16,619 † † † † † † †Smithsonian Institution .................................... 2,233 2,461 5,509 5,153 7,886 5,779 9,961 † † †United States Arms Control Agency ............... † 100 † 661 395 25 † 25,764 28,723 29,759United States Information Agency .................. 7,512 8,423 9,405 66,210 143,007 201,547 294,800 † † †United States Institute of Peace ..................... † † † † † 7,621 12,000 13,000 15,000 15,000

Other agencies ............................................... 10,055 1,421 5,949 990 432 885 500 300 400 5,645

† Not applicable.

NOTE: Data for fiscal year 2002 are estimated except the U.S. Department of Edu-cation, which are actual numbers. To the extent possible, amounts reported representoutlays, rather than obligations. Some data have been revised from previously publisheddata. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Negative amounts occur when pro-gram receipts exceed outlays.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,compiled from data appearing in U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of theU.S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1967 to 2003; National Science Foundation,Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 2002; and unpub-lished data obtained from various federal agencies. (This table was prepared June2003.)

423FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 365.—Federal on-budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program:Fiscal years 1965 to 2002


Level or educational purpose, by agency andprogram 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1995 2 2000 3 2001 4 2002 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Total, all programs ......................... $5,331,016 $12,526,499 $23,288,120 $34,493,502 $39,027,876 $51,624,342 $71,639,520 $85,944,203 $94,505,551 $108,023,643

Elementary/secondary educationprograms ................................................ $1,942,577 $5,830,442 $10,617,195 $16,027,686 $16,901,334 $21,984,361 $33,623,809 $43,790,783 $48,530,061 $53,334,560

Department of Education 6 .............................. 567,343 2,719,204 4,132,742 6,629,095 7,296,702 9,681,313 14,029,000 20,039,563 22,862,445 25,246,185Grants for the disadvantaged 6 .............. † 1,339,014 1,874,353 3,204,664 4,206,754 4,494,111 6,808,000 8,529,111 8,647,199 9,247,725Impact aid program 7 .............................. 349,671 656,372 618,711 690,170 647,402 816,366 808,000 877,101 1,040,425 1,125,056School improvement programs .............. 72,298 288,304 700,470 788,918 526,401 1,189,158 1,397,000 2,549,971 2,925,237 3,809,953Indian education ..................................... † † 40,036 93,365 82,328 69,451 71,000 65,285 77,791 103,935Bilingual education ................................. † 21,250 92,693 169,540 157,539 188,919 225,000 362,662 362,662 414,132Special education ................................... 13,849 79,090 151,244 821,777 1,017,964 1,616,623 3,177,000 4,948,977 5,809,009 7,000,092Vocational and adult education .............. 131,525 335,174 655,235 860,661 658,314 1,306,685 1,482,000 1,462,977 2,262,234 1,777,695Education Reform - Goals 2000 8 .......... † † † † † † 61,000 1,243,479 1,737,888 1,767,597

Department of Agriculture ............................... 623,014 760,477 1,884,345 4,064,497 4,134,906 5,528,950 8,201,294 10,051,278 10,140,527 10,894,031Child nutrition programs 9 ....................... 178,580 299,131 1,452,267 3,377,056 3,664,561 4,977,075 7,644,789 9,554,028 9,561,027 10,324,031Agricultural Marketing Service—

commodities 10 .................................. 340,073 341,597 248,839 388,000 336,502 350,441 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000Special milk program 9 ........................... 86,609 83,800 122,858 159,293 15,993 18,707 (9) (9) (9) (9)Estimated education share of Forest

Service permanent appropriations ....... 17,752 35,949 60,381 140,148 117,850 182,727 156,505 97,250 179,500 170,000Department of Commerce .............................. † † † 54,816 † † † † † †

Local public works program—schoolfacilities 11 ......................................... † † † 54,816 † † † † † †

Department of Defense .................................. 73,000 143,100 264,500 370,846 831,625 1,097,876 1,295,547 1,485,611 1,475,014 1,484,932Junior ROTC .......................................... † 12,100 12,500 32,000 55,600 39,300 155,600 210,432 217,053 234,767Overseas dependents schools ............... 73,000 131,000 252,000 338,846 613,437 864,958 855,772 904,829 906,044 889,919Domestic schools 7 ................................. † † † † 162,588 193,618 284,175 370,350 351,917 360,246

Department of Energy 12 ................................. 100 200 300 77,633 23,031 15,563 12,646 † † †Energy conservation for school

buildings 13 ........................................ † † † 77,240 22,731 15,213 10,746 † † †Pre-engineering program ....................... 100 200 300 393 300 350 1,900 † † †

Department of Health and HumanServices 14 ............................................... 79,999 167,333 683,885 1,077,000 1,531,059 2,396,793 5,116,559 6,011,036 6,958,027 7,315,921Head Start 15 .......................................... † † 403,900 735,000 1,075,059 1,447,758 3,534,000 5,267,000 6,199,812 6,537,640Payments to states for AFDC work

programs 16 ....................................... † † † † † 459,221 953,000 15,000 4,000 4,000Social Security student benefits 17 ......... 79,999 167,333 279,985 342,000 456,000 489,814 629,559 729,036 754,215 774,281

Department of the Interior .............................. 130,096 140,705 220,392 318,170 389,810 445,267 493,124 725,423 890,497 941,448Mineral Leasing Act and other funds:

Payments to states—estimatededucation share ............................ 11,075 12,294 27,389 62,636 127,369 123,811 18,750 24,610 34,680 66,013

Payments to counties—estimatededucation share ............................ 10,731 16,359 29,494 48,953 59,016 102,522 37,490 53,500 57,060 61,000

Indian Education:Bureau of Indian Affairs schools ..... 92,603 95,850 141,056 178,112 177,265 192,841 411,524 466,905 488,418 503,819Johnson-O’Malley assistance 18 ...... 15,534 16,080 22,251 28,081 25,675 25,556 24,359 17,387 16,998 17,113Education construction .................... † † † † † † † 161,021 292,341 292,503

Education expenses for children ofemployees, YellowstoneNational Park ................................... 153 122 202 388 485 538 1,000 2,000 1,000 1,000

Department of Justice ..................................... 6,402 8,237 9,822 23,890 36,117 65,997 128,850 224,800 380,600 406,400Vocational training expenses for

prisoners in federal prisons .............. 1,466 2,720 3,039 4,966 8,292 2,066 3,000 1,000 2,000 2,000Inmate programs 19 ................................ 4,936 5,517 6,783 18,924 27,825 63,931 125,850 223,800 378,600 404,400

Department of Labor ....................................... 230,041 420,927 1,097,811 1,849,800 1,945,268 2,505,487 3,957,800 4,683,200 5,189,000 6,351,000Job Corps 20 ........................................... † † 175,000 469,800 604,748 739,376 1,029,000 1,256,000 1,369,000 1,431,000Training programs—estimated funds

for education programs 21 ................ 230,041 420,927 922,811 1,380,000 1,340,520 1,766,111 2,928,800 3,427,200 3,820,000 4,920,000Department of Transportation 22 ..................... † 45 50 60 60 46 62 188 215 210

Tuition assistance for educationalaccreditation—Coast Guard personnel 23 ............... † 45 50 60 60 46 62 188 215 210

Department of the Treasury ........................... 32 † 847,139 935,903 273,728 † † † † †Estimated education share of general

revenue sharing: 24.State 25 ............................................ † † 475,224 525,019 † † † † † †Local ................................................ † † 371,915 410,884 273,728 † † † † †

Tuition assistance for educationalaccreditation—Coast Guard personnel 23 ............... 32 † † † † † † † † †

Department of Veterans Affairs 26 .................. 41,250 338,910 1,371,500 545,786 344,758 155,351 311,768 445,052 487,422 510,406Noncollegiate and job training

programs 27 ....................................... 14,550 281,640 1,249,410 439,993 224,035 12,848 † † † †Vocational rehabilitation for

disabled veterans 28 ........................ 17,400 41,700 73,100 87,980 107,480 136,780 298,132 438,635 479,817 501,806Dependents’ education 29 ....................... 9,300 15,570 48,990 17,813 13,243 5,723 5,961 6,417 7,605 8,600Service members occupational

conversion and training act of1992 30 .......................................... † † † † † † 7,675 † † †

Other agenciesAppalachian Regional Commission 31 .... † 33,161 41,667 9,157 4,632 93 2,173 2,588 5,922 5,200National Endowment for the Arts 32 ....... † † 3,686 4,989 4,399 4,641 7,117 6,002 5,839 5,800

Arts in education ............................. † † 3,686 4,989 4,399 4,641 7,117 6,002 5,839 5,800National Endowment for the

Humanities 33 .................................... † 20 149 330 321 404 997 812 1,063 1,000Office of Economic Opportunity 34 ......... 182,793 1,072,375 16,619 † † † † † † †

Head Start 35 ................................... 96,400 325,700 † † † † † † † †Other elementary and secondary

programs 36 ................................... 20,000 42,809 16,612 † † † † † † †Job Corps 37 .................................... 34,000 144,000 † † † † † † † †


Table 365.—Federal on-budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program:Fiscal years 1965 to 2002—Continued



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Youth Corps and other trainingprograms 38 ............................... 31,000 553,368 7 † † † † † † †

Volunteers in Service to America(VISTA) 39 ..................................... 1,393 6,498 † † † † † † † †

Other programsEstimated education share of federal

aid to the District of Columbia .......... 8,507 25,748 42,588 65,714 84,918 86,579 66,871 115,230 133,490 172,027

Postsecondary education programs .......... $1,197,511 $3,447,697 $7,644,037 $11,115,882 $11,174,379 $13,650,915 $17,618,137 $15,008,715 $14,893,501 $22,834,064

Department of Education 6 .............................. 237,955 1,187,962 2,089,184 5,682,242 8,202,499 11,175,978 14,234,000 10,727,315 9,840,748 17,056,188Student financial assistance 40 ............... † † † 3,682,789 4,162,695 5,920,328 7,047,000 9,060,317 10,160,986 12,577,937Federal Direct Student Loan

Program 41,42 .................................... † † † † † † 840,000 –2,862,240 255,162 97,304Federal Family Education Loan

Program 42,43 .................................... † 2,323 111,087 1,407,977 3,534,795 4,372,446 5,190,000 2,707,473 –2,404,824 2,342,829Higher education .................................... 218,264 1,029,131 1,838,066 399,787 404,511 659,492 871,000 1,530,779 1,462,478 1,687,173Facilities—loans and insurance 42 .......... 3,588 114,199 16,292 –19,031 5,307 19,219 –6,000 –2,174 –957 1,993College housing loans 42,44 .................... † † † 14,082 –164,061 –57,167 –46,000 –41,886 –30,654 –36,933Educational activities overseas .............. 129 774 1,881 3,561 1,838 82 † † † †Historically Black Colleges and

Universities Capital Financing,Program Account 45 .......................... † † † † † † † 150 195 197

Gallaudet College and HowardUniversity .......................................... 15,974 38,559 111,971 176,829 229,938 230,327 292,000 291,060 340,103 330,807

National Technical Institute for theDeaf 46 .................................................. † 2,976 9,887 16,248 27,476 31,251 46,000 43,836 58,259 54,881

Department of Agriculture ............................... † † 6,450 10,453 17,741 31,273 33,373 30,676 37,660 40,660Agriculture Extension Service, Second

Morrill Act payments to agriculturaland mechanical colleges andTuskegee Institute 47 ........................ † † 6,450 10,453 17,741 31,273 33,373 30,676 37,660 40,660

Department of Commerce .............................. 5,081 8,277 14,973 29,971 2,163 3,312 3,487 3,800 3,954 4,160Sea Grant Program 48 ............................ † † 1,886 3,123 2,163 3,312 3,487 3,800 3,954 4,160Merchant Marine Academy 49 ................ 3,570 6,160 10,152 14,809 † † † † † †State marine schools 49 .......................... 1,511 2,117 2,935 12,039 † † † † † †

Department of Defense 50 ............................... 77,500 322,100 379,800 545,000 1,041,700 635,769 729,500 1,147,759 1,299,169 1,376,312Tuition assistance for military

personnel .......................................... † 57,500 86,800 (51) 77,100 95,300 127,000 263,303 346,458 342,500Service academies 52 ............................. 77,500 78,700 86,200 106,100 196,400 120,613 163,300 212,678 241,187 241,564Senior ROTC .......................................... † 108,100 116,500 (51) 354,000 193,056 219,400 363,461 387,091 439,330Professional development education 53 † 77,800 90,300 (51) 414,200 226,800 219,800 308,317 324,433 352,918

Department of Energy 12 ................................. 3,000 3,000 3,000 57,701 19,475 25,502 28,027 † † †University laboratory cooperative

program ............................................ 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,800 6,500 9,402 8,552 † † †Teacher development projects 54 ........... † † † 1,400 † † † † † †Graduate traineeship programs 55 .......... — — — — — — — — — —Energy conservation for buildings—

higher education 13 ............................... † † † 53,501 12,705 7,459 7,381 † † †Minority honors vocational training 56 ..... † † † † 150 † † † † †Honors research program 56 .................. † † † † 120 6,472 2,221 † † †Students and teachers 57 ....................... † † † † † 2,169 9,873 † † †

Department of Health and HumanServices 14 ........................................ 469,223 981,483 1,686,650 2,412,058 516,088 578,542 796,035 954,190 1,360,554 1,524,033

Health professions training programs 58 139,795 353,029 599,350 460,736 212,200 230,600 298,302 340,361 681,062 771,775Indian health manpower 59 ..................... † † † 7,187 5,577 9,508 27,000 16,000 29,000 31,000National Health Service Corps

scholarships ...................................... † † 1,206 70,667 2,268 4,759 78,206 33,300 43,000 49,000National Institutes of Health training

grants 60 ............................................ † † 154,875 176,388 217,927 241,356 380,502 550,220 589,704 654,490National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health training grants .... 4,327 8,088 7,182 12,899 8,760 10,461 11,660 14,198 17,699 17,700Alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health

training programs 61 ........................ 85,101 118,366 83,727 122,103 43,617 81,353 † † † †Health teaching facilities ........................ † † 353 3,078 739 505 365 110 89 68Social Security postsecondary students’

benefits 62 ......................................... 240,000 502,000 839,957 1,559,000 25,000 † † † † †Department of Housing and Urban

Development 42 ................................. 220,744 114,199 –55,418 † † † † † † †College housing loans 42,44 .................... 220,744 114,199 –55,418 † † † † † † †

Department of the Interior .............................. 30,153 31,749 50,844 80,202 125,247 135,480 159,054 187,179 149,391 199,005Shared revenues, Mineral Leasing Actand other receipts—estimated

education share ................................ 6,260 6,949 15,480 35,403 71,991 69,980 82,810 98,740 58,580 104,470Indian programs:

Continuing education 63 ................... 8,993 9,380 13,311 16,909 24,338 34,911 43,907 57,576 63,044 66,640Higher education scholarships ........ 14,900 15,420 22,053 27,890 28,918 30,589 32,337 30,863 27,767 27,895

Department of State ....................................... 53,420 30,850 50,347 † † 2,167 3,000 319,000 316,800 291,000Educational exchange 64 ........................ 53,420 30,850 50,347 † † † † 319,000 316,800 291,000

Mutual educational and culturalexchange activities ................... 47,025 30,454 50,300 † † † † 303,000 300,800 274,000

International educationalexchange activities .................... 6,395 396 47 † † † † 16,000 16,000 17,000

Russian, Eurasian, and East EuropeanResearch and Training 65 ................. † † † † † 2,167 3,000 † † †

Department of Transportation 22 ..................... † 11,197 11,885 12,530 55,569 46,025 59,257 60,300 80,500 82,200Merchant Marine Academy 49 ................ † † † † 19,898 20,926 30,850 34,000 49,000 49,000State marine schools 49 .......................... † † † † 19,777 8,269 8,980 7,000 7,000 7,000Coast Guard Academy 23 ....................... † 9,342 9,780 10,000 11,857 12,074 13,500 15,500 15,200 15,900Postgraduate training for Coast Guard

officers 66 .............................................. † 1,655 1,855 2,230 3,499 4,173 5,513 2,500 6,900 7,400

425FEDERAL PROGRAMS




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Tuition assistance to Coast Guardmilitary personnel 23 ........................ † 200 250 300 538 582 414 1,300 2,400 2,900

Department of the Treasury ........................... 8,208 † 268,605 296,750 † † † † † †General revenue sharing—estimated

state share to higher education 24,25 † † 268,605 296,750 † † † † † †Coast Guard Academy 23 ....................... 6,815 † † † † † † † † †Postgraduate training for Coast Guard

officers 66 .............................................. 1,293 † † † † † † † † †Tuition assistance to Coast Guard

military personnel 23 ........................ 100 † † † † † † † † †Department of Veterans Affairs 26 .................. 55,650 693,490 3,029,600 1,803,847 944,091 599,825 1,010,114 1,132,322 1,314,920 1,790,867

