Chapter 4 Page 92

Earth’s Resources

1. Renewable and Nonrenewable resources

a. Renewable – can be replenished over short periods of time

1) Days – decades2) Plants/animals for food, trees,

wind, solar

A. Energy and Mineral Resources

b. Nonrenewable – take “millions” of years to form 1) Gone if they run out2) Coal, oil, natural gas, metals

c. Increasing population causes greater demand on resources

2. Fossil Fuelsa. Hydrocarbons used as an energy sourceb. Coal, oil, and natural gasc. Coal (“black gold”)

1) Form from plants under heat and pressure

2) 4 stagesa) Peat – partially decayed plant materialb) Lignite (brown coal) – sedimentary rockc) Bituminous coal (soft coal) – another sedimentary rockd) Anthracite (hard coal) – metamorphic rock

3) Becomes harder from one stage to next

4) Bituminous is most efficient (Fig. 2 pg 95)

5) Most is used for electricity

6) Problemsa) Surface mining – damages landb) Underground mining – dangerous and costlyc) Burning causes pollution (acid rain)

d. Petroleum and Natural Gas1) Formation

a) Large quantities of animals and plants die

b) Covered w/sediment quicklyc) Prevents decayingd) Subject to heat and pressure

for long periods of timee) Slowly converted to liquid

(oil) and gas

f) Pressure squeezes out H2O, oil, and gasg) Oil and gas begin to rise to the surfaceh) Sometimes oil and gas get trapped

2) Trapping/holdinga) Permeable reservoir rock allows oil to rise (Limestone & sandstone)b) Cap (ceiling) rock traps oil (shale)c) Anticlines, faults, salt domes

A. Anticline

B. Fault

C. Salt

dome

D.

Stratigraph

ic

Types of Oil Traps

3) Drillinga) Drill through cap rockb) Pressure is releasedc) Oil and gas move toward the holed) Pump lifts petroleum out

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PrSZMOCnWU

3. Tar Sands and Oil Shalea. Tar Sands

1) Mixture of sand, clay, water, bitumen (black tar)

2) Very high viscosity makes it difficult to be pumped out

3) Alberta has largest deposits a) Core of Canada’s economyb) Wealthiest province in

Canadac) Shares wealth with all of

Canada

4) Mining and preparinga) Sand is collected b) Heated w/pressurized steamc) Bitumen softens and begins to rised) Processed to remove impuritiese) Add hydrogenf) Refine into oil

5) Problemsa) Requires about half the energy the end product yieldsb) Large environmental issuesc) Requires lots of waterd) Used water is contaminated and toxice) Only 10% of tar sands can be surface mined

6) Effects/lifestylea) Typically 12 hr days 7 days a

week for 3 weeks, then 1 week offb) Starting pay - $35/hr w/o high

school diplomac) Pay causes high school

dropout rated) Fort McMurrary has highest

drug, crime, suicide, car accident rate in the province

b. Oil Shale1) Contains kerogen (hydrocarbon)2) Mined and heated to vaporize kerogen3) Vapor has impurities removed4) Refined5) Roughly %50 of world supply is in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming

6) Problemsa) 1/8 the energy of crude oilb) Contains lots of minerals raising cost to:

i. Miningii. Processingiii. Waste disposal

c) Requires large amounts of water in dryer areas

1. Solar energy a. Direct use of sun’s energy for

heat or electricityb. Advantages

1) Free2) Non-polluting

B. Alternate Energy Sources

c. Disadvantages1) High cost to install2) Night, cloudy days, winter

2. Nuclear energya. Energy comes from radioactive materialb. Nuclei is split into smaller ones releasing neutrons and heatc. Neutrons split adjacent nucleid. Controlled – nuclear power plante. Uncontrolled – atomic bomb

f. Disadvantages1) Building facility is expensive2) Nuclear waste3) Accidents could allow radioactive material to escape (pg 104)

a) 1979 – Three Mile Islandb) 1986 – Chernobyl c) 2011 – Japan

3. Wind energya. Clean, free, and renewableb. Disadvantages

1) Need land2) Constant

upkeep3) Noise pollution4) Environmental issues

1) Kills birds and bats2) Make wide access roads3) Need new transmission lines4) Concrete foundations

Environmental issues

4. Hydroelectric powera. Water moves turbines which create electricity b. Reservoir has “stored” energyc. Disadvantages

1) Depositing sediment2) Needs height for the water

to fall3) Need fast currents4) Changes environment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sabk7Khq0kQ

Fish Ladders: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqR2g8darqs

5. Geothermal energya. Using natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot waterb. Caused from magma c. Water is used directly for heating and turbines to produce electricity d. Advantages

1) Clean2) Little environmental impact

e. Disadvantages1) Reservoirs usually can’t be recharged2) Typically only last 10-15 yrs3) Have to continually drill more holes

6. Tidal powera. Build dam across a bay w/large tidal rangesb. In and out flow drives turbines producing electricity c. Need tidal range of at least 8m and a narrow, enclosed bay

1. Water Planeta. 71% of earth covered by waterb. Less than 1% is usable freshwaterc. Pollution

1) Point source pollution – source of pollution is known

2) Nonpoint source pollution – origin is not specifically known (runoff)

3) Table 2 pg 109

C. Water, Air, and Land Resources

2. Earth’s Blanket of Aira. 78% N, 21% O, 1% everything elseb. Gives air to breathec. Protects from radiation (O3)

d. Greenhouse gases keep earth warm (CO2, CH4, water vapor)

e. Pollution could cause major health problems

3. Land resourcesa. Provides soil, forests, minerals, and energyb. Damaging land

1) Mining2) Farming3) Deforestation4) Landfills/waste facilities

1. America has 6% of world’s population yet consumes 1/3 of the world’s resources and contribute 1/3 of the world’s garbage

2. Conservation – careful use of resources

3. Sustainability – living in a way which provides resources for many years

D. Protecting Resources

4. Keeping Water Clean and Safea. Clean Water Act (1972)

1) Forced companies to stop point source pollution

2) Increased Sewage treatment plants

3) Safe surface waters increased from 36 – 62%

b. Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)1) Set maximum levels for contaminants that could harm people2) Public water resources became cleaner

5. Protecting the Aira. Clean Air Act – regulated CO, O3, Pb, SO2, and othersb. Companies use low sulfur coal and pollution filters c. Use renewable energy sourcesd. Electric/hybrids cars

6. Caring for Land Resourcesa. Preventing pollutionb. Living sustainably c. Farming

1) Against contour2) Crop rotation3) Leaving stalks in ground4) Less fertilizers, insecticides,

and pesticides d. Selective cutting vs. clear-cutting

e. Sanitary landfills f. Laws and regulations for hazardous waste

g. RecyclingBingham Canyon Page 117

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvH-h7TzSsE

Oil Formationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_

RARgmEh-LE

Safety and drilling https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SmSNRTU1Vw

Coal Formation