1. CHAPTER 4 PERIODIC TABLE

2. 4.1THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS 3.

You have learn that our earth consist of many types of elements

Can you give some examples of element?

Yes! Oxygen,carbon, zinc, aluminium, helium

all these are elements

4. Why we learn elements? Are they important to us? Lets take a look for the uses of some elements !! 5.

1.Cu, Alpure metals in the form of wires are used for carrying electrical currents.

2.Fe, Al, Cumetals are used to make utensils used for cooking.

3.Hgis used in thermometers

4.Znis used for galvanizing iron to protect Fe from rusting.

6.

5. NaCl, KCl are widely used as salts

6. Na compounds are used for making soaps, washing soda and detergents.

7. Na bicarbonate is used for baking, in medicines, etc.

8. Ca compounds are used for making cement, bleaching powders, plaster of Paris, etc.

7. Lets play BINGO!! 8. Rules: - Winner in every round could earn 15 points - You can refer to elements list while writing symbol - You must state the full name of elements while playing - Those who can state full name of elements in whole one game could earn 5 points - The final winner is those who earn 50 points 9. Cl Sn Na Br Fe Zn K Ag Pb Mg H He Ar Cu Al Be N B P I Ne Si Ca S O 10. Scientist had discover hundreds types of elements in this earth. So can you guess how theseelements been arranged in order to let us easier torecognise them? 11. Examples of modern periodic table 12. Yes! Theyre arranged inperiodic table But remember, periodic table was formed in many years and developed by a few chemist in different ways. 13. 14. Who began the discovery of periodic table ?? 15. 1. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794AD)

First scientist to classify substances

Classify them including light & heat into metals and nonmetals

Failed

Reason: light & heat

are not element

16. 2. Johann Dobereiner (1780-1849AD)

In 1829, divided the element into three groups with similar properties

Give the idea that there was a relationship between chemical properties with atomic mass

17. 3. John Newlands (1837-1898AD)

classified the 56 established elements into 11 groups based on physical properties

Discover that elements with similar properties repeated every 8 elements

LAW OF OCTAVES

18. 4. Lother Meyer (1830-1895AD)

Plotted a graph of atomic volume against atomic mass

Successful in showing similar chemical propertiesform a periodic patternagainst their atomic mass

19. 5. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907AD)

Rearrange the elements in order of increasing atomic mass

Group them according

to their similar chemical

properties

Success to predict the

undiscovered elements !!

20. 6. Henry J.G. Moseley (1887-1915AD)

Studied the X-ray spectrum of elements

Conclusion:proton numbershould be the basis in periodic arrange

Rearrange the elements in order ofincreasingproton number

21. 22. MOVIE Cute girl 23. From this modern periodic table, can you find out what basic principle in arranging elements? 24. Answer : all elements arranged in order of increasingproton number 25. 26. METALS NON-METALS 27. Conclusion: Left side -Group 1-13 metals Right side -Group 14-18 non - metals 28. Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. Period

