chapter 4 nonverbal communication. chapter outcomes describe the power of nonverbal communication...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter Outcomes
• Describe the power of nonverbal communication
• Outline the functions of nonverbal communication
• Describe the set of communication symbols that are nonverbal codes
• Illustrate the influences culture, technology, and situation have on our nonverbal behavior
Nonverbal Communication
•The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words
The Nature of Nonverbal
Communication•Nonverbal communication is– Communicative– Often spontaneous and
unintentional– Ambiguous– More believable than verbal communication (channel discrepancy)
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication•Reinforcing verbal messages– Repeating or mirroring
verbal messages– Complementing verbal
behavior by reinforcing it
– Accenting specific information in a verbal message
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)• Substituting verbal
messages– Occurs in
situations where words are unavailable, inappropriate, or unintelligible
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)• Contradicting verbal messages– May be unintentional or intentional
(teasing, joking, sarcasm)
•Managing impressions and regulating interactions– Interaction management occurs
throughout a relationship – Nonverbal cues regulate back-and-
forth flow of communication
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)• Creating immediacy, or closeness, with another– Eye contact, smiling,
appropriate touching, mimicry
•Deceiving others to believe something that is false
NonverbalCommunication Codes
•Nonverbal codes are symbols we use to send messages without, or in addition to, words.
Nonverbal Communication Codes
(cont.)•Gestures and body movements
that send nonverbal messages (kinesics)– Emblems have direct verbal
translations within a group or culture.
– Illustrators help visually explain what is being said.
– Regulators help manage our interactions.
Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.)
•Kinesics (cont.)
– Adaptors satisfy a physical or psychological need.
– Affect displays convey feelings, moods, and reactions.
Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.)
• Facial expressions (cont.)
– Several specific expressions are common across all cultures.
– Masking: replacing an expression that shows true feeling with an expression that shows appropriate feeling for a given interaction
Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.)
• Eye behavior – Oculesics is the study of the use
of the eyes to communicate.– Accepted norms
differ across cultures.
Nonverbal Communication Codes
(cont.)•Voice– Paralanguage: vocalized sounds that
accompany words; includes•Pitch (variations), tone
(modulations), volume (loudness), pauses, vocal quality, rhythm, rate
– Vocalizations: cues about emotional or physical state•Back-channel cues
include “ah,” “um,” “uh”
Nonverbal Communication Codes
(cont.)
• Physical appearance– Attractiveness has
advantages.– Artifacts
(accessories) convey different messages that may change over time.
Nonverbal Communication Codes
(cont.)• Space and environment include
– Proxemics:
the study of the
way we use and
communicate
with space• Intimate•Personal•Social•Public
Nonverbal Communication Codes
(cont.)• Space and environment (cont.)
– Territoriality: the claiming of an area through continuous or implied occupation
– Environment: arranging our surroundings to encourage or discourage interactions
Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.)
• Touch (haptics) may include– Functional-
professional touch– Social-polite touch– Friendship-warmth
touch– Love-intimacy touch– Sexual-arousal
touch
Nonverbal Communication Codes
(cont.)• Time orientation– Chronemics: the ways people
perceive and value time, structure time, and react to time
– Sending a message using time may be confusing in certain situations.
Influences on Nonverbal
Communication• Culture
– Contact and noncontact cultures have different levels of sensitivity to touch.
– Sex and gender influence a person’s degree of touch, eye contact, or how nonverbal communication is interpreted.
Influences on Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
•Mediated nonverbal communication– Loss of paralinguistic cues that
offer information– Emoticons and use of font sizes,
punctuation, and capitalization help convey meaning.
Influences on Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)• The situational context determines
rules of behavior and roles people must play under different conditions. – Public-private dimension:
physical space affecting nonverbal communication
– Informal-formal dimension: perceptions about personal versus impersonal situations