Vietnam-era veterans: 67 ........................ 33,950 638,260 2,840,600 1,579,974 694,217 46,998 † † † †College student support .................. † † † 1,560,081 679,953 39,458 † † † †Work-study ...................................... † † † 19,893 14,264 7,540 † † † †

Service persons college support 68 ........ † 18,900 74,690 46,617 35,630 8,911 † † † †Post-Vietnam veterans 69 ....................... † † † 922 82,554 161,475 33,596 3,958 4,000 3,360All-volunteer-force educational

assistance: 70 † † † † 196 269,947 868,394 984,068 1,129,264 1,596,071Veterans 71 ...................................... † † † † † 183,765 760,390 876,434 993,271 1,460,321Reservists 72 .................................... † † † † 196 86,182 108,004 107,634 135,993 135,750

Veteran dependents’ education 73 .......... 21,700 36,330 114,310 176,334 131,494 100,494 95,124 131,296 167,939 177,436Payments to state education

agencies 74 ....................................... † † † † † 12,000 13,000 13,000 13,717 14,000Other agencies

Appalachian Regional Commission 31 .... † 4,105 2,545 1,751 † † 2,741 2,286 2,025 2,100National Endowment for the

Humanities 33 .................................... † 3,349 25,320 56,451 49,098 50,938 56,481 28,395 30,581 30,000National Science Foundation ................. 27,170 42,000 60,283 64,583 60,069 161,884 211,800 389,000 432,000 413,000

Science and engineeringeducation programs .................. 27,170 37,000 60,283 64,583 60,069 161,884 211,800 389,000 432,000 413,000

Sea Grant Program 48 ..................... † 5,000 † † † † † † † †United States Information Agency 75 ...... 7,512 8,423 9,405 51,095 124,041 181,172 260,800 † † †

Educational and cultural affairs 64 ... † † † 49,546 21,079 35,862 13,600 † † †Educational and cultural exchange

programs 76 ................................... † † † † 101,529 145,307 247,200 † † †Educational exchange activities,

international .................................. † † † 1,549 1,433 3 † † † †Information center and library

activities 77 ................................. 7,512 8,423 9,405 † † † † † † †Other programs

Barry Goldwater Scholarship andExcellence in EducationFoundation 78 .................................... † † † † † 1,033 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000

Estimated education share of federalaid to the District of Columbia .......... 1,895 5,513 10,564 13,143 15,266 14,637 9,468 11,493 13,199 12,539

Harry S Truman Scholarship fund 42,79 .. † † † –1,895 1,332 2,883 3,000 3,000 2,000 3,000Institute of American Indian and

Alaskan Native Culture andArts Development 80 ......................... † † † † † 4,305 13,000 2,000 4,000 4,000

James Madison Memorial FellowshipFoundation 81 .................................... † † † † † 191 2,000 7,000 3,000 2,000

Other education programs .......................... $374,652 $964,719 $1,608,478 $1,548,730 $2,107,588 $3,383,031 $4,719,655 $5,484,571 $5,880,007 $6,190,490

Department of Education 6 .............................. 182,021 630,235 1,045,659 747,706 1,173,055 2,251,801 2,861,000 3,223,355 3,293,355 3,396,823Administration ......................................... 17,732 47,456 108,372 187,317 284,900 328,293 404,000 458,054 551,681 531,259Libraries 82 .............................................. 26,111 108,284 225,810 129,127 85,650 137,264 117,000 † † †Rehabilitative services and

disability research ............................. 137,313 473,091 709,483 426,886 798,298 1,780,360 2,333,000 2,755,468 2,730,254 2,852,170American Printing House for the Blind ... 865 1,404 1,994 4,349 4,230 5,736 7,000 9,368 10,531 12,925Trust funds and contributions 42 ............. † † † 27 23 148 † 465 889 469

Department of Agriculture ............................... 87,551 135,637 220,395 271,112 336,375 352,511 422,878 444,477 454,576 460,473Extension Service ................................... 85,924 131,734 215,523 263,584 325,986 337,907 405,371 424,174 432,476 439,473National Agricultural Library ................... 1,627 3,903 4,872 7,528 10,389 14,604 17,507 20,303 22,100 21,000

Department of Commerce .............................. 251 1,226 2,317 2,479 † † † † † †Maritime Administration:

Training for private sectoremployees 49 ............................. 251 1,226 2,317 2,479 † † † † † †

Department of Health and HumanServices 14 ............................................... 3,953 24,273 31,653 37,819 47,195 77,962 138,000 214,000 243,000 282,000National Library of Medicine .................. 3,953 24,273 31,653 37,819 47,195 77,962 138,000 214,000 243,000 282,000

Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment ............................................ 512 † † † † † † † † †Urban mass transportation—

managerial training grants 83 ............ 512 † † † † † † † † †Department of Justice ..................................... 3,850 5,546 42,818 27,642 25,517 26,920 36,296 34,727 29,120 26,398

FBI National Academy ........................... 1,850 2,066 5,100 7,234 4,189 6,028 12,831 22,479 22,198 17,892FBI Field Police Academy ...................... 1,450 2,500 5,254 7,715 10,220 10,548 11,140 11,962 6,644 8,313Narcotics and dangerous drug training .. 550 980 1,152 2,416 83 850 325 286 278 193National Institute of Corrections 84 ......... † † 31,312 10,277 11,025 9,494 12,000 † † †

Department of State ....................................... 10,780 20,672 28,113 25,000 23,791 47,539 51,648 69,349 73,268 96,579Foreign Service Institute ........................ 6,395 15,857 20,750 25,000 23,791 47,539 51,648 69,349 73,268 96,579Center for Cultural and Technical

Interchange 64 ................................... 4,385 4,815 7,363 † † † † † † †Department of Transportation 22 ..................... † 3,964 11,877 10,212 3,785 1,507 650 700 495 591

Highways training and educationgrants 85 ............................................... † 2,418 3,250 3,412 1,500 † † † † †

Maritime Administration:Training for private sector

employees 49 ............................. † † † † 1,135 1,507 650 700 495 591





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Urban mass transportation—managerialtraining grants 83 .............................. † 1,546 2,627 500 1,150 † † † † †

Federal Aviation Administration 86

Air traffic controllers secondcareer program 87 ............................. † † 6,000 6,300 † † † † † †

Department of the Treasury ........................... † 18 3,096 14,584 16,160 41,488 48,000 83,000 88,000 139,000Federal Law Enforcement Training

Center 88 ........................................... † 18 3,096 14,584 16,160 41,488 48,000 83,000 88,000 139,000Other agencies

ACTION 89 .............................................. † † 7,045 2,833 1,761 8,472 † † † †Estimated education funds 90 .......... † † 7,045 2,833 1,761 8,472 † † † †

Agency for International Development ... 63,329 88,034 78,896 99,707 141,847 170,371 260,408 299,000 452,000 431,000Education and human resources .... 53,968 61,570 58,349 80,518 115,104 142,801 248,408 299,000 452,000 431,000American schools and hospitals

abroad ........................................... 9,361 26,464 20,547 19,189 26,743 27,570 12,000 † † †Appalachian Regional Commission 30 .... † 572 1,574 8,124 113 † 5,709 2,369 1,613 1,600Corporation for National and

Community Service 89 ...................... † † † † † † 214,600 386,000 452,000 431,000Estimated education funds 90 .......... † † † † † † 214,600 386,000 452,000 431,000

Federal Emergency ManagementAgency 91 .......................................... † 290 290 281 405 215 170,400 14,894 23,778 20,380

Estimated architect/engineer studentdevelopment program 92 ................. † 40 40 31 155 200 † † † †Estimated other training

programs 93 ............................... † 250 250 250 250 15 † † 450 380Estimated disaster relief 94 .............. † † † † † † 170,400 14,894 23,328 20,000

General Services Administration.Libraries and other archival

activities 95 ................................. 4,013 14,775 22,532 34,800 † † † † † †Institute of Museum and Library

Services 82 ........................................ † † † † † † † 166,000 172,000 231,000Japanese-United States Friendship

Commission 96 .................................. † † † 2,294 2,236 2,299 2,000 3,000 3,000 3,000Library of Congress ................................ 15,111 29,478 63,766 151,871 169,310 189,827 241,000 299,000 315,000 359,000

Salaries and expenses .................... 11,421 20,700 48,798 102,364 130,354 148,985 198,000 247,000 260,000 317,000Books for the blind and the

physically handicapped ............. 2,317 6,195 11,908 31,436 32,954 37,473 39,000 46,000 49,000 35,000Special foreign currency program ... 1,187 2,273 2,333 3,492 4,621 10 † † † †Furniture and furnishings ................ 186 310 727 14,579 1,381 3,359 4,000 6,000 6,000 7,000

National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationAerospace education services

project ........................................ 100 350 600 882 1,800 3,300 5,923 6,800 6,832 6,569National Archives and Records

Administration 97

Libraries and other archivalactivities ..................................... † † † † 52,118 77,397 105,172 121,879 148,175 180,866

National Commission on Libraries andInformation Science 98 ..................... † † 449 2,090 723 3,281 1,000 2,000 1,000 2,000

National Endowment for the Arts 32 ....... † 340 1,068 231 1,137 936 2,304 4,046 4,603 5,054National Endowment for the

Humanities 33 .................................... † 5,090 38,486 85,805 76,252 89,706 94,249 70,807 74,065 72,000Smithsonian Institution ........................... 2,233 2,461 5,509 5,153 7,886 5,779 9,961 25,764 28,723 29,759

Museum programs and relatedresearch .................................... 2,133 2,261 4,203 3,254 4,665 690 3,190 18,000 21,000 21,000

National Gallery of Art extensionservice ........................................... 100 200 300 426 675 474 771 764 723 759

Woodrow Wilson InternationalCenter for Scholars ................... † † 1,006 1,473 2,546 4,615 6,000 7,000 7,000 8,000

U.S. Information Agency—Center forCultural and TechnicalInterchange 64 ................................... † † † 15,115 18,966 20,375 34,000 † † †

U.S. Institute of Peace 99 ....................... † † † † † 7,621 12,000 13,000 15,000 15,000Other programs:

Estimated education share of federalaid for the District of Columbia ........ 948 1,758 2,335 2,990 7,156 3,724 2,457 404 404 398

Research programs at universities andrelated institutions 100 ........................... $1,816,276 $2,283,641 $3,418,410 $5,801,204 $8,844,575 $12,606,035 $15,677,919 $21,660,134 $25,201,982 $25,664,529

Department of Education 101 .................. 13,248 87,823 82,770 78,742 28,809 89,483 279,000 116,464 565,477 625,156Department of Agriculture ...................... 58,362 64,796 108,162 216,405 293,252 348,109 434,544 553,600 677,600 500,900Department of Commerce ...................... 4,015 4,487 21,677 48,295 52,951 50,523 85,442 110,775 125,969 109,200Department of Defense .......................... 436,912 356,188 364,929 644,455 1,245,888 1,871,864 1,853,955 1,891,710 2,506,985 1,887,978Department of Energy ............................ 439,334 548,327 761,376 1,470,224 2,205,316 2,520,885 2,651,641 3,577,004 3,746,156 3,625,124Department of Health and Human

Services ............................................ 474,362 623,765 1,273,037 2,087,053 3,228,014 4,902,714 6,418,969 10,491,641 12,167,244 13,736,536Department of Housing and Urban

Development .................................... † 510 2,650 5,314 438 118 1,613 1,400 1,600 1,300Department of the Interior ...................... 9,839 18,521 28,955 42,175 34,422 49,790 50,618 47,200 64,100 45,200Department of Justice ............................ † 1,945 8,902 9,189 5,168 6,858 7,204 19,400 37,800 17,300Department of Labor .............................. † 3,567 6,124 12,938 3,417 5,893 10,114 12,900 13,400 13,200Department of State ............................... † 8,220 10,973 188 29 1,519 23 † † †Department of Transportation ................ † 12,328 28,478 31,910 22,621 28,608 75,847 55,866 70,172 61,378Department of the Treasury ................... † † † 226 388 227 1,496 † † †Department of Veterans Affairs .............. 337 518 1,112 1,600 1,000 2,300 2,500 † † †ACTION .................................................. † † 36 † † † † † † †Agency for International Development ... † † † 77,063 56,960 79,415 30,172 33,500 31,500 31,500Environmental Protection Agency .......... † 19,446 33,875 41,083 60,521 87,481 125,721 98,900 125,500 115,900Federal Emergency Management

Agency .............................................. † † † 1,665 1,423 † † † † †

427FEDERAL PROGRAMS




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration ................................... 208,688 258,016 197,301 254,629 485,824 1,090,003 1,751,977 2,071,030 2,195,200 2,060,300

National Science Foundation ................. 154,046 253,628 475,011 743,809 1,087,046 1,427,007 1,874,395 2,566,244 2,865,579 2,817,812Nuclear Regulatory Commission ............ † † 7,093 32,590 30,261 42,328 22,188 12,200 7,300 10,100Office of Economic Opportunity ............. 7,078 20,035 † † † † † † † †U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament

Agency ................................................. † 100 † 661 395 25 † † † †Other agencies ....................................... 10,055 1,421 5,949 990 432 885 500 300 400 5,645

† Not applicable.—Not available.1 Excludes $4,440,000,000 for federal support for medical education benefits under

Medicare in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Is not included in thetotal because data before fiscal year 1990 are not available. This program has existedsince Medicare began, but was not available as a separate budget item until FY 90.

2 Excludes $7,510,000,000 for federal support for medical education benefits underMedicare. See footnote 1.




5 Estimated. The U.S. Department of Education are actual numbers and the otheragencies are estimates. Excludes $9,020,000,000 for federal support for medical edu-cation benefits under Medicare. See footnote 1.

6 The U.S. Department of Education was created in May 1980. It formerly was the Of-fice of Education in the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

7 Domestic Schools formerly called Section 6 of public law 81–874 (the former ImpactAid statute) was funded and administered by the U.S. Department of Education during1951–1981. This program allowed the Secretary to make arrangements for the educationof children who reside on federal property when no suitable local school district couldor would provide for the education of these children. Since 1981, the provision was fund-ed by the Department of Defense and in 1994, when public law 81–874 was repealed,the Department of Defense was authorized to fund and administer similar provisions.

8 This program created a national framework for education reform and meeting the Na-tional Education Goals. This program included the School-To-Work Opportunities pro-gram which initiated a national system to be administered jointly by the U.S. Depart-ments of Education and Labor. Programs in the Education Reform program have beentransferred to the School Improvement program or discontinued in FY 2002. Amountsin this program reflect balances that are spending out from prior-year appropriations.

9 Starting in FY 94, the Special Milk program was included in the Child Nutrition pro-gram.

10 These commodities are purchased under Section 32 of the Act of August 24, 1935,for use in the child nutrition programs.

11 This program assisted in the construction of public facilities, such as vocationalschools, through grants or loans. No funds have been appropriated for this account sinceFY 77, and it was completely phased out in FY 84.

12 The U.S. Department of Energy was created in 1977. It formerly was the EnergyResearch and Development Administration and before that the Atomic Energy Commis-sion. No funds were designated for any of the education programs listed on this tablein FYs 96 and 97.

13 This program was established in 1979. Funds were first appropriated for this pro-gram in FY 80.

14 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services was part of the U.S. Depart-ment of Health, Education, and Welfare until May 1980.

15 The Head Start program was formerly in the Office of Economic Opportunity, andfunds were appropriated to the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Of-fice of Child Development, beginning in 1972.

16 This program was created by the Family Support Act of 1988. It provides funds forthe Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program. This activity is being replacedby Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program.

17 After age 18, benefits terminate at the end of the school term or in 3 months, which-ever is less.

18 This program provides funding for supplemental programs for eligible American In-dian students in public schools.

19 This program finances the cost of academic, social, and occupational educationcourses for inmates in federal prisons.

20 The Job Corps program was formerly in the Office of Economic Opportunity, andfunds were appropriated to the U.S. Department of Labor beginning in 1971 and 1972.

21Some of the work and training programs included in this program were in the Officeof Economic Opportunity and were transferred to the U.S. Department of Labor in 1971and 1972. Beginning in FY 94, the School-to-Work Opportunities program is included.This program is administered jointly by the U.S. Departments of Education and Labor.

22The U.S. Department of Transportation was created in 1967.23This program was transferred from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the U.S.