The maximum electrons in the 1 stshell = 2 e -

The maximum electrons in the 2 ndshell = 8 e-

The maximum electrons in the 3 rdshell = 8 e-

1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 30. Conclusion: - number of electron shells = period - 2 electron shells = period 2 - 3 electron shells = period 3 -2.8.8.1 = period 4 31. Group Q1 Example 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 32. Group 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 33. Group 1 Li(2.1) Na(2.8.1) K(2.8.8.1) Rb(2.8.18.8.1) Cs(2.8.18.18.8.1) Fr(2.8.18.32.18.8.1) back All elements inGroup1has 1valence electron 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 34. Group 2 back All elements inGroup2has 2valence electrons Be(2.2) Mg(2.8.2) Ca(2.8.8.2) Sr(2.8.18.8.2) Ba(2.8.18.18.8.2) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 35. Group 13 back All elements inGroup 1 3has 3valence electrons B(2.3) Al(2.8.3) Ga(2.8.18.3) In(2.8.18.8.3) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 36. Group 17 back All elements inGroup17has 7valence electrons F(2.7) Cl(2.8.7) Br(2.8.18.7) I(2.8.18.8.7) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 37. Group 18 back He(2) Ne(2.8) Ar(2.8.8) Kr(2.8.18.8) All elements inGroup18has 8valence electrons Except Helium 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 38. Conclusion: - number of valence electrons = group - 2 valence electrons = Group 2 - 3 valence electrons = Group 13 - 2.8.7 = Group17 39. Example: -proton number = 6 -number of electron= 6 -electron arrangement=2.4 -LOCATION in periodic table:period2(2 electron shells)group14(4 electron valence) Refer PT C 12 6 40. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 41. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 42. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 43. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 44. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 45. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 46. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 47. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 48. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 49. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 50. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 51. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 52. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Refer PT Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 53. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Refer PT Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 54. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 55. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 56. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 Cl 2.8.7 57. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 Cl 2.8.7 58. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 Cl 2.8.7 59. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 Cl 2.8.7 60. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 61. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3 62. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3 3 63. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3 3 7 64. Q1Fill in the blanks (demo) Elements Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group Be 2.2 2 2 2 2 Mg 2.8.2 3 3 2 2 Al 2.8.3 3 3 3 13 Ne 2.8 2 2 8 18 S 2.8.6 3 3 6 16 Cl 2.8.7 3 3 7 17 65. Try out this !! 66. Q2Fill in the blanksEle-ment Proton number Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group H 1 He 2 Ca 20 O 8 P 15 B 5 67. Q2 Check your answers Proton number Electron arrange-ment Number of shells occupied by electronsPeriod Number of valence electrons Group H 1 1 1 1 1 1 He 2 2 1 1 2 18 Ca 20 2.8.8.2 4 4 2 2 O 8 2.6 2 2 6 16 P 15 2.8.5 3 3 5 15 B 5 2.3 2 2 3 13 68. Q3 Write the location of elements belowin periodic table of elements 40 18 Ar 14 7 N 32 16 S 69. Q3 Check out your answer Given in periodic table Period 3 Group 18 40 18 Ar Period 2 Group 15 14 7 N Period 3 Group 16 32 16 S 70. 4.2 Group 18 Elements Noble Gas 71.

Consists of helium (He),

neon (Ne),

argon (Ar),

krypton (Kr),

xenon (Xe), and

radon (Rn).

Known asnoble gases

They aremonoatomic

next 72. Monoatomic

Exist as individual

Mono- meansone

Monoatomic one atom

back #71. Slide 71 73. Group 18 back All elements inGroup18has 8valence electrons Except Helium He(2) Ne(2.8) Ar(2.8.8) Kr(2.8.18.8) 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 74. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He Neon Argon Krypton Xenon 75. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Krypton Xenon 76. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Xenon 77. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon 78. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon Xe 79. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 Neon Ne Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon Xe 80. Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar Krypton Kr Xenon Xe 81. Boiling Point/K Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr Xenon Xe 82. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 83. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54 84. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54 85. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54 86. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54 87. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 Xenon Xe 54 88. Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 89. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 90. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 91. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 92. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 93. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 94. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 95. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 96. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 97. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 98. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 99. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 -156 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 100. Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 -156 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 -112 101. next Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.11st Ionisation Energy/kJ mol -1 Atomic Radius/nM He 2372.30.128Ne 2080.60.160Ar 1520.40.174Kr 1350.70.189Xe 1170.40.218 Atomic Number Relative Atomic Mass Boiling Point/K He 24.0034.216Ne 1020.18027.10Ar 1839.94887.29Kr 3683.30120.85Xe 54131.29166.1Noble gases Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Helium He 2 0.050 -269 -270 Neon Ne 10 0.070 -246 -248 Argon Ar 18 0.094 -186 -189 Krypton Kr 36 0.109 -152 -156 Xenon Xe 54 0.130 -107 -112 102. He(2) Ne(2.8) Ar(2.8.8) Group 18 back

When elements

going down the

group 18

The electron shells

become more

Due to the

increasing of

atomic radius

103.

The animation above schematically shows how van der Waals forces are induced.

Van der Waals forces are found in molecules,

104.

such as hydrogen gas (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and in the noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, )

The bigger the molecule, the stronger the van der Waals

back 105.

1.Insoluble in water

2.do not conduct electricity or heat(not metals)

Physical Propertiesof Group 18 elements 106.

3.Low melting and boiling points but increase when going down the group.

Reason:

-the size of the atoms increasesdown the group,

-theVan der Waals forceof attraction become stronger.

107. 108.

4. Low densities but increases down the group

Reason:

Increasing in therelative atomic massof the element

109. 110. MOVIE Drift 111. MOVIE Car1 112.

All noble gases areinertwhich means chemicallyunreactive .

Helium has 2 valence electrons(duplet electron arrangement)

Chemical Properties of Group 18 Elements 113.

The other noble gases have 8 valence electrons

(octet electron arrangement)

These electron arrangement are very stable

**Reason: the outermost shell has fully occupied by electrons

114.

Therefore, theydo notneed to gain, lose or share electrons with other elements.

Exist asmonoatomicgases.

