chapter 4 - impact assessment sustainable development

8/10/2019 Chapter 4 - Impact Assessment sustainable development

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IE 5331, Fall 2012Sustainable Engineering

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Texas Tech University

Advanced Manufacturing Labratry

!eptember 11" #$1#

Chapter 4: Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Hong C. Zhang


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Case Study: Baking Biscuit (Cont)

%lur%lur Mill

y

&lectricityCals

#

Transportation

Mil'

!ugar

Cattle (aising

!ugar Cane

Ener


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)


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OUTLINE

Life Cycle Impact Assessment *LCIA+

&valuatin f ptential humanhealth and envirnmental impacts

f the envirnmental resurcesand A Lin'age bet,een theprduct-prcess and its ptentialenvirnmental impacts


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Life Cycle Impact Assessment

A life cycle impact assessment attempts testablish a lin'age bet,een the prduct rprcess and its ptential envirnmentalim acts. %r exam le ,hat are the im acts f

0"$$$ tns f carbn dixide r "$$$ tns fmethane emissins released int theatmsphere2 3hich is ,rse2 3hat are theirptential impacts n smg2 n glbal

,arming2


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Key Steps in LCIA

!tep 1: !elect and define Impact Categries

!tep #: Classificatin

!tep 4: 6rmali5atin

!tep : 7ruping

!tep 8: 3eighting

!tep 9: &valuating and (eprting LCIA (esults


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From a manufacturing process to human health andenvironmental impact, there are many scientific workneed to be done. The first ste should identif relevant

Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 1: Select and Define Impact Categories

environmental impact categories (e.g., global warming,acidification, terrestrial toxicity) .


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Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 1: Select and Define Impact Categories

Midpoint impactassessment mdels reflect therelative ptency f the stressrs at a cmmnmidpint ,ithin the causeeffect chain. Analysisat a midpint minimi5es the amunt frecas ng an e ec m e ng ncrpra eint the LCIA" thereby reducing the cmplexityf the mdeling and ften simplifyingcmmunicatin. Midpint mdeling canminimi5e assumptins and value chices"

reflect a higher level f scietal cnsensus" andbe mre cmprehensive than mdel cveragefr endpointestimatin. *;are et al 2003)


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&missin *e.g."C%Cs"


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Some LCI items may contribute to only one impactcategory, but some other items may contribute tomultiple impact categories, e.g., carbon dioxide

Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 2: Classification

category, but nitrogen dioxide could potentially affectboth ground level ozone formation and acidification (atthe same time), the entire quantity of nitrogen dioxidewould be assigned to both impact categories.


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Impact characteri5atin uses sciencebased cnversin

factrs usually characteri5atin factrs *als referred tas equivalent factors+" t cnvert and cmbine the LCIresults int representative indicatrs f impacts t humanand eclgical health.

Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 3: Characterization

Inventry =ata Characteri5atin %actr @ Impact Indicatrs

%r example: Characteri5atin f 7lbal 3arming Impacts

C %actr ?alue@0 uantity@#$ pundsC %actr ?alue@#1 uantity@1$ punds

C Impact @ #$B0@1$C impact @ 1$B#1@#1$

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Model


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Impact Categories and Associated Endpoints

The fll,ing is a list f several impact categries and endpintsthat identify the impacts.

Gloal Impacts

Global arming ! polar melt" soil moisture loss" longerseasons forest loss#chan e and chan e in $ind and ocean

patterns% &'one epletion ! increased ultraviolet radiation%

esource epletion !decreased resources for futuregenerations%

!egional Impacts

Photochemical *mog! +smog", decreased visibilit-" e-eirritation" respirator- tract and lung irritation" and vegetationdamage%

.cidification ! building corrosion" $ater bod- acidification"vegetation effects" and soil effects%


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"ocal Impacts

/uman /ealth ! increased morbidit- and mortalit-% errestrial o1icit- ! decreased production and biodiversit-

and decreased $ildlife for hunting or vie$ing%

.quatic o1icit- ! decreased aquatic plant and insectroduction and biodiversit and decreased commercial or

recreational fishing% utrophication nutrients (phosphorous and nitrogen) enter

$ater bodies" such as la4es" estuaries and slo$!movingstreams" causing e1cessive plant gro$th and o1-gendepletion%

5and 6se ! loss of terrestrial habitat for $ildlife anddecreased landfill space%

ater 6se ! loss of available $ater from ground$ater andsurface $ater sources%


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express impact indicatr data in a ,ay that canbe cmpared amng impact categries

6rmali5e the results f !tep ) by a selectedreference value

Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 4: Normalization

6' @ !'- ('

D dentes the impact categry! is the categry indicatr frm the

Characteri5atin phase and ( is the referencevalue


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Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 6: Weighting

The ,eighting step f an LCIA assigns ,eights rrelative values t the different impact categriesbased n their perceived imprtance rrelevance.

&I is the verall envirnmental impact indicatr?' is the ,eighting factr fr impact categry

'" 6 is the nrmali5ed indicatr! is the categry indicatr frm the characteri5atin phase


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Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 7: Evaluating and Documenting the LCIA Results

6, that the impact ptential freach selected categry has been

"

must be verified. The accuracy mustbe sufficient t supprt the purpsesfr perfrming the LCA as defined inthe gal and scpe.

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Life Cycle Impact AssessmentStep 7: Evaluating and Documenting the LCIA Results

Lac' f spatial reslutin E e.g." a 4"$$$gallnammnia release is ,rse in a small stream than in alarge river.

Lac' f tempral reslutin E e.g." a fivetn release fparticulate matter during a ne mnth perid is ,rsethan the same release spread thrugh the ,hle year.

Inventry speciatin E e.g." brad inventry listing suchas F?CG r FmetalsG d nt prvide enugh infrmatint accurately assess envirnmental impacts.

Threshld and nnthreshld impact E e.g." ten tns f

cntaminatin is nt necessarily ten times ,rse thanne tn f cntaminatin.


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>htchemical xidant frmatin


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Life Cycle Impact Assessment

>htchemical xidant frmatin


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Life Cycle Inventory

chapter 4 - impact assessment sustainable development

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