Department of Transportation in 1967.24This program was established in FY 72 and closed in FY 86.25The states’ share of revenue-sharing funds could not be spent on education in FYs

81–86.26The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, formerly the Veterans Administration, was

created in March 1989.27This program provides educational assistance allowances in order to restore lost

educational opportunities to those individuals whose careers were interrupted or impededby reason of active military service between January 31, 1955, and January 1, 1977.Includes ‘‘Readjustment Benefits,’’ Chapter 34, for education other than college and alsoincludes the Veterans Job Training program for service persons and veterans. TheChapter 34 program closed December 31, 1989. The Veterans Job Training Programwas put in the program Payments to State Education Agencies. Veterans who were still

eligible to receive benefits under Chapter 34 were covered by Chapter 30 (The All-Vol-unteer-Force Educational Assistance program).

28This program is in ‘‘Readjustment Benefits’’ program, Chapter 31, and covers thecosts of subsistence, tuition, books, supplies, and equipment for disabled veterans re-quiring vocational rehabilitation.

29This program is in the ‘‘Readjustment Benefits’’ program, Chapter 35, and providesbenefits to children and spouses of veterans.

30The purpose of this program is to provide stable and permanent employment tothose men and women who have served on active duty on or after August 2, 1990, andare unemployed. Program expired in 1997.

31This agency was established March 9, 1965. Its first year of appropriations was1966. The outlays were larger in the years 1970 and 1975 for elementary and secondaryeducation because of the construction of facilities for vocational schools.

32This agency was established in 1965. In 1970, $900,000 was appropriated throughthe Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, for the Na-tional Endowment for the Arts, Arts in Education program.

33This agency was established in 1965. First year of appropriations was 1966.34The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 authorized 10 major action programs, includ-

ing Job Corps, Neighborhood Youth Corps, Adult Literacy, Work Experience, CollegeWork-Study, and Community Action programs, including Head Start, Follow Through,and Upward Bound, and authorized the establishment of Volunteers in Service to Amer-ica (VISTA). These programs were transferred to the U.S. Department of Health, Edu-cation, and Welfare, U.S. Department of Labor, and the Action Agency in the 1970s. Anact on January 4, 1975 established the Community Services Administration as the suc-cessor agency to the Office of Economic Opportunity.

35Head Start program funds were transferred to the U.S. Department of Health, Edu-cation, and Welfare, Office of Child Development, in 1972.

36Most of these programs were transferred to the U.S. Department of Health, Edu-cation, and Welfare, Office of Education, in 1972.

37The Job Corps programs were transferred to the U.S. Department of Labor in 1971and 1972.

38These programs were transferred to the U.S. Department of Labor in 1971 and1972.

39These programs were transferred to the Action Agency in 1972.40Similar programs were included in the ‘‘higher education’’ program in 1965 through

1975.41The Student Loan Reform Act of 1993 authorized a new Federal Direct Student

Loan (FDSL) program, renamed the William D. Ford Direct Loan program. This programis a new streamlined lending system that simplifies the process of obtaining and repay-ing loans for student and parent borrowers and provides borrowers with greater choicein repayment plans.

42Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed outlays.43Similar programs were included in the ‘‘higher education’’ program in 1965 through

1975, formerly called the ‘‘Guaranteed Student Loan’’ program.44This program was transferred from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban De-

velopment to the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Edu-cation, in FY 79.

45The Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) Capital Financing programwas authorized by the Higher Education Act Amendments of 1992 to provide HBCUswith private funds for repair, renovation, and construction projects.

46First year of appropriations for this program was 1967.47Program funds were first appropriated for Tuskegee Institute in 1972.48The Sea Grant College Program Act of 1966 established a matching fund grant pro-

gram that provides for the establishment of a network of programs in fields related todevelopment and preservation of the nation’s coastal and marine resources. This pro-gram was transferred from the National Science Foundation to the U.S. Department ofCommerce, October 1970.

49This program was transferred to the U.S. Department of Transportation in FY 81 byPublic Law 97–31, from the U.S. Department of Commerce.

50The U.S. Department of Defense funds for FYs 90 to 96 exclude military pay andreserve accounts which were included in previous years. FY 65 data are not availableexcept for service academies.

51Included in total above.52Instructional costs only are included. These include academics, audiovisual, aca-

demic computing center, faculty training, military training, physical education, and librar-ies.

53Includes special education programs (military and civilian); legal education program;flight training; advanced degree program; college degree program (officers); and ‘‘ArmedForces Health Professions Scholarship’’ program.

54No funds have been appropriated since FY 82.55This program receives funds periodically.56Appropriations began in FY 84.57Appropriations began in FY 89.58Does not include higher education assistance loans.59Appropriations began in FY 78.60Alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health training programs are included starting in fis-

cal year 1992.61Beginning in fiscal year 1992, data were included in the National Institutes of Health

training grants program.62Postsecondary student benefits were ended by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation

Act of 1981 (Public Law 97–35) and were completely phased out by August 1985.


63Includes adult education, tribally-controlled community colleges, postsecondary in-struction, and other education.

64This program was transferred from the U.S. Department of State to the InternationalCommunication Agency (I.C.A.) in 1977, which consolidated the functions of the U.S. In-formation Agency and the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and CulturalAffairs. In FY 82 the I.C.A. became the U.S.I.A. In FY 98 pursuant to the Foreign AffairsReform and Restructuring Act of 1998, this program from the United States InformationAgency was transferred to the U.S. Department of State.

65This program provides funds for advanced study and research projects of the Rus-sian, Eurasian, and Eastern European countries by American institutions of higher edu-cation and private research firms. Appropriations began in FY 88.

66Includes flight training. This program was in the U.S. Department of the Treasuryin 1965 and was transferred to the U.S. Department of Transportation in 1967.

67Includes benefits for Vietnam-era veterans under Chapter 34 (GI Bill) of the ‘‘Read-justment Benefits’’ education and training program. This program provides educationalassistance allowances, primarily on a monthly basis, in order to restore lost educationalopportunities to those individuals whose careers were interrupted or impeded by reasonof active military service between January 31, 1955, and January 1, 1977. This programclosed December 31, 1989. Some veterans who were still eligible were put in Chapter30 (the All-Volunteer-Force Educational Assistance program).

68Includes service persons under Chapter 34 (GI Bill) of the ‘‘Readjustment Benefits’’education and training program. Service persons with over 180 days of active duty, anypart of which was before January 1, 1977, are eligible to participate in this program.

69Includes post-Vietnam-era veterans, under Chapter 32, of the post-Vietnam-era ‘‘Vet-erans Education Account.’’ Provides education and training assistance payments to vet-erans and service persons with no active duty time before January 1, 1977. Funding isprovided through participants’ contributions while on active duty and through transfersfrom the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairsfunds are not appropriated for this program, so these data represent obligations, whichare funded through other agencies’ appropriations.

70Public Law 98–525, enacted October 19, 1984 (New GI Bill), established two newpeacetime educational programs: an assistance program for veterans who entered activeduty during the period beginning July 1, 1985, to June 30, 1988, and an assistance pro-gram for certain members of the Selected Reserve.

71Chapter 30, also called the Montgomery Bill, and the new GI Bill are for eligible vet-erans who have agreed to have their military pay reduced $100 per month for their first12 months of active duty. The ‘‘Readjustment Benefits’’ account under the U.S. Depart-ment of Veterans Affairs pays only the basic allowance, up to a maximum of $536 permonth, for full-time training. ‘‘Supplemental Benefits’’ are paid by the U.S. Departmentof Defense (DOD).

72Chapter 106 is for members of the Selected Reserve. The reserve components in-clude the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps Reserve, Army National Guard and AirNational Guard under the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and the Coast Guard Re-serve, which is under the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) when it is not oper-ating as a service in the Navy. Eligible persons can receive up to $255 per month forfull-time training. The DOD and DOT pay for this program, and the U.S. Department ofVeterans Affairs administers it.

73Includes dependents of veterans under Chapter 35, the ‘‘Readjustment Benefits’’education and training program. Provides education and training benefits to dependentsof veterans who died of a service-connected disability or whose service-connected dis-ability is rated permanent and total.

74Payments have been made to state education agencies for a number of years butwere not listed separately until FY 88.

75The U.S.I.A. was called the ‘‘International Communication Agency’’ in FYs 80 and81. This program was transferred from the U.S. Department of State to the InternationalCommunication Agency (I.C.A.) in 1977, which consolidated the functions of the U.S. In-formation Agency and the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and CulturalAffairs. In FY 82 the I.C.A. became the U.S.I.A. In FY 98 pursuant to the Foreign AffairsReform and Restructuring Act of 1998, this program from the United States InformationAgency was transferred to the U.S. Department of State and the newly created Broad-casting Board of Governors.

76This program was in the ‘‘Educational and Cultural Affairs’’ program in FYs 80–83,and became an independent program in FY 84.

77This program was combined with the ‘‘Educational and Cultural Affairs’’ program inFY 77.

78Public Law 99–661 established this program to operate the Foundation whichawards scholarships and fellowships to outstanding graduate and undergraduate stu-dents who intend to pursue careers or advanced degrees in science or mathematics. Itmay also award honoraria to outstanding individuals who have made significant contribu-tions to improve the instruction of science and mathematics in secondary schools.

79Appropriations for this program began in FY 76.80Public Law 99–498 established this Institute as an independent non-profit corpora-

tion to provide Native Americans with an opportunity to obtain a postsecondary edu-cation in various fields of Indian art and culture.

81Public Laws 99–500 and 99–591 established the James Madison Memorial Fellow-ship Foundation to operate a fellowship program to encourage graduate study of theAmerican Constitution. First year of appropriations was FY 88.

82This program was transferred to the Institute of Museum and Library Services in fis-cal year 1997. Program was formerly in the U.S. Department of Education.

83This program was transferred to the U.S. Department of Transportation in FY 68from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

84This program was established by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency PreventionAct of 1974 to provide education and training and to provide leadership in improving cor-rectional programs and practices in prisons. This program was transferred in 1997 to theFederal Prison System, Salaries and Expenses, budget in the Contract Confinement pro-gram.

85Appropriations for this program began in FY 70.86The Federal Aviation Administration, an independent agency, was transferred to the

U.S. Department of Transportation in FY 67.87Appropriations began in FY 72.88First year of appropriations was FY 70.89The National Service Trust Act of 1993 established the Corporation for National and

Community Service. In 1993, ACTION became part of this agency.90These programs included the Service Learning programs, University Year for AC-

TION, Volunteers in Service to America, Youth Challenge program, and the National Stu-dent Volunteer program in FY 1975. In FY 80, programs included were the UniversityYear for ACTION, Young Volunteers for ACTION, and National Service Learning pro-grams. In fiscal year 1985, the program included was the Service Learning programs,and in FYs 89 to 94, programs included were the Literacy Corps and the Student Com-munity Services program. In FYs 94 through 98 the AmeriCorps program was included.This program provides education grants to help pay for college or to repay student loansfor people who perform community service before, during or after postsecondary edu-cation.

91The Federal Emergency Management Agency was created in 1979, representing acombination of five existing agencies. The two largest were the Defense Civil Prepared-ness Agency in the U.S. Department of Defense and the Federal Preparedness Agencyin the General Services Administration. The funds for the Federal Emergency Manage-ment Agency in FY 70 to FY 75 were in the other agencies.

92First year of appropriations was FY 68.93First appropriations for the ‘‘other training programs’’ were in the late 1960s. These

programs include the Fall-Out Shelter Analysis, Blast Protection Design through 1992.Starting in FY 1993, earthquake training and safety for teachers and administrators forgrades 1 through 12 are included.

94The disaster relief program repairs and replaces damaged and destroyed schoolbuildings. In FY 94 and FY 95, funds were for repairs due to the Northridge Earthquakein California. In FY 94, $37.2 million was spent on school districts; $4.2 million was spenton community colleges and $43.8 million spent on universities. In FY 95, $74.4 millionwas spent on school districts; $8.4 million on community colleges and $87.6 million oncolleges and universities.

95This program was transferred from the General Services Administration to the Na-tional Archives and Records Administration in April 1985.

96This program makes grants for the promotion of scholarly, cultural, and artistic ex-changes between Japan and the United States. Appropriations began in FY 76.

97The National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agencyin April 1985.

98This program was established by the act of July 20, 1970, Public Law 91–345.99This program was established by Congress to conduct and support research and

scholarships in the fields of peace, arms control, and conflict resolution.100Includes federal obligations for research and development centers and R & D plant

administered by colleges and universities. FY 2001 and FY 2002 are estimated.101Total outlays for FYs 65 and 70 include the ‘‘Research and Training’’ program. FY

75 includes the ‘‘National Institute of Education’’ program. FYs 80 to 2002 include out-lays for the Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. To the extentpossible, amounts reported represent outlays rather than obligations. Detail may not sumto totals due to rounding. Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed out-lays.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,compiled from data appearing in U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of theU.S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1967 to 2003; National Science Foundation,Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 2002; and unpub-lished data obtained from various federal agencies. (This table was prepared June2003.)

429FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 366.—Estimated federal support for education, by agency and type of ultimate recipient: Fiscal year 2002[In millions of dollars]

Agency TotalLocal

educationagencies

Stateeducationagencies

StudentsPostsec-

ondary in-stitutions

FederalMultipletypes of

recipientsOther 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Total 2 ......................................................................................... $146,484.6 $31,279.6 $7,705.8 $28,560.4 $48,304.8 $4,181.3 $15,591.7 $10,861.1

Total program funds - on-budget ........................................ $108,023.6 $31,279.6 $6,516.7 $12,669.8 $35,073.9 $4,181.3 $15,591.7 $2,710.7

Department of Education ............................................................ 46,324.4 19,742.1 4,967.8 8,306.0 8,668.2 608.9 2,200.3 1,831.3Department of Agriculture .......................................................... 11,896.1 10,377.8 516.2 † 541.6 21.0 † 439.5Department of Commerce .......................................................... 113.4 † † † 113.4 † † †Department of Defense .............................................................. 4,749.2 234.8 † 445.6 2,224.2 1,491.7 352.9 †Department of Energy ................................................................ 3,625.1 † † † 3,625.1 † † †Department of Health and Human Services .............................. 22,858.5 653.8 † 1,361.5 14,420.8 282.0 6,140.5 †Department of Housing and Urban Development ...................... 1.3 † † † 1.3 † † †Department of the Interior .......................................................... 1,185.7 79.1 66.0 27.9 149.7 503.8 359.1 †Department of Justice ................................................................ 450.1 † † † 17.3 432.8 † †Department of Labor .................................................................. 6,364.2 † 952.7 † 13.2 † 5,398.4 †Department of State ................................................................... 387.6 † † † † 96.6 291.0 †Department of Transportation .................................................... 144.4 † † 6.1 65.8 64.9 0.6 7.0Department of the Treasury ....................................................... 139.0 † † † † 139.0 † †Department of Veterans Affairs .................................................. 2,301.3 † 14.0 2,287.3 † † † †

Other agencies and programs

Agency for International Development ....................................... 462.5 † † † 31.5 † † 431.0Appalachian Regional Commission ............................................ 8.9 † † † 2.1 † 6.8 †Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in

Education Foundation ............................................................ 3.0 † † † † † 3.0 †Corporation for National and Community Service ..................... 431.0 † † † † † 431.0 †Environmental Protection Agency .............................................. 115.9 † † † 115.9 † † †Estimated education share of federal aid to the

District of Columbia ............................................................... 185.0 172.0 † † 12.5 † 0.4 †Federal Emergency Management Agency ................................. 20.4 20.0 † † † † 0.4 †General Services Administration ................................................ † † † † † † † †Harry S Truman scholarship fund .............................................. 3.0 † † † † † 3.0 †Institute of American Indian and Alaskan Native

Culture and Arts Development .............................................. 4.0 † † † † † 4.0 †Institute of Library and Museum Services .................................. 231.0 † † † † † 231.0 †James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation ..................... 2.0 † † † † † 2.0 †Japanese-United States Friendship Commission ...................... 3.0 † † † † † 3.0 †Library of Congress .................................................................... 359.0 † † † † 359.0 † †National Aeronautics and Space Administration ........................ 2,066.9 † † † 2,060.3 † 6.6 †National Archives and Records Administration .......................... 180.9 † † † † 180.9 † †National Commission on Libraries and

Information Science ............................................................... 2.0 † † † † † † 2.0National Endowment for the Arts ............................................... 10.9 † † † † † 10.9 †National Endowment for the Humanities .................................... 103.0 † † † † † 103.0 †National Science Foundation ..................................................... 3,230.8 † † 235.4 2,995.4 † † †Nuclear Regulatory Commission ................................................ 10.1 † † † 10.1 † † †Smithsonian Institution ............................................................... 29.8 † † † † 0.8 29.0 †U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ........................... † † † † † † † †U.S. Information Agency3 ........................................................... † † † † † † † †U.S. Institute of Peace ............................................................... 15.0 † † † † † 15.0 †Other agencies ........................................................................... 5.6 † † † 5.6 † † †

Off-budget support and nonfederal fundsgenerated by federal legislation ...................................... 38,461.0 † 1,189.1 15,890.6 13,230.9 † † 8,150.4

† Not applicable.1 Other recipients include American Indian tribes, private nonprofit agencies, and

banks.2 Includes on-budget support, off-budget support, and nonfederal funds generated by

federal legislation. Excludes federal tax expenditures.3 This agency’s education funds were transferred to the U.S. Department of State.