115. Uses of Noble Gases 116.

Helium

Fill airships and weather balloons

Used as superconductors

Used by divers

117. MOVIE Helium girl 118. MOVIE Helium boy 119.

Neon

Used in advertising lights and television tubes.

120.

Argon

Used to fill light bulbs

Used in welding

121.

Krypton

Used in laser to repair the retina of the eye.

Used to fill photo graphic flash lamp.

122.

Xenon

Used for making electron tubes stroboscopic lamps.

Used in bubble chambers in atomic energy reactors

123.

Radon

Used in the treatment of cancer

124. 4.3GROUP 1 ALKALIMETALS 125. Group 1 name: alkali metal

Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

Rubidium

Caesium

Francium

126. Electron arrangement

Li(2.1)

Na (2.8.1)

K(2.8.8.1)

Rb (2.8.18.8.1)

Cs(2.8.18.18.8.1)

Fr(2.8.18.32.18.8.1)

Same number of

valence electron

Same chemical

properties

127. 128. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium SodiumPotassium Rubidium Caecium 129. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li SodiumPotassium Rubidium Caecium 130. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li SodiumNa Potassium Rubidium Caecium 131. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li SodiumNa Potassium K Rubidium Caecium 132. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li SodiumNa Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium 133. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li SodiumNa Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs 134. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 SodiumNa Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs 135. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 SodiumNa 11 Potassium K Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs 136. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 SodiumNa 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb Caecium Cs 137. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 SodiumNa 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 138. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 SodiumNa 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55 139. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 SodiumNa 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55 140. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 SodiumNa 11 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55 141. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 SodiumNa 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55 142. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 SodiumNa 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 Caecium Cs 55 143. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 SodiumNa 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 144. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 SodiumNa 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 145. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 SodiumNa 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 146. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 SodiumNa 11 0.19 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 147. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 SodiumNa 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 148. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 SodiumNa 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 149. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 SodiumNa 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 688 39 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 150. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 SodiumNa 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 688 39 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 678 28 151. next Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Lithium Li 3 0.15 1347 181 SodiumNa 11 0.19 886 98 Potassium K 19 0.23 774 64 Rubidium Rb 37 0.25 688 39 Caecium Cs 55 0.26 678 28 152. Electron arrangement

Li(2.1)

Na (2.8.1)

K (2.8.8.1)

When elements

going down the

group 1

The electron shells

becomemore

increasing of

atomic radius

back 153. 1. Physical properties

Low melting points

Silvery and shiny surfaces

Good conductors of heat and electricity

Soft metalswith low densities

154. How soft the alkali metals are?

Li (2.1)

Na(2.8.1)

K (2.8.8.1)

Rb (2.8.18.8.1)

Cs (2.8.18.18.8.1)

155. Before we study the chemical properties, draw out the table first! Alkali Metals Reacts with water Reacts with Oxygen gas Reacts with chlorine gas Lithium / Li Sodium / Na Potassium / K 156. 2. Chemical properties - Havesimilarchemical properties, why? -answer:all have one valence electronA .water B.Oxygen C . Chlorine - All of alkali metals could reacts with: Next to reactivity 157. A .Alkali metals react with water

Lithium with water

Sodium with water

Potassium with water

158. Chemical properties

Observations:

Word equation:

Alkali metal + water alkalinemetal hydroxidesolution +hydrogen gas

Chemical equation:

2Li+2H 2 O 2LiOH+ H 2

2Na +2H 2 O 2NaOH+ H 2

2K +2H 2 O 2KOH+ H 2

159. B.Alkali metals react with Oxygen

Lithium with oxygen(observation)

Sodium with oxygen(observation)

Potassium with oxygen(observation)

**refer to CD ROM

160.

Observations:

Word equations:

1. Alkali metals+Oxygenwhite solidmetal oxides

2. metal oxides+water alkaline metal

hydroxidesolutions

Chemistry equations:

4M+O 2 2M 2 O

M 2 O+H 2 O 2MOH

Chemical properties 161. Observation : Reaction with oxygen

Lithium burnsslowlywith ared-flame

forms white solid (lithium oxide)

4 Li+O 2 2Li 2 O

Lithium oxide dissolved in water to form aalkaline solution

Li 2 O+H 2 O 2LiOH

162. Observation : Reaction with oxygen

sodium burnsrapidlywithyellow flame.

forms white solid (sodium oxide)

4 Na+O 2 2Na 2 O

Sodium oxide dissolved in water to form aalkaline solution

Na 2 O+H 2 O 2NaOH

163. Observation :

potassium burnsvery rapidly & brightlywith alilac flame

Form white solid (potassium oxide)

4 K+O 2 2K 2 O

Potassium oxide dissolved in water to form aalkaline solution

K 2 O+H 2 O 2KOH

Reaction with oxygen 164. C.Alkali metals react with Chlorine

Lithium with chlorine(observation)

Sodium with chlorine(observation)

Potassium with chlorine(observation)

Animation 1

Animation2

165.

