chapter 4 periodic table of elements assign #40 pts
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4Periodic Table of Elements
Assign # 40 pts.
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Periodic Table
• Periodic Table –
An arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.
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Periodic Table
• Periodic Table –
An arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.
“periodic” means in a regular repeated pattern
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Periodic Table
Periods –• The horizontal rows
of the periodic table where the properties of the elements change in a pattern from left to right.
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Periodic Table
Periods –• The horizontal rows
of the periodic table where the properties of the elements change in a pattern from left to right.
• Periods equal the number of electron shells or energy levels
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Periodic Table
Groups (families) –• The vertical
columns of the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
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Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of
the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)
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Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of
the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)
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Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of
the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.
• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)
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Metals
Metals –• All elements that are
good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.
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Metals
Metals –• All elements that are
good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.
• The left and center sides of periodic table
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Metals
Metals –• All elements that are
good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.
• The left and center sides of periodic table
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Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Luster – shiny in appearance
• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes
• Ductile – can be drawn into wires
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Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Luster – shiny in appearance
• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes
• Ductile – can be drawn into wires
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Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Luster – shiny in appearance
• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes
• Ductile – can be drawn into wires
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Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Thermal conductivity – transfer heat
• Electrical conductivity– transfer electricity
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Metals
Characteristics of Metals –
• Thermal conductivity – transfer heat
• Electrical conductivity– transfer electricity
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Nonmetals
Nonmetals –• All elements that
lack most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.
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Nonmetals
Nonmetals –• All elements that lack
most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.
• They make up a small portion of the right side of the periodic table
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Nonmetals
Nonmetals –• All elements that lack
most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.
• They make up a small portion of the right side of the periodic table
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Notes – Naming Elements
• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.
• C• H• N• O• Na• Cl• Fe
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Notes – Naming Elements
• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.
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Notes – Naming Elements
• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.
• Compounds – Combinations of elements
• NaCl
• Fe2O3
• H2SO4
• NH4OH
• AgNO3
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Naming Elements
• Naming Elements – One or two letters for symbols based on Latin, Greek, Places, Names, or Descriptions.
• 1st letter capital, 2nd lower case
• Hydrogen = H• Carbon = C• Calcium = Ca• Cobalt = Co(CO = Carbon
Oxide)
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Naming Elements
Greek:
• Hydrogen = H = water bearer
• Neon = Ne = new
• Helium = He = sun
• Iodine = I = violet
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Names:
• Curium = Cm = Madame Curie
• Einsteinium = Es = Einstein
• Tungsten = W (Wolfram) from Wolframite ore
Naming Elements
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Places:• Gallium = Ga
(France)• Californium = CfDescriptions:• Rubidium = Rb (Red)• Chorine = Cl = pale
green• Bromine = Br =
dirt,strench
Naming Elements
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Latin:• Copper = Cu
(Cuprum)• Gold = Au (Aurum)
“shining dawn”• Lead = Pb
(Plumbus) • Mercury = Hg
(Hydrargyrum) “liquid silver”
Naming Elements
Copper
Gold
Lead
Mercury
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Latin:
• Potassium = K (Kalium) – Potash
• Silver = Ag (Argentum)
• Sodium = Na (Natrium)
Naming ElementsPotassium
Silver
Sodium
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Latin:
• Tin = Sn (Stannum)
• Iron = Fe (Ferrum)
Naming Elements
Tin
Iron
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• New naming system – Latin prefixes
• 104 = Unq = Un nil
quadium • 108 = • 111 =
• 115 =
• Nil = 0
• Un = 1
• Bi = 2
• Tri = 3
• Quad = 4
• Pent = 5
• Hex = 6
Naming Elements
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Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –
Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
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Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
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Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
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• Representative Elements:
Groups 1A – Groups 7A
s and p sublevels of highest energy level are not filled. Containing from 1 to 7 valence electrons
Li = 1s22s1
Be = 1s22s2
B = 1s22s22p1
C = 1s22s22p2
N = 1s22s22p3
O = 1s22s22p4
F = 1s22s22p5
Chemical Families
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• Representative Elements:
Groups 1A – Groups 7A
s and p sublevels of highest energy level are not filled. Containing from 1 to 7 valence electrons
Chemical Families
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Li = 1s22s1
Be = 1s22s2
B = 1s22s22p1
C = 1s22s22p2
N = 1s22s22p3
O = 1s22s22p4
F = 1s22s22p5
Chemical Families
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –
The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals
in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals in
Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”
• 1 electron in outside energy level
• Li = 1s22s1
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals in Group 1
which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”
• 1 electron in outside energy level
• Li = 1s22s1
• Na = 1s22s22p63s1
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Metals –The very reactive
metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.
Include – Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
• 2 electrons in outside energy level
• Be = 1s22s2
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –
The metals in
Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
• 2 electrons in outside energy level
• Be = 1s22s2
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Chemical Families - Metals
Alkali Earth Metals –The metals in Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.
- They include Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra
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Chemical Families - Metals
Transition Metals –
The elements in Group 3 through 12 which include familiar metals such as iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Transition Metals –
The elements in Group 3 through 12 which include familiar metals such as iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold.
Valence electrons in these metals can vary. They are in “transition” from 1 to 3 outside electrons.
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Chemical Families - Metals
Transition Metals –
The elements in Group 3 through 12 are not as corrosive or reactive as the Group 1 and 2 metals.
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Chemical Families - Metals
• Rare Earth Metals –• Any of a large class of
chemical elements including scandium (atomic number 21), yttrium (39), and the 15 elements from 57 (lanthanum) to 71
• Also called Lanthanides
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Chemical Families - Metals
• Rare Earth Metals (Lanthanides)–
• Any of a large class of chemical elements including scandium (atomic number 21), yttrium (39), and the 15 elements from 57 (lanthanum) to 71
• Also called Lanthanides
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Chemical Families - Metals
• Rare Earth Metals -Synthetics (Actinide elements) –
• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.
• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.
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Chemical Families - Metals• Rare Earth Metals -
Synthetics (Actinide elements) –
• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.
• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.
• Although the first four, including uranium occur naturally, most are man-made.
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Chemical Families - Metals• Rare Earth Metals -
Synthetics (Actinide elements) –
• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.
• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.
• Although the first four, including uranium occur naturally, most are man-made.
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Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –
Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
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Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
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Chemical Families – Semi-metals
Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.
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Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Halogens –
The Group 17 (VII A) elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
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Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Halogens –
The Group 17 (VII A) elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
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Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Halogens –The Group 17 (VII A)
elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
All are very reactive and volatile as diatomic substances.
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Chemical Families – NonmetalsHalogens –The Group 17 (VII A)
elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
All are very reactive and volatile as diatomic substances.
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
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Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Noble Gases
(Inert gases) –The unreactive
elements in Group 18 (VIII A)
All contain filled outer electron shells.
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Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Noble Gases
(Inert gases) –The unreactive
elements in Group 18 (VIII A)
All contain filled outer electron shells.
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Chemical Families – Nonmetals
Noble Gases
(Inert gases) –The unreactive
elements in Group 18 (VIII A)
All contain filled outer electron shells.
Glow when zapped with electric current