NOTE: Outlays by type of recipient are estimated based on obligation data. Detail maynot sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of the Under Secretary, unpublishedtabulations; U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government,Fiscal Year 2003; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Devel-opment, Fiscal Years 2000, 2001, and 2002; and unpublished data obtained from var-ious federal agencies. (This table was prepared June 2003.)


Table 367.—Federal on-budget funds obligated for programs administered by the U.S. Department of Education:Fiscal years 1980 to 2002

[In thousands of dollars]

ProgramIn current dollars

1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 20012 2002 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Total ................................................................................... $14,102,165 $18,818,201 $25,214,923 $31,453,000 $35,663,000 $33,506,000 $40,048,000 $48,151,000 $56,015,000

Elementary and secondary education ................................... 4,239,022 4,732,864 7,169,693 9,124,000 11,009,000 8,578,000 12,582,000 15,977,000 21,229,000

Grants for the disadvantaged ........................................... 3,204,664 3,745,855 5,383,960 7,200,000 7,801,000 3,723,000 8,680,000 9,022,000 11,888,000School improvement programs ......................................... 788,918 748,000 1,524,001 1,343,000 1,538,000 3,085,000 1,628,000 4,565,000 8,453,000Bilingual education ............................................................ 169,540 171,605 188,152 206,000 354,000 379,000 406,000 458,000 665,000Indian education ............................................................... 75,900 67,404 73,580 81,000 63,000 66,000 77,000 116,000 120,000Education Reform - Goals 2000 ....................................... † † † 294,000 1,253,000 1,325,000 1,791,000 1,816,000 103,000

School assistance in federally affected areas ....................... 812,873 695,746 815,573 783,000 843,000 912,000 910,000 995,000 1,123,000

Maintenance and operations ............................................ 690,000 665,000 717,354 715,000 738,000 782,000 825,000 941,000 1,046,000Construction ...................................................................... 110,873 23,037 22,929 2,000 16,000 24,000 11,000 13,000 22,000Disaster assistance ........................................................... 12,000 7,709 75,290 66,000 89,000 106,000 74,000 41,000 55,000

Education for the handicapped ............................................. 1,555,253 2,666,056 3,480,122 5,767,000 7,489,000 7,993,000 4,872,000 9,064,000 11,732,000

State grant programs ........................................................ 815,805 1,245,219 1,258,871 2,467,000 3,841,000 4,346,000 1,204,000 5,101,000 7,547,000Early childhood education 4 .............................................. 38,745 27,625 280,341 661,000 798,000 747,000 711,000 839,000 862,000Special centers, projects, and research ........................... 55,075 53,430 72,966 132,000 123,000 129,000 130,000 192,000 252,000Captioned films and media services ................................ 17,778 35,670 15,191 19,000 52,000 35,000 36,000 39,000 38,000Personnel training ............................................................. 55,375 68,025 70,838 91,000 81,000 81,000 82,000 82,000 90,000Handicapped rehabilitation service and research ............ 572,475 1,236,087 1,781,915 2,397,000 2,594,000 2,655,000 2,709,000 2,811,000 2,943,000

Vocational education and adult programs ............................. 1,153,743 856,271 1,138,674 1,461,000 1,506,000 1,524,000 866,000 1,846,000 1,935,000

Basic programs 5 ............................................................... 744,653 725,624 858,716 1,004,000 1,027,000 1,023,000 284,000 1,143,000 1,197,000Consumer and homemaking ............................................ 63,169 33,138 34,517 1,000 † † † † †Program improvement and supportive services ............... 162,512 5,202 † † 106,000 105,000 103,000 125,000 122,000State planning and advisory councils ............................... 13,423 7,584 7,923 9,000 † † † † †Adult education, grants to states ...................................... 153,724 84,723 188,280 299,000 360,000 379,000 463,000 559,000 594,000Other 6 ............................................................................... 16,262 † 49,238 148,000 13,000 17,000 16,000 19,000 22,000

Postsecondary student financial assistance ......................... 5,108,534 8,534,205 11,112,068 11,976,000 12,635,000 11,685,000 17,918,000 16,788,000 16,621,000

Educational opportunity grants 7 ....................................... 2,534,378 3,558,440 4,919,264 6,484,000 7,327,000 6,688,000 11,406,000 9,725,000 10,444,000Work-study ........................................................................ 596,065 599,467 615,269 620,000 838,000 876,000 944,000 1,017,000 1,017,000Perkins loan program ....................................................... 322,749 219,850 157,415 187,000 169,000 132,000 134,000 161,000 168,000Federal Family Education Loan program 8 ....................... 1,597,877 4,130,920 5,341,039 3,481,000 3,320,000 3,379,000 4,587,000 3,936,000 4,207,000Other student assistance programs 9 ............................... 57,465 25,528 79,081 1,204,000 981,000 610,000 847,000 1,949,000 785,000

Direct aid to postsecondary institutions ................................ 277,068 329,714 341,634 780,000 946,000 1,304,000 1,418,000 1,809,000 1,943,000

Aid to minority and developing institutions ....................... 114,680 140,374 99,812 231,000 326,000 407,000 459,000 651,000 743,000Special programs for the disadvantaged .......................... 147,389 174,940 241,822 549,000 620,000 897,000 959,000 1,158,000 1,200,000Cooperative education ...................................................... 14,999 14,400 † † † † † † †

Postsecondary facilities ......................................................... 268,493 194,556 84,305 46,000 26,000 24,000 22,000 20,000 16,000

Construction loans and insurance .................................... 35,362 33,188 30,000 15,000 1,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 1,000Interest subsidy grants ..................................................... 24,626 24,968 38,741 21,000 † † † † †College housing loans ...................................................... 208,505 136,400 15,564 10,000 25,000 22,000 20,000 17,000 15,000

Other postsecondary education programs ............................ 34,927 74,340 188,999 120,000 † † † † †

International education and foreign languages 10 ............ 19,977 32,050 86,337 † † † † † †Funds for Improvement of Postsecondary Education 11 .. 12,000 12,710 99,450 116,000 (12) (12) (12) (12) (12)Other ................................................................................. 2,950 29,580 3,212 4,000 † † † † †

Public library services ............................................................ 101,218 116,027 132,583 150,000 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)

Public library services ....................................................... 66,451 75,000 82,505 83,000 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Interlibrary cooperation ..................................................... † 18,000 19,551 24,000 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Public library construction ................................................. † 16,027 14,837 24,000 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Research libraries ............................................................. 5,992 6,000 6,593 † (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Other ................................................................................. 28,775 1,000 9,097 19,000 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)

Payments to special institutions ............................................ 273,860 253,622 292,736 340,000 343,000 349,000 367,000 383,000 407,000

American Printing House for the Blind ............................. 4,349 5,500 5,663 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 12,000 14,000National Technical Institute for the Deaf .......................... 19,799 31,400 35,594 43,000 44,000 46,000 48,000 53,000 55,000Gallaudet College ............................................................. 49,409 59,092 67,643 80,000 81,000 83,000 86,000 89,000 97,000Howard University ............................................................. 200,303 157,630 183,836 210,000 210,000 211,000 223,000 229,000 241,000

Departmental accounts .......................................................... 277,174 364,800 458,536 906,000 866,000 1,137,000 1,093,000 1,269,000 1,009,000

Educational research and improvement ........................... 51,415 60,556 87,074 327,000 425,000 675,000 595,000 728,000 450,000Departmental management account ................................ 223,857 300,885 370,844 579,000 434,000 462,000 498,000 541,000 559,000Other ................................................................................. 1,875 3,349 † † 7,000 † † † †Trust funds ........................................................................ 27 10 618 † † † † † †

431FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 367.—Federal on-budget funds obligated for programs administered by the U.S. Department of Education:Fiscal years 1980 to 2002—Continued


ProgramIn constant 2002 dollars 1

1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2 2002 3

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Total ................................................................................... $29,291,519 $29,145,642 $33,537,310 $36,169,340 $38,764,881 $35,848,006 $41,746,083 $49,135,012 $56,015,000

Elementary and secondary education ................................... 8,804,846 7,330,263 9,536,108 10,492,133 11,966,536 9,177,586 13,115,492 16,303,505 21,229,000

Grants for the disadvantaged ........................................... 6,656,388 5,801,583 7,160,979 8,279,632 8,479,512 3,983,231 9,048,042 9,206,373 11,888,000School improvement programs ......................................... 1,638,657 1,158,503 2,027,010 1,544,381 1,671,771 3,300,636 1,697,029 4,658,290 8,453,000Bilingual education ............................................................ 352,150 265,782 250,253 236,889 384,790 405,491 423,215 467,360 665,000Indian education ............................................................... 157,651 104,395 97,866 93,146 68,480 70,613 80,265 118,371 120,000Education Reform - Goals 2000 ....................................... † † † 338,085 1,361,983 1,417,615 1,866,941 1,853,112 103,000

School assistance in federally affected areas ....................... 1,688,413 1,077,572 1,084,759 900,410 916,322 975,747 948,585 1,015,334 1,123,000

Maintenance and operations ............................................ 1,433,195 1,029,952 954,122 822,213 802,189 836,660 859,981 960,230 1,046,000Construction ...................................................................... 230,294 35,680 30,497 2,300 17,392 25,678 11,466 13,266 22,000Disaster assistance ........................................................... 24,925 11,940 100,140 75,897 96,741 113,409 77,138 41,838 55,000

Education for the handicapped ............................................. 3,230,406 4,129,189 4,628,764 6,631,755 8,140,375 8,551,696 5,078,579 9,249,232 11,732,000

State grant programs ........................................................ 1,694,503 1,928,596 1,674,371 2,836,924 4,175,081 4,649,777 1,255,051 5,205,244 7,547,000Early childhood education 4 .............................................. 80,477 42,786 372,870 760,116 867,408 799,214 741,147 856,146 862,000Special centers, projects, and research ........................... 114,396 82,752 97,049 151,793 133,698 138,017 135,512 195,924 252,000Captioned films and media services ................................ 36,927 55,246 20,205 21,849 56,523 37,446 37,526 39,797 38,000Personnel training ............................................................. 115,019 105,357 94,219 104,645 88,045 86,662 85,477 83,676 90,000Handicapped rehabilitation service and research ............ 1,189,084 1,914,452 2,370,050 2,756,427 2,819,620 2,840,579 2,823,865 2,868,446 2,943,000

Vocational education and adult programs ............................. 2,396,432 1,326,193 1,514,502 1,680,075 1,636,988 1,630,525 902,719 1,883,725 1,935,000

Basic programs 5 ............................................................... 1,546,714 1,123,847 1,142,142 1,154,549 1,116,326 1,094,506 296,042 1,166,358 1,197,000Consumer and homemaking ............................................ 131,208 51,324 45,910 1,150 † † † † †Program improvement and supportive services ............... 337,553 8,057 † † 115,220 112,339 107,367 127,554 122,000State planning and advisory councils ............................... 27,881 11,746 10,538 10,350 † † † † †Adult education, grants to states ...................................... 319,299 131,219 250,423 343,835 391,312 405,491 482,632 570,424 594,000Other 6 ............................................................................... 33,778 † 65,489 170,192 14,131 18,188 16,678 19,388 22,000

Postsecondary student financial assistance ......................... 10,610,904 13,217,782 14,779,695 13,771,787 13,733,961 12,501,759 18,677,744 17,131,079 16,621,000

Educational opportunity grants 7 ....................................... 5,264,141 5,511,314 6,542,906 7,456,268 7,964,285 7,155,479 11,889,628 9,923,740 10,444,000Work-study ........................................................................ 1,238,083 928,455 818,343 712,968 910,887 937,231 984,027 1,037,783 1,017,000Perkins loan program ....................................................... 670,380 340,504 209,371 215,040 183,699 141,227 139,682 164,290 168,000Federal Family Education Loan program 8 ....................... 3,318,940 6,397,972 7,103,892 4,002,972 3,608,765 3,615,186 4,781,494 4,016,436 4,207,000Other student assistance programs 9 ............................... 119,360 39,538 105,182 1,384,538 1,066,325 652,638 882,914 1,988,830 785,000

Direct aid to postsecondary institutions ................................ 575,496 510,661 454,393 896,960 1,028,281 1,395,147 1,478,125 1,845,969 1,943,000

Aid to minority and developing institutions ....................... 238,201 217,411 132,756 265,638 354,355 435,449 478,462 664,304 743,000Special programs for the disadvantaged .......................... 306,141 270,947 321,637 631,322 673,926 959,699 999,663 1,181,665 1,200,000Cooperative education ...................................................... 31,154 22,303 † † † † † † †

Postsecondary facilities ......................................................... 557,685 301,328 112,131 52,898 28,261 25,678 22,933 20,409 16,000

Construction loans and insurance .................................... 73,450 51,402 39,902 17,249 1,087 2,140 2,085 3,061 1,000Interest subsidy grants ..................................................... 51,151 38,670 51,528 24,149 † † † † †College housing loans ...................................................... 433,084 211,256 20,701 11,499 27,174 23,538 20,848 17,347 15,000

Other postsecondary education programs ............................ 72,547 115,138 251,380 137,994 † † † † †

International education and foreign languages 10 ............ 41,494 49,639 114,833 † † † † † †Funds for Improvement of Postsecondary Education 11 .. 24,925 19,685 132,274 133,394 (12) (12) (12) (12) (12)Other ................................................................................. 6,127 45,814 4,272 4,600 † † † † †

Public library services ............................................................ 210,239 179,703 176,343 172,492 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)

Public library services ....................................................... 138,025 116,160 109,736 95,446 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Interlibrary cooperation ..................................................... † 27,878 26,004 27,599 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Public library construction ................................................. † 24,823 19,734 27,599 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Research libraries ............................................................. 12,446 9,293 8,769 † (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)Other ................................................................................. 59,768 1,549 12,100 21,849 (13) (13) (13) (13) (13)

Payments to special institutions ............................................ 568,833 392,810 389,356 390,983 372,833 373,394 382,561 390,827 407,000

American Printing House for the Blind ............................. 9,033 8,518 7,532 8,050 8,696 9,629 10,424 12,245 14,000National Technical Institute for the Deaf .......................... 41,124 48,632 47,342 49,448 47,827 49,215 50,035 54,083 55,000Gallaudet College ............................................................. 102,627 91,522 89,969 91,996 88,045 88,802 89,647 90,819 97,000Howard University ............................................................. 416,048 244,137 244,513 241,489 228,265 225,749 232,455 233,680 241,000

Departmental accounts .......................................................... 575,716 565,002 609,879 1,041,854 941,323 1,216,474 1,139,344 1,294,933 1,009,000

Educational research and improvement ........................... 106,794 93,789 115,813 376,033 461,965 722,181 620,229 742,877 450,000Departmental management account ................................ 464,972 466,011 493,244 665,820 471,748 494,293 519,116 552,056 559,000Other ................................................................................. 3,895 5,187 † † 7,609 † † † †Trust funds ........................................................................ 56 15 822 † † † † † †

† Not applicable.1 Data adjusted by the federal funds composite deflator prepared by the U.S. Office

of Management and Budget.2 Revised from previously published data.3 Estimated.4 Includes preschool incentive grants.5 Includes programs of national significance and special programs for the disadvan-

taged.6 Includes national programs for research, demonstrations, evaluation and technical

assistance, literacy training for homeless adults, and some other small programs.7 Includes Pell Grants; Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants; Leveraging Edu-

cational Assistance Partnership Program, formerly the State Student Incentive Grants;and Income Contingent Loans.

8 Formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan program.9 Includes Federal Direct Student Loan program since fiscal year 1994. Other pro-

grams include teacher quality enhancement and community scholarship mobilization.

10 Since fiscal year 1994, this program is included under the program, ‘‘Funds for Im-provement of Postsecondary Education.’’

11 International education and foreign languages are included under this program sincefiscal year 1994.

12 This program is included under the ‘‘Special programs for the disadvantaged’’ pro-gram.

13 This program was transferred to the Institute of Museum and Library Services in fis-cal year 1997.

NOTE: Data presented in this tabulation are obligations, which differ from outlay fig-ures reported in other tables in this chapter. Detail may not sum to totals due to round-ing.

SOURCE: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Gov-ernment, fiscal years 1982 to 2003. (This table was prepared April 2002.)