Observations:

Word equations:

1. Alkali metals+Chlorinewhite solidmetal oxides

Chemistry equations:

2M+Cl 2 2MCl

Chemical properties 166. Observation :

Lithium burnsslowlywith ared-flame

forms white solid (lithium chloride)

2Li+Cl 2 2LiCl

C. Reaction with chlorine 167. Observation : C. Reaction with chlorine

sodium burnrapidlywith ayellow flame.

forms white solid (sodium chloride)

2 Na+ Cl 2 2NaCl

168. Observation :

potassium burnvery rapidly & brightlywith alilac flame

Form white solid (potassium chloride)

2 K+Cl 2 2KCl

C. Reaction with chlorine 169. MOVIE CEMENT 170. MOVIE CRASHPROOF 171. TheChemical propertiesof alkali metls areSAMEbut ReactivityDIFFEREFENCE 172. What is the trend of their reactivity when going downthe Group 1?

Li(2.1)

Na (2.8.1)

K(2.8.8.1)

Rb (2.8.18.8.1)

Cs(2.8.18.18.8.1)

** movie

173. The trend of their reactivity when going down the Group 1is.

Li(2.1)

Na (2.8.1)

K(2.8.8.1)

Rb (2.8.18.8.1)

Cs(2.8.18.18.8.1)

Becomes more reactive BUT WHY?? slow faster Very fast 174. Q: Why reactivity of Group 1 increasewhen going down the group?

A:

When the atomic size increases

The valence electronis more further away from the nucleus

attraction between nucleus &valence electron weaker

easier for atom to release valence electron

175. Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements

Extremely reactive

Li, Na & K must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles

Use forceps to take alkali metals

To wear safety goggles & gloves

Only a small piece is used

176.

Rubidium and caesium are normally stored insealed glass tubesto prevent air getting at them.

They are stored either in avacuumor in aninert atmosphereof, say,argon .

The tubes are broken open when the metal is used.

dO yOu KnOw? 177.

Lithiumis used to make batteries.

Sodiumis required by our nerves and muscles. It is present in almost everything which we eat. Table salt is Sodium Chloride.

Potassiumis also required by nerves and muscles. It is also present in almost everything we eat.

Uses of alkali metals 178. Thank you! 179. 4.4GROUP 17 HALOGENS 180. 181. Group 17 name:HALOGEN

Fluorine

Chlorine

Bromine

Iodine

Astatine

182. 183. 184.

Exist as diatomic

Di- double

Diatomic double atoms

Examples:

Fluorine F 2

Chlorine Cl 2

185. 186. GROUP 17 HALOGENS A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES C. REACTIVITY GOING DOWN THE GROUP 187. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 188. Pale yellow Purple solid brownish Yellow greenish White solid 189. fluorine chlorine iodine bromine 190. Metal pin Solid iodine 191. Solid iodine Metal plate 192. Solid iodine vaporises 193. 194. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F Bromine Chlorine Iodine Astatine 195. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Iodine Astatine 196. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine Astatine 197. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine 198. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine As 199. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine As 200. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl Iodine I Astatine As 201. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I Astatine As 202. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 203. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85 204. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85 205. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85 206. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 Astatine As 85 207. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 - 208. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 - 209. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 - 210. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 - 211. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 59 -7 Iodine I 53 0.133 Astatine As 85 - 212. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 59 -7 Iodine I 53 0.133 184 114 Astatine As 85 - - - 213. Alkali metals Symbol Proton Number Atomic Radius / nm Boiling Point /C Melting Point /C Fluorine F 9 0.071 -188 -220 Bromine Br 17 0.099 -35 -101 Chlorine Cl 35 0.114 59 -7 Iodine I 53 0.133 184 114 Astatine As 85 - - - 214. When going down the group :

Atomic size increasing

Reason: electron shells increase

215.