Table 368.—U.S. Department of Education outlays, by level of education and type of recipient:Fiscal years 1980 to 2002

[In millions of current dollars]

Year and area of education TotalLocal

educationagencies

Stateeducationagencies

Collegestudents

Postsec-ondary insti-

tutionsFederal

Multipletypes of

recipientsOther

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1980 total $13,137.8 $5,313.7 $1,103.2 $2,137.4 $2,267.2 $249.8 $693.8 $1,372.7

Elementary/secondary .............................. 6,629.1 5,309.4 662.2 34.2 22.0 62.5 513.4 25.5Postsecondary education ......................... 5,682.2 † 99.5 2,103.2 2,166.5 † † 1,313.0Other programs ........................................ 747.7 4.3 341.5 † † 187.3 180.4 34.2Education research and statistics ............ 78.7 † † † 78.7 † † †

1982 total 14,109.3 5,425.8 1,414.2 1,610.2 1,951.8 268.3 535.4 2,903.6

Elementary/secondary .............................. 6,456.3 5,420.8 593.8 48.9 21.9 2.6 340.3 27.9Postsecondary education ......................... 6,418.8 † 196.6 1,561.3 1,847.7 † † 2,813.2Other programs ........................................ 1,152.0 5.0 623.8 † † 265.7 195.1 62.5Education research and statistics ............ 82.2 † † † 82.2 † † †

1984 total 15,534.7 5,256.5 1,879.0 2,193.4 2,167.4 330.2 516.7 3,191.4

Elementary/secondary .............................. 6,220.8 5,252.4 536.0 55.5 35.3 22.9 259.9 58.8Postsecondary education ......................... 7,341.2 † 211.5 2,137.9 1,972.5 † † 3,019.3Other programs ........................................ 1,813.1 4.1 1,131.5 † † 307.3 256.8 113.3Education research and statistics ............ 159.6 † † † 159.6 † † †

1986 total 17,740.1 6,435.1 1,823.3 2,685.9 2,637.2 265.4 625.8 3,267.5


1988 total 18,326.9 6,614.8 2,234.6 3,103.4 2,519.5 319.4 838.8 2,696.3


1990 total 23,198.6 8,000.7 2,490.3 3,859.6 3,649.8 441.4 912.2 3,844.4


1994 total 29,713.4 10,935.6 3,264.8 4,800.5 4,831.3 504.5 1,258.2 4,118.5

Elementary/secondary .............................. 13,769.2 10,929.2 1,354.0 159.9 275.2 60.9 902.1 87.9Postsecondary education ......................... 12,871.4 † 53.0 4,640.6 4,279.3 † † 3,898.5Other programs ........................................ 2,796.0 6.4 1,857.8 † † 443.6 356.1 132.1Education research and statistics ............ 276.8 † † † 276.8 † † †

1995 total 31,403.0 11,210.7 3,584.0 4,964.7 5,016.1 485.4 1,349.2 4,792.9

Elementary/secondary .............................. 14,029.0 11,203.3 1,410.0 190.5 170.1 70.3 946.9 37.9Postsecondary education ......................... 14,234.0 † 250.8 4,774.2 4,567.0 † † 4,642.0Other programs ........................................ 2,861.0 7.4 1,923.2 † † 415.1 402.3 113.0Education research and statistics ............ 279.0 † † † 279.0 † † †

1998 total 31,559.0 12,094.5 3,978.2 5,362.0 5,910.2 465.8 1,769.0 1,979.3

Elementary/secondary .............................. 16,001.8 12,086.7 1,920.5 265.5 162.4 52.7 1,454.7 59.3Postsecondary education ......................... 12,122.3 † 57.8 5,096.5 5,206.6 † † 1,761.4Other programs ........................................ 2,893.7 7.8 1,999.9 † † 413.1 314.3 158.6Education research and statistics ............ 541.2 † † † 541.2 † † †

2000 total 34,106.7 16,016.0 4,316.5 4,711.7 5,005.7 506.6 1,820.2 1,730.1


2002 total 46,324.4 19,742.1 4,967.8 8,306.0 8,668.2 608.9 2,200.3 1,831.3


† Not applicable.

NOTE: Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed outlays. Other recipi-ents include American Indian tribes, private nonprofit agencies, and banks. Outlays bytype of recipient are estimated based on obligation data. Some data have been revisedfrom previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government,Fiscal Years 1982 to 2003, and Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance; NationalScience Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, Fiscal Years 1980to 2002; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. (This table wasprepared June 2003.)

433FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 369.—U.S. Department of Education appropriations for major programs, by state or other area:Fiscal year 2001


State or other area TotalGrants forthe disad-vantaged 1

Blockgrants tostates for

schoolimprove-ment 2

Schoolassist-ance infederallyaffectedareas 3

Vocationaland adult

education 4

Educationfor thehandi-

capped 5

Bilingualedu-

cation 6

Indianedu-

cation

Higher andcontinuingeducation 7

Studentfinancial

assistance 8

Rehabili-tation

services 9

Goals2000 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Total, includingoutlying areas ......................... $43,322,533 $9,654,721 $4,217,250 $985,302 $1,763,000 $7,113,252 $450,658 $92,765 $1,671,646 $14,415,374 $2,508,565 $450,000

Alabama .......................................... 714,259 148,053 63,586 2,617 31,916 111,724 1,084 1,616 59,589 235,390 51,669 7,016Alaska .............................................. 215,651 32,644 19,556 92,944 5,445 21,634 2,935 9,670 7,493 12,008 9,071 2,250Arizona ............................................ 824,394 156,266 62,958 133,453 29,383 105,216 16,505 9,992 17,593 243,526 42,745 6,759Arkansas ......................................... 410,869 94,914 39,082 668 19,048 68,698 374 205 22,125 129,974 31,379 4,403California ......................................... 5,015,771 1,367,077 476,716 57,241 207,939 736,846 113,683 6,585 133,340 1,615,715 244,718 55,910

Colorado .......................................... 506,536 90,926 42,928 9,979 20,723 88,783 13,083 668 19,886 185,832 30,186 3,541Connecticut ..................................... 367,238 94,206 39,264 6,831 15,999 85,207 5,367 18 10,607 87,145 18,631 3,961Delaware ......................................... 106,887 25,040 19,542 15 6,415 20,086 154 0 5,189 19,127 9,069 2,250District of Columbia ......................... 384,154 30,026 19,495 934 6,442 10,639 3,004 0 248,347 50,950 12,066 2,250Florida .............................................. 2,205,334 458,720 188,864 10,108 88,671 381,379 30,985 57 44,946 857,884 122,106 21,616

Georgia ............................................ 1,077,446 280,608 108,482 17,200 49,471 183,584 4,627 0 54,255 295,563 71,193 12,463Hawaii .............................................. 178,148 29,060 19,625 32,317 8,232 24,254 3,281 0 14,915 34,161 10,053 2,250Idaho ............................................... 188,702 33,438 19,667 5,762 9,137 32,830 2,519 400 4,763 64,143 13,792 2,250Illinois .............................................. 1,590,624 388,845 165,963 17,938 68,761 317,629 17,756 88 55,810 449,602 91,035 17,195Indiana ............................................. 823,079 144,460 67,255 662 37,481 162,292 933 4 22,699 322,117 58,951 6,224

Iowa ................................................. 387,601 61,192 30,696 344 17,949 77,907 2,745 190 17,363 147,946 28,656 2,613Kansas ............................................ 377,194 77,350 32,047 17,020 16,355 68,109 5,030 698 19,241 113,680 24,622 3,041Kentucky .......................................... 618,126 150,394 62,381 655 29,732 103,891 1,015 0 23,258 193,316 46,580 6,904Louisiana ......................................... 791,720 209,730 89,644 5,505 34,296 111,929 1,810 794 38,402 246,509 43,014 10,087Maine ............................................... 201,581 39,672 19,653 2,365 8,070 35,992 1,955 131 8,827 67,979 14,686 2,250

Maryland .......................................... 590,094 135,565 59,525 6,901 26,978 124,750 3,213 186 31,082 159,178 36,989 5,727Massachusetts ................................. 976,905 198,384 75,674 960 29,482 181,195 10,442 67 28,695 400,145 44,001 7,860Michigan .......................................... 1,346,714 385,697 161,450 3,374 59,088 241,933 4,867 3,582 31,481 350,218 87,308 17,715Minnesota ........................................ 626,011 106,118 53,354 9,916 25,325 123,094 4,745 3,623 20,487 234,637 40,349 4,361Mississippi ....................................... 564,462 135,686 57,400 3,306 22,033 72,392 418 322 28,359 200,590 37,577 6,378

Missouri ........................................... 815,899 154,202 70,940 15,250 34,991 144,007 1,454 81 24,104 309,081 54,324 7,464Montana .......................................... 210,016 31,678 19,594 36,807 7,183 22,686 5,160 3,067 14,897 55,882 10,814 2,250Nebraska ......................................... 250,418 40,930 20,472 19,338 10,258 47,525 3,344 668 10,418 80,018 15,198 2,250Nevada ............................................ 163,140 35,433 20,364 3,513 9,246 39,753 1,892 771 3,012 34,300 12,607 2,250New Hampshire ............................... 151,804 24,051 19,635 6 7,715 30,830 679 0 3,296 53,076 10,265 2,250

New Jersey ...................................... 943,892 229,339 94,253 16,453 41,675 230,203 8,086 103 19,063 245,480 49,773 9,463New Mexico ..................................... 429,070 75,147 32,622 76,044 12,573 58,287 12,964 7,683 21,544 107,864 20,453 3,888New York ......................................... 3,464,630 899,236 343,646 16,338 101,892 486,972 49,434 1,545 67,604 1,322,190 133,351 42,422North Carolina ................................. 973,144 193,160 87,536 11,363 48,332 191,215 4,276 3,402 47,310 301,382 76,289 8,879North Dakota ................................... 169,055 23,612 19,531 27,503 5,877 16,456 2,100 1,669 8,692 52,316 9,049 2,250

Ohio ................................................. 1,547,918 331,418 150,058 3,336 69,033 266,720 1,882 0 35,769 565,756 108,764 15,183Oklahoma ........................................ 598,672 111,795 48,143 29,968 24,052 90,173 14,159 20,305 34,258 182,526 37,816 5,476Oregon ............................................ 421,007 97,037 38,368 2,426 19,391 80,420 8,161 2,306 11,969 127,430 29,858 3,641Pennsylvania ................................... 1,645,122 383,931 166,623 2,379 69,849 262,888 3,600 0 38,236 589,165 110,604 17,848Rhode Island ................................... 176,043 30,152 19,601 2,209 8,418 28,797 1,747 0 4,801 68,189 9,879 2,250

South Carolina ................................ 591,411 122,528 51,688 3,055 27,709 110,386 569 51 35,849 189,698 44,017 5,859South Dakota .................................. 290,329 24,476 19,557 38,868 6,114 19,741 3,246 3,249 5,900 157,778 9,150 2,250Tennessee ....................................... 746,403 148,692 67,647 2,386 36,554 142,803 1,626 0 33,129 249,463 57,092 7,011Texas ............................................... 3,227,017 804,201 332,789 66,710 134,736 560,737 45,501 148 104,768 960,859 178,235 38,334Utah ................................................. 335,494 42,385 25,556 7,015 15,885 64,779 5,457 965 8,998 139,470 22,735 2,250

Vermont ........................................... 131,327 20,936 19,519 131 5,629 16,018 561 128 6,469 50,612 9,073 2,250Virginia ............................................ 1,283,811 150,677 72,213 35,381 40,062 171,884 3,046 25 38,036 708,849 56,826 6,812Washington ..................................... 715,778 142,891 64,186 43,448 30,979 134,329 7,346 4,265 29,257 210,097 43,353 5,627West Virginia ................................... 316,909 79,851 34,088 13 13,929 49,221 337 0 19,157 92,109 24,265 3,940Wisconsin ........................................ 705,576 141,009 66,509 10,832 31,907 133,024 5,083 2,615 31,295 226,439 50,399 6,465Wyoming ......................................... 112,687 21,835 19,509 8,699 5,349 16,866 1,290 499 4,770 23,986 7,636 2,250

Indian tribes (set-aside) .................. 191,262 58,200 10,544 0 13,750 82,460 0 0 0 0 24,057 2,250Other ............................................... 305,769 43,800 149,959 65,405 19,732 23,244 0 323 0 0 1,056 2,250

Outlying areasAmerican Samoa ............................. 19,325 6,131 2,925 0 398 5,731 153 0 309 1,988 1,146 544Guam ............................................... 35,760 5,275 5,661 0 813 13,724 1,057 0 1,418 5,479 1,844 490Marshall Islands .............................. 3,232 0 0 0 73 0 212 0 631 2,316 0 0Micronesia ....................................... 9,612 0 0 0 73 0 1,037 0 2,211 6,291 0 0Northern Mariana Islands ................ 13,161 3,047 1,636 0 565 3,563 365 0 1,296 1,294 1,105 289Palau ............................................... 2,839 0 0 0 73 0 338 0 251 2,177 0 0Puerto Rico ..................................... 1,199,961 293,154 121,629 1,223 32,971 65,636 1,661 0 32,233 571,355 64,934 15,164Virgin Islands ................................... 35,542 10,438 5,446 187 841 10,179 307 0 1,943 3,122 2,154 926

1 Title I, formerly called Chapter 1, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of1981, includes Grants to Local Education Agencies, Title 1 Accountability grants, MigrantEducation—Basic State Grants, Program for Neglected and Delinquent Children, CapitalExpenses for Private School Children, Demonstrations of Comprehensive School Re-form, and Even Start—State Educational Agencies.

2 Title VI, formerly called Chapter 2, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of1981, includes Eisenhower Professional Development Grants, Safe and Drug-FreeSchools and Communities—State Grants, Education for Homeless Children and Youth,Class Size Reduction, School Renovation, Innovative Education Program Strategies, andFund for the Improvement of Education, Comprehensive School Reform

3 Impact Aid—Basic Support Payments and Impact Aid—Payments for Children withDisabilities.

4 Includes Vocational Education State Grants, State Grants for Incarcerated Youth Of-fenders, English Literacy and Civics Education State Grants, Tech-Prep Education, andAdult Education State Grant Program.

5 Includes Special Education—Grants to States, Preschool Grants, ConstructionGrants, Payments for Federal Property, and Grants for Infants and Families with Disabil-ities.

6 Includes Immigrant Education Grants, Foreign Language Assistance Grants, and Bi-lingual Education State Grants.

7 Includes Institutional Aid to Strengthen Higher Education Institutions serving signifi-cant numbers of low-income students, Other Special Programs for the Disadvantaged,Cooperative Education, Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education, Fellow-ships and Scholarships, and annual interest subsidy grants for facilities construction.

8 Includes Pell Grants, Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership, formerly theState Student Incentive Grants, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants,Federal Work-Study, Guaranteed Student Loans, and Federal Perkins Loans-CapitalContributions.

9 Includes Rehabilitation Services—Vocational Rehabilitation Grants to States, Sup-ported Employment State Grants, Client Assistance State Grants, and Independent Liv-ing State Grants, Services for Older Blind Individuals, Protection and Advocacy for As-sistive Technology, and Protection and Advocacy of Individual Rights.

10 Includes Educational Technology State Grants.

NOTE: Data reflect revisions to figures in the Budget of the United States Govern-ment, Fiscal Year 2003. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,based on unpublished tabulations from the Office of Management and Budget. (Thistable was prepared July 2002.)


Table 370.—Appropriations for Title I and Title VI, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, by state or other areaand type of appropriation: 2000–01 and 2001–02

[In thousands]

State or other area

Title I, 1

schoolyear

2000–01 2

Title I, 1 school year 2001–02 3 Title VI 4

TotalTitle I localeducationagencies 5

Ne-glected

anddelin-quent

children

Migrantchildren

Com-prehensive

schoolreform

Other 6

2000 ap-propria-tions for2000–01

2001 ap-propria-tions for2001–02

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Total 7 ........................................................ $8,500,086 $9,654,721 $8,762,721 $46,000 $380,000 $210,000 $256,000 $365,750 $385,000

Alabama ........................................................ 137,037 148,053 137,363 658 3,308 3,331 3,393 5,266 5,543Alaska ........................................................... 26,916 32,644 23,678 216 7,124 503 1,123 1,816 1,912Arizona .......................................................... 134,330 156,266 141,106 1,697 6,554 3,250 3,660 6,443 6,782Arkansas ....................................................... 86,627 94,914 85,475 274 4,940 2,091 2,135 3,278 3,450California ....................................................... 1,119,928 1,367,077 1,185,906 4,146 118,770 26,717 31,538 43,634 45,931Colorado ....................................................... 80,052 90,926 80,654 370 6,058 1,794 2,050 5,280 5,557Connecticut ................................................... 76,604 94,206 86,044 1,011 2,924 1,953 2,274 4,144 4,362Delaware ....................................................... 22,764 25,040 22,824 209 322 515 1,170 1,816 1,912District of Columbia ...................................... 27,684 22,085 19,570 408 266 715 1,125 1,816 1,912Florida ........................................................... 401,481 39,428 27,311 348 492 10,117 1,159 17,779 18,714Georgia ......................................................... 226,462 454,493 411,516 1,430 24,918 5,890 10,738 10,030 10,558Hawaii ........................................................... 22,149 275,275 257,548 2,686 7,754 557 6,730 1,816 1,912Idaho ............................................................. 28,904 29,106 26,460 104 810 603 1,129 1,816 1,912Illinois ............................................................ 341,790 41,178 27,265 129 4,310 8,343 1,132 15,647 16,471Indiana .......................................................... 125,342 383,632 366,759 2,078 2,129 3,130 9,536 7,575 7,974Iowa .............................................................. 56,614 142,694 132,225 1,092 4,588 1,364 3,426 3,647 3,838Kansas .......................................................... 69,683 61,328 56,569 369 1,517 1,500 1,374 3,495 3,679Kentucky ....................................................... 142,853 79,115 62,890 345 10,973 3,265 1,641 4,798 5,051Louisiana ....................................................... 201,813 151,878 134,103 735 8,942 4,748 3,350 5,949 6,262Maine ............................................................ 37,596 205,821 196,677 828 2,691 839 4,786 1,816 1,912Maryland ....................................................... 108,414 41,616 33,353 158 4,194 2,784 1,127 6,538 6,882Massachusetts .............................................. 162,717 136,677 127,402 1,579 483 3,896 3,317 7,311 7,695Michigan ........................................................ 356,370 203,120 185,806 1,404 2,467 8,632 4,811 12,948 13,630Minnesota ..................................................... 93,893 379,309 358,608 649 8,960 2,243 8,849 6,454 6,794Mississippi ..................................................... 130,421 106,954 97,849 242 3,222 3,080 2,561 3,739 3,935Missouri ......................................................... 142,176 136,219 128,123 354 1,148 3,613 2,981 7,040 7,410Montana ........................................................ 28,302 151,286 144,322 949 1,668 697 3,650 1,816 1,912Nebraska ....................................................... 38,392 31,801 28,995 101 748 820 1,136 2,235 2,352Nevada .......................................................... 24,814 40,777 33,811 260 4,873 667 1,166 2,367 2,492New Hampshire ............................................ 21,100 35,262 33,244 151 246 496 1,125 1,816 1,912New Jersey ................................................... 187,507 28,236 21,968 337 125 4,680 1,126 9,916 10,438New Mexico .................................................. 70,054 226,475 214,946 1,986 2,047 1,816 5,681 2,474 2,604New York ...................................................... 769,871 93,484 70,328 362 848 20,153 1,793 21,917 23,070North Carolina ............................................... 163,038 883,322 844,563 3,182 8,935 4,239 22,403 9,555 10,058North Dakota ................................................. 21,194 189,436 176,895 1,048 6,398 515 4,580 1,816 1,912Ohio .............................................................. 317,133 30,591 21,645 52 266 7,494 1,135 14,290 15,042Oklahoma ...................................................... 101,976 326,545 312,083 1,934 2,394 2,621 7,513 4,411 4,643Oregon .......................................................... 84,506 111,011 104,042 309 2,223 1,837 2,600 4,129 4,346Pennsylvania ................................................. 357,840 103,915 78,756 1,477 12,954 8,715 2,014 14,538 15,303Rhode Island ................................................. 26,323 375,892 355,513 733 9,689 676 9,281 1,816 1,912South Carolina .............................................. 105,883 32,252 27,777 416 117 2,777 1,165 4,771 5,022South Dakota ................................................ 21,892 120,266 115,017 1,276 479 515 2,981 1,816 1,912Tennessee .................................................... 140,149 27,329 21,817 237 774 3,368 1,134 6,616 6,964Texas ............................................................ 743,579 163,514 141,008 621 396 18,190 3,299 27,710 29,168Utah .............................................................. 38,550 786,801 711,351 2,911 53,782 789 17,968 3,375 3,553Vermont ........................................................ 19,630 42,061 38,415 450 1,605 465 1,126 1,816 1,912Virginia .......................................................... 124,366 23,787 18,495 259 586 3,317 1,131 8,247 8,681Washington ................................................... 127,592 150,202 142,094 602 954 2,841 3,711 7,447 7,839West Virginia ................................................. 76,445 141,897 121,224 776 14,960 1,846 3,091 2,056 2,164Wisconsin ...................................................... 132,030 81,272 75,715 355 133 3,267 1,803 6,904 7,267Wyoming ....................................................... 19,251 138,208 132,502 1,237 647 466 3,355 1,816 1,912

Other activitiesBureau of Indian Affairs ................................ 51,343 58,200 56,748 0 0 1,452 0 0 0Migrant coordination activities ...................... 8,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Even Start Migrant, Indian, and

Territory setaside ...................................... 7,500 15,000 0 0 0 0 15,000 0 0Even Start Evaluation/Technical Assistance 3,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Competitive grants ........................................ 5,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other non-state allocations ........................... 2,500 28,800 7,700 0 8,500 2,100 10,500 0 0

Outlying areasAmerican Samoa .......................................... 5,572 6,131 5,973 0 0 158 0 440 463Guam ............................................................ 5,023 5,275 5,136 0 0 138 0 250 1,079Northern Marianas ........................................ 2,964 3,047 2,964 0 0 84 0 1,025 264Puerto Rico ................................................... 277,159 293,154 274,421 463 3,787 7,063 7,420 5,629 5,925Virgin Islands ................................................ 9,487 10,438 10,169 0 0 268 0 845 889

1 Formerly Chapter 1.2 Data are based on fiscal year 2001 budget authorizations. Excludes $8,900,000 for

Title I evaluation.3 Data are based on fiscal year 2002 budget authorizations. Excludes $8,900,000 for

Title I evaluation.4 Formerly Chapter 2.5 Includes Accountability Grants.

6 Includes Capital Expenses and Even Start Grants.7 Total includes other activities and outlying areas.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Budget Service, Elementary, Secondary,and Vocational Education Analysis Division, unpublished data. (This table was preparedMarch 2002.)

435FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 371.—Federal obligations for research and development and R&D plant, by state and selected agency:Fiscal year 2000


State or other area TotalDepart-ment of

Agriculture

Depart-ment of

Commerce

Departmentof Defense

Depart-ment ofEnergy

Departmentof Health

and HumanServices

Depart-ment ofthe Inte-

rior

Depart-ment of

Transpor-tation

Environ-mentalProtec-

tionAgency

NationalAero-

nauticsand SpaceAdminis-tration

NationalScience

Foundation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total 1 ............................................ $75,750,751 $1,829,995 $1,236,944 $33,010,420 $6,871,863 $18,576,586 $579,477 $478,813 $522,346 $9,714,297 $2,930,010

Alabama ............................................ 1,825,523 25,236 2,258 1,021,553 17,555 205,162 2,347 2,987 4,064 530,744 13,617Alaska ................................................ 147,072 14,773 34,827 26,848 935 10,647 22,406 0 95 16,694 19,847Arizona .............................................. 1,125,817 27,730 3,082 771,429 4,263 131,011 9,190 1,103 969 81,268 95,772Arkansas ............................................ 119,531 39,016 0 4,453 100 67,086 1,968 0 156 1,291 5,461California ........................................... 14,585,922 109,107 85,411 7,716,957 1,645,151 2,026,870 84,421 24,716 16,283 2,420,521 456,485

Colorado ............................................ 1,404,361 39,410 97,655 439,434 141,937 254,936 92,471 12,552 7,503 162,174 156,289Connecticut ........................................ 897,269 7,838 8,146 374,777 27,642 325,210 946 13,098 1,726 110,632 27,254Delaware ........................................... 70,202 6,417 5,081 22,262 1,782 14,319 621 263 207 4,869 14,381District of Columbia ........................... 2,404,641 189,402 15,672 1,041,655 315,746 285,744 2,369 136,732 148,125 189,683 79,513Florida ................................................ 2,454,511 49,912 44,352 1,587,218 12,696 228,392 23,071 1,800 12,369 418,268 76,433

Georgia .............................................. 2,641,429 62,985 4,413 2,040,810 10,822 427,082 6,325 1,507 10,108 18,728 58,649Hawaii ................................................ 211,507 25,987 14,059 74,600 5,465 44,730 7,324 0 64 19,493 19,785Idaho .................................................. 244,086 22,283 1,005 24,853 179,423 4,559 4,515 1,414 249 923 4,862Illinois ................................................. 1,547,752 60,967 7,077 136,569 604,576 551,930 2,631 5,801 1,209 22,317 154,675Indiana ............................................... 518,490 22,129 1,036 263,699 17,371 137,224 2,486 220 689 15,875 57,761

Iowa ................................................... 275,165 52,904 24 16,640 30,044 137,086 1,869 8,345 247 8,924 19,082Kansas ............................................... 226,498 17,914 2 54,980 8,201 116,852 2,511 4,268 1,120 4,865 15,785Kentucky ............................................ 206,415 10,655 2 19,132 5,080 151,051 1,530 218 290 4,561 13,896Louisiana ........................................... 260,737 44,182 8,943 66,807 3,903 84,953 14,864 128 3,559 16,122 17,276Maine ................................................. 251,292 5,306 2,355 176,999 803 51,807 2,457 315 193 1,563 9,494

Maryland ............................................ 9,037,200 148,246 546,413 2,850,755 52,737 4,015,292 14,144 26,133 13,081 1,286,121 84,278Massachusetts ................................... 4,187,098 26,808 33,388 2,064,687 82,172 1,518,504 18,846 43,081 16,247 172,262 211,103Michigan ............................................ 980,999 24,351 23,466 375,089 20,400 398,669 5,625 5,916 5,540 21,767 100,176Minnesota .......................................... 784,793 33,222 7,046 389,613 10,719 280,240 3,701 2,364 12,063 7,630 38,195Mississippi ......................................... 415,330 79,155 6,232 188,469 2,252 34,004 4,943 136 1,078 87,731 11,330

Missouri ............................................. 893,743 30,370 432 433,960 9,193 365,035 13,325 1,289 965 14,887 24,287Montana ............................................. 97,409 25,038 585 11,752 998 31,041 7,113 450 1,412 7,150 11,870Nebraska ........................................... 101,915 33,178 1,323 5,293 2,745 42,292 2,823 19 548 1,668 12,026Nevada .............................................. 270,124 2,761 123 29,381 178,292 26,694 4,262 1,472 12,449 3,144 11,546New Hampshire ................................. 361,016 7,556 10,684 251,042 1,128 56,925 1,473 2,995 951 14,435 13,827

New Jersey ........................................ 1,984,153 11,152 27,059 1,487,983 82,266 189,782 5,765 72,333 4,639 36,489 66,685New Mexico ....................................... 2,252,723 15,435 1,821 627,983 1,444,713 73,532 4,193 8,082 3,302 54,199 19,463New York ........................................... 3,041,164 47,533 17,856 580,868 630,867 1,428,851 5,635 6,467 11,137 85,142 226,808North Carolina ................................... 1,070,263 43,118 11,134 139,261 14,104 681,542 3,985 2,049 92,279 21,214 61,577North Dakota ..................................... 65,139 30,476 678 2,741 6,822 10,736 3,061 0 3,639 1,948 5,038

Ohio ................................................... 1,867,801 22,381 8,276 840,204 19,285 476,347 3,276 16,605 60,598 366,751 54,078Oklahoma .......................................... 188,648 21,320 7,298 57,165 13,173 47,716 2,156 9,644 10,012 3,370 16,794Oregon ............................................... 472,216 40,601 23,037 30,653 36,045 266,499 8,871 77 18,661 13,455 34,317Pennsylvania ..................................... 2,420,867 52,015 4,608 839,934 353,666 953,789 5,015 2,890 5,619 48,619 154,712Rhode Island ..................................... 420,979 2,046 3,925 296,620 3,034 80,058 1,941 118 8,819 3,848 20,570

South Carolina ................................... 267,220 17,737 23,894 82,071 41,521 74,180 3,653 920 567 3,224 19,453South Dakota ..................................... 40,957 8,516 383 1,340 205 10,600 6,805 21 0 5,232 7,855Tennessee ......................................... 863,274 9,391 1,785 121,863 440,721 225,603 4,784 4,598 464 33,728 20,337Texas ................................................. 4,686,037 81,577 13,378 951,054 32,095 760,762 9,959 4,660 5,640 2,747,298 79,614Utah ................................................... 287,728 17,308 1,482 103,513 7,929 114,817 5,184 1,047 942 10,423 25,083

Vermont ............................................. 74,156 6,541 57 11,211 750 48,435 872 0 763 1,049 4,478Virginia ............................................... 4,903,428 10,539 11,552 3,783,575 89,534 227,339 98,012 42,691 5,557 536,853 97,776Washington ........................................ 1,341,576 43,959 106,970 384,374 166,835 527,308 16,310 1,312 9,299 27,959 57,250West Virginia ..................................... 254,038 26,749 667 32,303 65,526 51,670 5,495 750 2,999 24,155 43,724Wisconsin .......................................... 431,308 45,683 3,696 20,999 23,578 247,308 9,938 2,353 1,989 19,657 56,107Wyoming ............................................ 36,000 10,171 25 1,176 4,936 4,633 2,723 2,703 577 591 8,465

Outlying areas .............................. 123,442 16,940 1,864 26,402 127 49,732 9,267 171 1,285 2,783 14,871

Puerto Rico ........................................ 84,228 12,478 1,517 1,265 127 49,116 1,526 168 523 2,783 14,725Other areas ....................................... 39,214 4,462 347 25,137 0 616 7,741 3 762 0 146

Offices abroad ................................... 109,787 3,969 407 105,411 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 Also includes outlying areas and offices abroad.

NOTE: Only the agencies shown are required to report to this section of the survey.The obligations of the 10 major R&D supporting agencies included in this table represent

approximately 98 percent of total Federal R&D obligations in fiscal year 2000. Detail maynot sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Develop-ment: Fiscal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001. (This table was prepared March 2002.)


Table 372.—Federal science and engineering obligations to colleges and universities, by agency and state:Fiscal year 2000


State or other area TotalDepartment

ofAgriculture

Departmentof Defense

Departmentof Education

Departmentof Energy

EnvironmentalProtection

Agency

Departmentof Health

and HumanServices

National Aer-onautics andSpace Ad-ministration

NationalScience

FoundationOther 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

United States 2 .................... $19,789,508 $1,058,027 $2,005,267 $179,266 $696,120 $147,265 $11,276,152 $1,012,183 $2,813,303 $601,925

Alabama ................................... 327,963 33,877 17,245 2,951 6,876 1,560 194,408 49,162 18,326 3,558Alaska ...................................... 63,195 6,854 1,129 2,062 282 425 3,510 16,155 17,974 14,804Arizona ..................................... 245,817 15,156 22,693 4,348 4,759 1,403 102,559 23,696 65,780 5,423Arkansas .................................. 80,945 29,619 3,436 1,238 100 156 37,154 1,359 6,386 1,497California .................................. 2,790,716 46,280 261,307 24,040 108,696 16,771 1,633,955 181,966 471,954 45,747

Colorado .................................. 548,464 17,264 23,863 2,709 11,905 2,857 202,831 72,127 150,870 64,038Connecticut .............................. 358,354 7,039 13,149 389 10,316 930 291,826 4,305 26,319 4,081Delaware .................................. 55,668 9,402 10,573 1,844 2,156 91 12,204 2,994 14,306 2,098District of Columbia ................. 178,063 1,876 35,442 1,355 1,300 960 112,172 6,842 9,149 8,967Florida ...................................... 481,383 35,314 68,023 2,236 22,142 1,960 219,337 24,555 81,186 26,630

Georgia .................................... 414,240 36,854 32,845 3,836 10,193 2,194 243,029 14,777 60,131 10,381Hawaii ...................................... 100,392 8,129 8,064 950 2,460 127 29,453 10,216 21,676 19,317Idaho ........................................ 38,543 11,075 6,399 1,540 785 199 4,582 829 5,530 7,604Illinois ....................................... 704,479 31,441 42,701 9,774 23,651 1,654 414,115 10,601 161,799 8,743Indiana ..................................... 279,113 29,872 22,349 1,154 17,871 954 136,458 4,138 60,450 5,867

Iowa ......................................... 223,637 31,705 4,636 2,096 5,724 2,149 144,205 6,942 22,209 3,971Kansas ..................................... 117,480 16,220 5,756 5,667 8,428 2,580 51,720 3,756 18,155 5,198Kentucky .................................. 138,450 25,747 2,959 2,170 4,752 769 83,491 3,075 14,549 938Louisiana .................................. 165,911 20,381 27,218 1,400 5,973 3,424 79,631 4,717 15,349 7,818Maine ....................................... 32,606 7,407 10,578 903 200 127 2,673 710 7,089 2,919