2. Boiling point & melting point increasing

Reason:

- when atomic size increase

- the attraction force between molecules becomestronger

- Thus,more heatis needed toovercome the attraction force

halogen 216. MOVIE FITNESS STUDIO 217. Electron arrangement

F 2(2.7)

Cl 2(2.8.7)

Br 2(2.8.18.7)

I 2 (2.8.18.18.7)

At 2(2.8.18.32.18.7)

Same number of

valence electron

Same chemical

properties

218. High Electronegativity - which means thestrengthof its atom in a moleculeto pull electronstowards in nucleus 219. 2. Chemical properties - Have similar chemical properties, why? - Answer:all have seven valence electrons A . water B.alkali C.Iron metal - All of alkali metals could reacts with: Next to reactivity 220. A .Halogens react with water

chlorine with water

bromine with water

iodine with water

Cl 2 +H 2 O HCl+HOCl Chlorine waterhydrochlorichydrochlorus acid acid Chemical properties 221. Br 2 +H 2 O HBr+HOBr Brominewaterhydrobromichypobromus acid acid I 2 +H 2 O HI+HOI Iodinewaterhydroiodichypoiodus acid acid Chemical properties 222.

chlorine with sodium hydroxide

bromine with sodium hydrocide

iodine with sodium hydroxide

B .Halogens react with Alkali Cl 2 +2NaOH NaCl+NaOCl+ H 2 O Chlorinesodiumsodiumsodiumwater hydroxidechloridechlorate(I) 223. Br 2 +2NaOH NaBr+NaOBr+ H 2 O Brominesodiumsodiumsodiumwater hydroxidebromide bromate(I) I 2 +2NaOHNaI+NaOI+H 2 O Iodinesodiumsodiumsodiumwater hydroxideiodideiodate(I) Chemical properties 224. C .Halogens react with Iron

chlorine with iron

bromine with iron

iodine with iron

3Cl 2 +2Fe 2FeCl 3 Chlorine Iron Iron (III) chloride 225. 2Br 2 +3Fe 2FeBr 3 Bromine Iron Iron (III) bromide 2I 2 +3Fe 2FeI 3 Iodine Iron Iron (III) iodide 226. Observations : halogen 227. Observations : halogen 228. Observations : halogen 229.

All atoms of halogens have 7 valence electrons.

So, all halogens exhibit similar chemical properties.

But they differ in reactivity.

Reactivity of halogens 230.

Theatomic size increaseswhen going down group 17

the outermost occupied shell becomesfurther awayfrom the nucleus.

so, the attraction of the nucleus to outer electron becomeweaker

231.

the strength of nucleus to attract 1 more electrondecreases

This causes the reactivity of halogens decrease when going down Group 17.

232.

A: when going down the Group 17,

Atomic size becomebigger

Attractionbetween nucleus and outer electron becomeweaker

More difficultto gain electron

Less reactive

Q: Why reactivity of Group 17 decreases going down the group? 233. Safety precautions in handling Group 17 elements:

Fluorine gas, chlorine gas and bromine vapour arepoisonous.

Iodine vapour isharmful to the respiratory systemof living things including human beings.

234.

Safety precautions must be taken when handling halogens:

Handle halogens in thefume chamber.

Wear safetygoggles.

Weargloves.

235. Q: Compare the reactivity between Group 1 and Group 17 when going down the group Group 1 Group 17

2.1

2.8.1

Need toreleaseone e -to achieve stable e-arrangement

2.7

2.8.7

Need togainone e -to achieve stable e-arrangement

When going down the group:

Atomic sizebigger

Attraction between nucleus and outer electron becomeweaker

easier to realese electron

When going down the group:

Atomic sizebigger

Attraction between nucleus and electron becomeweaker

More difficult to gain electron

More reactive Less reactive 236. 4.6 Transition Metal 237. 238. The position in the Periodic Table

In Group 3 to Group 12

of the Periodic Table

239. Physical Properties ofTransition Elements

All transition elements are metals.

They are solids withshiny surfaces .

They areductileandmalleable .

They havehigh tensilestrength.

240.

They havehigh melting and boiling points.

They havehigh densities.

They aregood conductorsof electricity and heat.

241. The first-row Transition Metals 242. **Special Characteristic of Transition Elements

Form coloured ions/compounds

243. Colours of some of the first-row Transition Metal ions in solution 244.

(2) Exhibit different oxidation

numbers in compounds

245.

(3) Form complex ions

246. 247.

(4) Act as catalysts

248. Uses of some Transition Metals

Titanium is used in aircraft construction

249.

The filament of an electric light bulb is made from tungsten

250.

A chromium-plated teapot

251. 252. Fireworks

Made by mixing gunpowder (mixture of potassium nitrate. Sulphur and charcoal) with different salts of transition metals

253.

The colorful display shown by the fireworks is due to the presence of different salts of transition elements

254.

Difference in colour of peoples hair is due to the presence of different transition metals compounds.

Common brown hair contains compounds of iron, cobalt and copper.

Red hair contains molybdenum compounds and blonde hair contains titanium compounds.

255. Indian Hair cut 256. THANK YOU!!! 257. 258. 259.