Maryland .................................. 1,227,458 15,642 395,917 2,286 11,455 10,985 548,460 146,862 71,831 24,020Massachusetts ......................... 1,126,975 9,965 118,440 5,171 77,708 8,666 616,358 43,866 206,941 39,860Michigan ................................... 602,025 31,551 36,330 7,431 22,626 6,056 362,213 11,944 112,936 10,938Minnesota ................................ 317,240 29,451 41,998 5,332 10,943 854 178,600 4,709 40,728 4,625Mississippi ................................ 156,106 37,150 32,573 1,891 6,542 1,336 35,729 13,984 18,388 8,513

Missouri .................................... 466,775 31,898 8,175 4,408 9,952 5,992 348,315 21,214 31,408 5,413Montana ................................... 63,440 14,525 2,652 3,133 452 1,433 12,963 6,470 13,354 8,458Nebraska .................................. 82,853 21,265 3,818 1,243 2,745 50 36,075 1,849 12,546 3,262Nevada ..................................... 61,036 3,818 2,023 0 18,641 357 16,468 1,809 12,249 5,671New Hampshire ....................... 111,700 6,235 5,047 575 1,191 891 56,590 9,839 12,141 19,191

New Jersey .............................. 319,792 13,105 28,273 4,513 18,321 3,177 161,725 11,250 72,196 7,232New Mexico ............................. 162,663 10,037 41,353 852 8,491 1,131 50,923 23,277 24,014 2,585New York ................................. 1,596,912 36,256 68,773 5,177 65,516 14,113 1,071,013 44,138 235,005 56,921North Carolina .......................... 724,721 44,270 35,594 9,933 12,760 6,413 522,384 8,985 67,591 16,791North Dakota ............................ 43,613 12,789 2,135 209 8,282 3,271 5,221 2,781 7,003 1,922

Ohio ......................................... 547,739 29,607 58,992 5,335 12,236 4,114 353,365 20,550 56,484 7,056Oklahoma ................................. 110,431 18,988 10,336 3,495 6,787 598 34,056 9,352 17,726 9,093Oregon ..................................... 254,664 16,304 13,255 2,791 5,704 4,588 148,067 7,568 41,538 14,849Pennsylvania ............................ 1,189,920 24,173 174,906 9,556 27,837 6,539 771,592 30,694 138,206 6,417Rhode Island ............................ 99,414 5,042 13,226 677 2,992 327 40,655 4,301 20,884 11,310

South Carolina ......................... 153,135 19,139 15,396 1,946 8,269 408 69,018 4,275 19,455 15,229South Dakota ........................... 33,130 12,189 1,281 663 50 0 8,455 1,032 8,141 1,319Tennessee ............................... 284,176 24,366 16,134 1,361 6,884 568 199,544 6,480 25,223 3,616Texas ....................................... 1,107,264 52,069 133,377 6,652 26,435 10,898 712,257 60,094 84,678 20,804Utah ......................................... 198,702 8,756 32,491 2,841 5,473 1,101 108,581 9,972 26,597 2,890

Vermont ................................... 66,531 8,038 1,132 907 750 1,061 48,884 559 4,198 1,002Virginia ..................................... 333,608 21,993 37,641 6,354 13,232 2,304 164,490 24,371 49,739 13,484Washington .............................. 509,434 25,090 40,098 1,462 20,157 4,707 329,536 10,256 61,759 16,369West Virginia ............................ 58,486 11,873 1,604 751 9,124 2,779 14,525 12,929 413 4,488Wisconsin ................................. 407,353 31,670 11,138 6,794 24,555 1,233 246,719 13,074 63,622 8,548Wyoming .................................. 26,793 9,261 794 2,865 1,441 25 4,058 777 7,122 450

Outlying areas ..................... 89,647 22,883 1,850 3,421 77 1,069 43,195 3,698 10,348 3,106

American Samoa ..................... 1,596 1,596 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Guam ....................................... 3,784 2,210 0 105 0 546 577 0 146 200Puerto Rico .............................. 76,165 12,960 1,850 3,050 77 523 42,475 3,698 8,694 2,838Trust Territory of the Pacific .... 3,364 3,203 0 161 0 0 0 0 0 0Virgin Islands ........................... 4,738 2,914 0 105 0 0 143 0 1,508 68

1 Includes U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban De-velopment, U.S. Department of the Interior, Agency for International Development, U.S.Department of Labor, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of Transportation, Bu-reau of Engraving and Printing, General Services Administration, Office of Justice pro-grams, Social Security Administration, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

2 Dollars reflect actual obligations during the fiscal year regardless of when the fundswere actually spent by a recipient institution.

NOTE: Data are not comparable with previous years because starting in fiscal year1999, data no longer include obligations to federally funded research and developmentcenters administered by colleges and universities. Detail may not sum to totals due torounding.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Support to Universities, Colleges,and Nonprofit Institutions, Fiscal Year 2000. (This table was prepared March 2002.)

437FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 373.—Summary of federal funds for research, development, and R&D plant:Fiscal years 1994 to 2002


Item

Actual Estimate

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percentchange,2001 to

2002

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Total outlays for research, development, andR & D plant ............................................................................. $68,335.9 $68,410.0 $67,756.1 $70,892.0 $72,295.6 $72,613.9 $74,077.0 $80,159.4 $82,814.4 3.3

Research and development ................................................ 66,158.8 66,374.6 65,909.9 68,897.2 70,434.5 70,585.2 69,807.3 75,676.5 78,334.9 3.5R & D plant ......................................................................... 2,177.1 2,035.4 1,846.2 1,994.8 1,861.1 2,028.7 4,269.7 4,482.9 4,479.5 –0.1

Total obligations for research, development, andR & D plant ............................................................................. 69,427.0 71,011.8 69,408.7 71,744.7 73,743.5 77,386.6 77,356.1 85,452.2 84,938.4 –0.6

Research and development obligations ................................. 67,255.8 68,754.9 67,662.6 69,829.9 71,903.3 75,340.8 72,863.2 80,898.1 80,645.5 –0.3

PerformersFederal intramural 1 ......................................................... 16,139.1 17,342.7 16,596.4 16,720.0 17,114.0 18,084.7 17,149.8 18,719.5 18,285.2 –2.3Industrial firms ................................................................. 30,454.4 30,468.7 30,361.4 31,418.0 31,839.7 31,901.6 27,735.5 30,323.3 29,815.0 –1.7FFRDCs 2 administered by industrial firms ..................... 1,293.5 1,203.9 1,137.0 1,128.2 1,188.8 1,328.1 1,100.9 1,446.2 1,397.4 –3.4Universities and colleges ................................................ 11,828.7 11,933.0 11,944.7 12,561.1 13,365.9 14,959.1 16,815.1 19,614.9 20,198.9 3.0FFRDCs 2 administered by universities and colleges ..... 3,292.9 3,574.3 3,447.7 3,701.1 3,890.2 3,896.5 4,053.2 4,367.8 4,213.8 –3.5Other nonprofit institutions .............................................. 2,929.6 2,806.5 2,886.9 2,962.1 3,155.1 3,608.8 4,216.6 4,818.3 5,090.9 5.7FFRDCs 2 administered by nonprofit institutions ............ 735.5 831.4 754.5 821.0 603.0 913.3 1,231.5 1,117.2 1,118.9 0.2State and local governments .......................................... 325.4 316.5 246.7 261.1 447.5 357.5 224.0 256.6 269.3 4.9Foreign ............................................................................ 256.6 277.8 287.4 257.5 299.1 291.3 336.7 234.3 256.1 9.3

Research obligations .......................................................... 27,440.4 28,573.4 28,265.1 29,365.6 30,922.3 33,527.5 38,470.5 43,836.0 45,326.9 3.4Performers

Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 7,488.2 7,787.8 7,528.2 7,667.2 7,964.7 8,685.8 9,449.6 10,433.2 10,701.1 2.6Industrial firms ............................................................. 4,063.5 4,727.9 4,291.3 4,392.1 4,635.1 4,579.8 4,801.2 5,454.5 5,706.9 4.6FFRDCs 2 administered by industrial firms .................. 737.2 818.0 696.2 759.6 844.1 879.3 700.3 887.5 889.3 0.2Universities and colleges ............................................. 10,323.5 10,371.6 10,673.7 11,173.2 11,741.0 13,203.8 16,015.9 18,773.4 19,495.4 3.8FFRDCs 2 administered by universities and colleges 2,181.1 2,235.6 2,386.0 2,598.9 2,743.0 2,554.1 2,773.2 3,040.4 2,940.3 –3.3Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 2,094.9 2,056.1 2,179.5 2,294.9 2,425.2 2,806.7 3,719.8 4,255.9 4,586.1 7.8FFRDCs 2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 178.0 210.1 195.8 217.5 214.5 469.5 696.1 658.1 655.2 –0.4State and local governments ....................................... 230.8 221.4 187.4 144.0 240.1 232.4 162.5 184.1 203.3 10.4Foreign ......................................................................... 143.3 144.8 126.8 118.1 114.5 116.1 152.0 148.9 149.3 0.2

Fields of scienceLife sciences ................................................................ 11,078.8 11,979.0 12,099.7 12,661.3 13,557.6 15,422.5 17,964.7 21,118.1 22,204.3 5.1Psychology ................................................................... 550.2 653.6 513.0 545.4 591.0 632.6 1,626.7 1,870.8 2,075.3 10.9Physical sciences ........................................................ 6,792.7 4,851.2 3,964.4 4,148.7 4,209.7 4,066.2 4,787.9 5,162.9 5,144.8 –0.4Environmental sciences ............................................... 2,032.0 2,722.9 2,997.0 3,045.7 3,062.0 3,095.3 3,328.8 3,660.6 3,644.2 –0.4Mathematics and computer sciences .......................... 1,242.3 1,667.9 1,554.1 1,671.8 1,836.8 1,980.6 2,205.6 2,458.3 2,617.9 6.5Engineering .................................................................. 4,023.3 4,952.7 5,679.6 5,690.3 5,895.4 6,263.4 6,346.4 7,090.6 7,031.5 –0.8Social sciences ............................................................ 655.0 682.9 674.2 696.3 806.1 854.9 1,050.3 1,216.2 1,271.0 4.5Other sciences ............................................................. 1,066.1 1,063.2 783.0 906.1 963.7 1,212.1 1,160.2 1,258.6 1,338.0 6.3

Basic research obligations .................................................. 13,552.9 13,895.5 14,462.4 14,942.2 15,613.0 17,443.7 19,569.8 22,704.5 23,399.3 3.1Performers

Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 2,505.0 2,712.9 2,689.2 2,688.6 2,917.8 3,255.2 3,621.8 3,953.7 4,270.8 8.0Industrial firms ............................................................. 1,109.1 1,221.2 1,131.0 1,166.7 1,119.7 1,082.8 1,356.5 1,862.3 1,828.2 –1.8FFRDCs 2 administered by industrial firms .................. 237.6 239.1 272.8 294.7 326.4 313.4 171.3 229.9 243.9 6.1Universities and colleges ............................................. 7,024.2 6,951.3 7,406.1 7,695.8 7,952.2 9,107.1 10,056.7 11,894.7 12,178.2 2.4FFRDCs 2 administered by universities and colleges 1,336.0 1,438.3 1,522.0 1,600.0 1,642.3 1,565.5 1,674.0 1,822.9 1,687.5 –7.4Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 1,125.7 1,134.2 1,235.2 1,289.6 1,397.6 1,650.0 1,985.3 2,263.8 2,507.4 10.8FFRDCs 2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 73.9 75.2 76.5 88.4 121.8 354.9 521.6 491.9 497.6 1.1State and local governments ....................................... 75.2 78.7 80.2 68.4 84.9 61.4 75.7 87.3 94.8 8.5Foreign ......................................................................... 66.1 44.5 49.5 49.9 50.4 53.4 106.9 98.1 90.9 –7.3

Fields of scienceLife sciences ................................................................ 6,429.8 6,746.7 6,911.0 7,203.8 7,853.4 9,197.1 10,049.0 11,951.7 12,537.6 4.9Psychology ................................................................... 247.4 279.8 281.5 293.9 312.0 347.3 817.8 944.0 1,044.9 10.7Physical sciences ........................................................ 3,649.2 2,709.3 2,901.7 2,976.4 2,941.4 3,089.8 3,470.6 3,852.2 3,835.5 –0.4Environmental sciences ............................................... 997.2 1,410.7 1,531.2 1,543.5 1,528.7 1,615.7 1,838.4 2,058.4 2,055.6 –0.1Mathematics and computer sciences .......................... 503.6 626.1 622.0 661.4 705.5 734.9 798.3 923.1 927.5 0.5Engineering .................................................................. 1,061.7 1,432.2 1,606.6 1,583.0 1,594.4 1,639.7 1,764.2 2,071.8 2,024.8 –2.3Social sciences ............................................................ 191.7 210.8 230.0 221.0 224.8 246.5 308.0 341.7 355.1 3.9Other sciences ............................................................. 472.4 479.9 378.3 459.3 452.7 572.5 523.6 561.7 618.3 10.1

Applied research obligations ............................................... 13,887.5 14,677.9 13,802.7 14,423.4 15,309.3 16,083.7 18,900.7 21,131.3 21,927.6 3.8Performers

Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 4,983.2 5,074.9 4,839.0 4,978.7 5,046.9 5,430.6 5,827.8 6,479.4 6,430.3 –0.8Industrial firms ............................................................. 2,954.4 3,506.7 3,160.3 3,225.5 3,515.4 3,497.0 3,444.6 3,592.2 3,878.8 8.0FFRDCs 2 administered by industrial firms .................. 499.6 578.9 423.4 464.9 517.7 565.8 528.9 657.6 645.4 –1.9Universities and colleges ............................................. 3,299.3 3,420.3 3,267.6 3,477.4 3,788.9 4,096.7 5,959.2 6,878.7 7,317.2 6.4FFRDCs 2 administered by universities and colleges 845.1 797.3 864.0 998.8 1,100.7 988.6 1,099.2 1,217.5 1,252.8 2.9Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 969.2 921.9 944.3 1,005.3 1,027.7 1,156.7 1,734.5 1,992.1 2,078.7 4.3FFRDCs 2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 104.0 134.9 119.4 129.2 92.6 114.6 174.5 166.2 157.6 –5.2State and local governments ....................................... 155.5 142.7 107.3 75.5 155.2 171.0 86.9 96.8 108.5 12.1Foreign ......................................................................... 77.2 100.3 77.4 68.2 64.1 62.8 45.1 50.8 58.4 14.8

Fields of scienceLife sciences ................................................................ 4,649.0 5,232.3 5,188.7 5,457.6 5,704.1 6,225.3 7,915.7 9,166.4 9,666.7 5.5Psychology ................................................................... 302.9 373.9 231.5 251.5 279.0 285.3 808.9 926.8 1,030.4 11.2Physical sciences ........................................................ 3,143.5 2,141.9 1,062.7 1,172.4 1,268.3 976.4 1,317.3 1,310.7 1,309.3 –0.1Environmental sciences ............................................... 1,034.8 1,312.3 1,465.8 1,502.2 1,533.2 1,479.5 1,490.3 1,602.1 1,588.6 –0.8Mathematics and computer sciences .......................... 738.7 1,041.7 932.1 1,010.5 1,131.4 1,245.7 1,407.3 1,535.1 1,690.3 10.1Engineering .................................................................. 2,961.6 3,520.5 4,073.0 4,107.3 4,301.0 4,623.7 4,582.2 5,018.8 5,006.7 –0.2Social sciences ............................................................ 463.3 472.0 444.2 475.3 581.3 608.3 742.3 874.4 916.0 4.7Other sciences ............................................................. 593.8 583.3 404.7 446.8 510.9 639.6 636.6 696.8 719.6 3.3


Table 373.—Summary of federal funds for research, development, and R&D plant:Fiscal years 1994 to 2002—Continued


Item

Actual Estimate

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Percentchange,2001 to

2002

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Development obligations ..................................................... 39,815.4 40,181.4 39,397.5 40,464.3 40,981.0 41,813.1 34,392.7 37,062.1 35,318.5 –4.7Performers

Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 8,650.9 9,554.9 9,068.1 9,052.7 9,149.3 9,398.9 7,700.2 8,286.4 7,584.2 –8.5Industrial firms ............................................................. 26,390.9 25,740.7 26,070.1 27,025.8 27,204.6 27,321.8 22,934.4 24,868.8 24,108.0 –3.1FFRDCs 2 administered by industrial firms .................. 556.3 385.9 440.7 368.6 344.7 448.8 400.6 558.7 508.1 –9.1Universities and colleges ............................................. 1,505.2 1,561.4 1,271.0 1,387.9 1,624.8 1,755.3 799.3 841.5 703.4 –16.4FFRDCs 2 administered by universities and colleges 1,111.8 1,338.7 1,061.6 1,102.1 1,147.2 1,342.3 1,279.9 1,327.4 1,273.5 –4.1Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 834.8 750.4 707.4 667.2 729.9 802.0 496.8 562.4 504.8 –10.2FFRDCs 2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 557.6 621.3 558.7 603.4 388.5 443.7 535.4 459.1 463.8 1.0State and local governments ....................................... 94.7 95.1 59.3 117.1 207.4 125.1 61.5 72.4 66.0 –8.9Foreign ......................................................................... 113.3 133.0 160.5 139.3 184.6 175.2 184.7 85.4 106.8 25.1

R & D plant obligations .......................................................... 2,171.2 2,256.9 1,746.1 1,914.8 1,840.2 2,045.8 4,492.8 4,554.1 4,293.0 –5.7Performers

Federal intramural 1 ......................................................... 392.6 482.6 405.1 608.3 475.3 483.3 573.3 530.5 507.3 –4.4Industrial firms ................................................................. 746.8 696.6 465.4 389.8 487.7 544.7 2,814.6 2,733.0 2,475.3 –9.4FFRDCs 2 administered by industrial firms ..................... 119.4 95.1 43.9 60.5 45.6 172.8 27.6 47.7 62.8 31.7Universities and colleges ................................................ 209.0 323.8 243.1 238.6 139.5 141.2 213.5 252.6 265.6 5.2FFRDCs 2 administered by universities and colleges ..... 608.8 543.9 497.8 548.8 663.6 615.5 613.8 574.3 535.1 –6.8Other nonprofit institutions .............................................. 20.9 25.6 23.4 16.7 10.9 12.2 55.5 64.1 62.1 –3.1FFRDCs 2 administered by nonprofit institutions ............ 72.9 62.6 66.1 52.0 12.1 70.7 193.5 351.7 384.1 9.2State and local governments .......................................... 0.8 0.5 1.0 — — 5.3 0.9 0.2 0.5 131.5Foreign ............................................................................ 0.2 26.1 0.5 0.1 5.5 — 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

—Not available.1 Includes costs associated with the administration of intramural and extramural pro-

grams by federal personnel as well as actual intramural performance.2 Federally funded research and development centers.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail maynot sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Develop-ment, various years. (This table was prepared March 2002.)

439FEDERAL PROGRAMS

Table 374.—U.S. Department of Agriculture obligations for child nutrition programs, by state or other area:Fiscal years 2000 and 2001


State or other areaTotal,fiscal

year 2000

Fiscal year 2001

Total Special milk Schoollunch 1

Schoolbreakfast

Stateadministra-

tiveexpenses

Commoditiesand cash in

lieu ofcommodities 2

Child andadult care

Summer foodservice

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Total ................................................... $9,938,238 $10,304,091 $16,651 $5,734,725 $1,468,200 $126,783 $923,581 $1,741,841 $292,311

Alabama ................................................. 185,074 188,798 54 109,488 25,937 2,366 16,095 30,513 4,345Alaska .................................................... 26,414 27,620 6 16,253 2,706 482 1,594 6,368 211Arizona ................................................... 185,889 190,658 153 103,676 25,807 2,410 14,997 38,290 5,325Arkansas ................................................ 109,910 115,880 20 63,863 20,256 1,524 10,926 17,606 1,685California ................................................ 1,260,209 1,311,014 795 775,023 198,756 15,063 96,327 203,695 21,355

Colorado ................................................ 95,795 94,502 146 50,567 9,369 1,428 10,476 21,241 1,274Connecticut ............................................ 75,715 77,202 420 45,302 9,868 991 8,344 9,383 2,894Delaware ................................................ 25,958 26,152 52 11,884 3,000 487 2,319 7,246 1,164District of Columbia ............................... 25,385 27,254 7 16,476 4,331 390 877 3,025 2,148Florida .................................................... 536,404 549,725 131 318,653 84,571 5,973 41,279 77,096 22,022

Georgia .................................................. 370,395 388,150 38 213,024 67,167 4,386 34,761 57,845 10,929Hawaii .................................................... 43,731 41,550 3 25,339 5,757 611 4,571 4,548 721Idaho ...................................................... 38,549 39,429 193 24,442 4,497 544 4,354 4,136 1,264Illinois ..................................................... 370,241 394,928 2,608 231,633 37,553 4,742 31,634 76,507 10,251Indiana ................................................... 148,865 162,632 318 90,106 19,416 1,900 22,111 25,969 2,812

Iowa ....................................................... 82,817 86,194 129 46,767 9,450 1,154 13,385 14,624 685Kansas ................................................... 90,013 92,062 130 44,771 11,228 1,353 7,808 25,605 1,167Kentucky ................................................ 165,048 172,602 94 94,588 31,623 2,014 17,306 22,927 4,050Louisiana ................................................ 254,036 257,882 57 143,045 44,953 3,301 18,299 42,771 5,455Maine ..................................................... 35,445 35,012 102 17,210 4,000 627 3,432 8,898 742

Maryland ................................................ 137,232 144,485 443 75,748 20,227 1,897 13,681 29,262 3,227Massachusetts ....................................... 161,398 168,642 502 81,817 20,386 2,323 17,687 40,469 5,459Michigan ................................................. 248,731 256,410 895 143,536 33,949 3,197 28,201 42,956 3,676Minnesota .............................................. 159,721 163,298 965 70,081 15,355 2,434 16,863 54,429 3,171Mississippi .............................................. 168,374 174,190 9 100,787 34,673 2,055 11,143 21,946 3,577

Missouri .................................................. 179,792 181,440 397 97,229 26,991 2,264 19,468 29,825 5,267Montana ................................................. 29,111 30,694 38 14,427 3,052 547 2,932 9,144 555Nebraska ................................................ 64,770 66,353 120 29,688 5,737 1,098 8,317 20,672 721Nevada ................................................... 41,715 45,780 171 28,176 7,274 529 4,505 3,020 2,105New Hampshire ..................................... 20,090 21,020 195 11,158 2,152 358 4,070 2,586 502

New Jersey ............................................ 190,932 198,074 878 117,133 17,448 2,294 19,694 33,349 7,277New Mexico ........................................... 108,729 112,499 2 49,863 15,203 1,638 6,755 32,617 6,421New York ............................................... 719,465 725,309 1,000 402,732 92,639 8,620 61,666 117,995 40,657North Carolina ........................................ 292,429 313,708 151 162,492 49,639 3,713 33,028 59,870 4,815North Dakota .......................................... 24,460 24,693 74 10,523 1,909 511 2,871 8,462 344

Ohio ....................................................... 274,468 281,647 814 157,908 35,663 3,384 30,996 47,305 5,577Oklahoma ............................................... 149,872 152,974 87 76,212 24,732 2,033 13,532 34,257 2,120Oregon ................................................... 101,363 104,742 141 50,675 17,105 1,542 9,181 23,634 2,465Pennsylvania .......................................... 281,855 295,622 765 167,093 36,194 3,352 34,981 37,703 15,534Rhode Island .......................................... 28,822 29,452 99 16,694 3,631 434 2,304 5,179 1,111

South Carolina ....................................... 173,766 177,022 8 99,988 31,782 2,000 16,447 19,681 7,117South Dakota ......................................... 30,097 29,572 43 15,615 3,291 498 3,521 5,604 1,000Tennessee ............................................. 197,077 203,768 28 113,503 31,392 2,453 18,815 31,521 6,056Texas ..................................................... 949,971 996,566 101 573,119 182,542 10,797 81,743 127,323 20,941Utah ....................................................... 80,119 81,088 84 40,021 6,384 1,277 9,371 22,030 1,920

Vermont ................................................. 16,293 15,737 91 7,603 2,145 354 1,544 3,671 330Virginia ................................................... 176,117 185,141 243 106,353 27,050 2,164 21,597 23,777 3,959Washington ............................................ 158,922 165,839 289 88,517 21,912 2,111 15,869 33,371 3,770West Virginia .......................................... 71,324 73,220 34 38,437 13,529 972 5,541 13,096 1,611Wisconsin ............................................... 124,872 136,667 1,366 73,066 9,567 1,767 19,495 28,953 2,453Wyoming ................................................ 15,265 15,617 23 7,704 1,568 357 1,743 4,160 63

Administrative costs ............................... 6,936 6,226 0 0 0 0 6,226 0 0

Department of Defensedependents schools .......................... 7,287 7,635 0 6,448 50 0 1,137 0 0

Outlying areasAmerican Samoa ................................... 9,096 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Guam ..................................................... 4,944 5,366 0 3,771 1,146 217 140 92 0Northern Marianas ................................. 4,022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Puerto Rico ............................................ 167,880 172,359 0 114,029 25,435 2,048 8,740 16,677 5,430Trust Territory ........................................ 0 560 0 0 0 0 560 0 0Virgin Islands ......................................... 6,537 5,546 2 3,657 418 245 0 645 578Undistributed 3 ........................................ 228,490 255,883 1,139 136,810 25,784 3,556 8,320 58,269 22,003

1 Special Meal Assistance program is combined with ‘‘School Lunch’’ program.2 Commodities are based on preliminary food orders for fiscal year 2001.3 Undistributed amount reflects the difference between preliminary state earnings re-

ports and federal obligations as of September 30, 2001. Undistributed amount underschool lunch includes obligations for American Samoa and the Northern Marianas Is-lands.

NOTE: Data are based on obligations as reported September 30, 2001. Detail maynot sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Budget Divi-sion, unpublished data. (This table was prepared February 2002.)


Table 375.—U.S. Department of Health and Human Services allocations for Head Start and enrollment in Head Start,by state or other area: Fiscal years 1998 to 2001

State or other area

1998 1999 2000 2001

Head Startallocations

(in thousands)

Head Startenrollment 1


(in thousands)



(in thousands)



(in thousands)


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Total, includingoutlying areas ........................... $4,232,433 822,316 $4,502,423 829,958 $5,102,907 857,657 $6,004,717 905,235

Alabama ............................................ 67,517 15,118 71,983 15,263 82,414 15,823 95,374 16,498Alaska ................................................ 8,209 1,261 8,786 1,281 9,738 1,297 11,656 1,586Arizona .............................................. 59,017 11,055 62,444 11,127 73,697 11,882 89,629 12,865Arkansas ............................................ 39,367 9,893 43,449 10,097 48,379 10,316 57,381 10,818California ........................................... 528,339 86,368 554,366 86,459 642,512 95,280 758,591 97,667

Colorado ............................................ 42,368 8,863 46,602 9,135 52,226 9,333 61,805 9,826Connecticut ........................................ 35,244 6,476 37,906 6,825 41,674 6,857 47,931 7,207Delaware ........................................... 8,446 2,114 8,873 2,126 9,820 2,119 11,831 2,243District of Columbia ........................... 18,276 3,295 19,201 3,279 20,926 3,345 23,203 3,343Florida ................................................ 159,055 30,285 169,996 30,792 195,696 32,389 236,056 34,657

Georgia .............................................. 105,423 21,195 112,040 21,121 126,281 21,580 151,340 23,140Hawaii ................................................ 13,983 2,769 15,786 2,799 18,199 2,916 21,166 3,073Idaho .................................................. 13,058 2,231 14,121 2,266 16,098 2,387 20,158 2,890Illinois ................................................. 182,050 34,871 192,580 35,211 214,965 37,767 248,855 39,805Indiana ............................................... 61,337 12,930 65,226 13,057 72,467 13,323 85,241 14,256

Iowa ................................................... 33,451 6,922 36,038 7,003 40,714 7,235 47,381 7,689Kansas ............................................... 31,299 7,175 32,958 7,000 37,061 7,447 44,951 7,897Kentucky ............................................ 71,283 15,163 76,409 15,281 85,198 15,701 99,054 16,419Louisiana ........................................... 94,565 20,402 100,196 20,703 110,318 20,975 128,484 21,969Maine ................................................. 17,233 3,537 18,695 3,618 20,378 3,631 24,770 3,958

Maryland ............................................ 51,664 9,507 54,966 9,626 61,920 9,968 71,713 10,487Massachusetts ................................... 73,664 11,877 78,544 12,094 85,917 12,250 99,675 13,004Michigan ............................................ 162,316 33,316 171,121 33,422 186,842 33,769 215,873 35,112Minnesota .......................................... 48,909 9,545 51,740 9,630 56,401 9,715 65,523 10,164Mississippi ......................................... 110,564 24,953 117,375 25,091 129,843 25,455 149,606 26,624

Missouri ............................................. 73,482 15,415 78,622 16,191 93,475 16,574 108,305 17,718Montana ............................................. 12,292 2,555 13,839 2,678 15,267 2,703 18,944 2,971Nebraska ........................................... 21,318 4,335 23,890 4,518 26,660 4,571 32,142 4,982Nevada .............................................. 11,280 2,035 11,484 2,035 12,369 2,035 18,367 2,694New Hampshire ................................. 8,512 1,382 9,114 1,425 9,838 1,425 12,388 1,632

New Jersey ........................................ 89,319 14,201 94,945 14,443 104,743 14,567 120,245 15,329New Mexico ....................................... 32,470 7,012 35,363 7,108 38,374 7,135 45,919 7,618New York ........................................... 286,961 45,608 304,283 45,040 342,136 46,805 398,522 48,952North Carolina ................................... 87,978 17,221 93,979 17,394 104,684 17,808 124,580 18,991North Dakota ..................................... 9,721 1,966 10,561 2,002 11,973 2,042 15,750 2,287

Ohio ................................................... 168,724 36,300 178,271 36,454 196,684 38,261 226,942 38,072Oklahoma .......................................... 50,997 12,142 54,422 12,217 61,555 12,655 72,190 13,228Oregon ............................................... 37,909 5,400 40,118 5,480 46,071 5,771 54,785 9,129Pennsylvania ..................................... 154,046 28,902 165,674 29,124 181,844 29,650 209,346 31,104Rhode Island ..................................... 13,901 2,778 15,330 2,817 17,378 2,952 20,412 3,150

South Carolina ................................... 52,826 11,110 56,280 11,207 64,060 11,604 74,963 12,184South Dakota ..................................... 11,088 2,355 12,708 2,485 14,045 2,587 17,513 2,925Tennessee ......................................... 76,803 14,748 81,387 14,753 92,040 15,747 107,146 16,344Texas ................................................. 279,640 57,281 299,891 58,173 361,846 63,171 429,075 67,572Utah ................................................... 21,728 4,654 23,185 4,679 27,840 5,079 35,858 5,403

Vermont ............................................. 8,900 1,404 9,691 1,438 10,514 1,438 12,553 1,573Virginia ............................................... 61,960 12,053 66,246 12,243 74,487 12,652 89,890 13,612Washington ........................................ 64,841 9,682 69,601 9,831 78,359 10,287 92,257 11,106West Virginia ..................................... 33,349 6,876 36,062 7,043 39,842 7,144 46,713 7,590Wisconsin .......................................... 63,218 12,905 67,582 13,113 72,177 12,953 83,337 13,478Wyoming ............................................ 6,421 1,452 7,546 1,500 8,187 1,468 10,760 1,757

Migrant programs .............................. 162,206 37,116 178,122 38,132 206,391 31,607 246,905 33,355

American Indian/AlaskaNative programs ........................... 121,272 21,612 130,191 21,237 144,768 22,391 171,289 23,632

Outlying areas

Puerto Rico ........................................ 155,526 33,273 155,526 33,470 185,563 34,393 216,476 35,894Pacific Territories ............................... 10,297 5,989 10,297 5,989 12,356 5,989 14,381 6,209Virgin Islands ..................................... 6,811 1,430 6,811 1,430 7,697 1,430 9,519 1,547

1 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 59percent were 4-year-olds; 31 percent were 3-year-olds; and 4 percent were under 3years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs.The racial/ethnic composition was: American Indian/Alaska Native, 3 percent; Hispanic,26 percent; Black, 36 percent; White, 32 percent; and Asian, 3 percent.

2 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 59percent were 4-year-olds; 31 percent were 3-year-olds; and 4 percent were under 3years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs.The racial/ethnic composition was: American Indian/Alaska Native, 3 percent; Hispanic,27 percent; Black, 35 percent; White, 31 percent; and Asian, 3 percent.

3 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 5 percent were 5 years old and over; 56percent were 4-year-olds; 33 percent were 3-year-olds; and 6 percent were under 3years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs.

The racial/ethnic composition was: American Indian/Alaska Native, 3 percent; Hispanic,29 percent; Black, 35 percent; White, 30 percent; Asian, 2 percent, and Hawaiian/PacificIslander, 1 percent.

4 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 4 percent were 5 years old and over; 54percent were 4-year-olds; 35 percent were 3-year-olds; and 7 percent were under 3years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs.The racial/ethnic composition was: American Indian/Alaska Native, 4 percent; Hispanic,30 percent; Black, 34 percent; White, 30 percent; Asian, 2 percent, and Hawaiian/PacificIslander, 1 percent.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Develop-ment Services. (This table was prepared March 2002.)

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