Chapter 4 Chapter 4

Review and DiscussionReview and Discussion

GeographyGeography

Great MigrationGreat MigrationGreat Migration Great Migration took place took place during the last during the last Ice Age. (30,000 Ice Age. (30,000 years ago)years ago)Exposed a land Exposed a land bridge between bridge between Asia and the Asia and the AmericasAmericas

Impact of IsolationImpact of Isolation

AmericasAmericas– Lived 15,000 years in isolation from the rest of Lived 15,000 years in isolation from the rest of

the worldthe world– distinguishes American development from the distinguishes American development from the

world’s other major cultural regionsworld’s other major cultural regions

Mesoamerican Vs Andean RegionsMesoamerican Vs Andean Regions

Mesoamerican and Andean regionsMesoamerican and Andean regions– domestication of plants and animalsdomestication of plants and animals– Agricultural surpluses led to craft specializationAgricultural surpluses led to craft specialization– development of trade and technology led to the rise development of trade and technology led to the rise

of social and political complexity of social and political complexity

Andean region (Chavin)Andean region (Chavin)– the environment was a diverse combination of the environment was a diverse combination of

mountain, arid coastal plains, and dense interior mountain, arid coastal plains, and dense interior jungles. jungles.

– domestication of the llama domestication of the llama important to the transportation of goods important to the transportation of goods

The Olmecs 1400 B.C.E – 500 B.C.EThe Olmecs 1400 B.C.E – 500 B.C.E

11stst American American CivilizationCivilization

– Around Mexican Around Mexican Gulf CoastGulf Coast

Built ceremonial Built ceremonial centerscenters

– Pyramid shaped Pyramid shaped centerscenters

The Olmecs 1400 B.C. – 500 B.C.The Olmecs 1400 B.C. – 500 B.C.

GovernmentGovernment– Ran by priestsRan by priests

CitiesCities– No true citiesNo true cities– No walls around cities No walls around cities

suggests what?suggests what?

LegacyLegacy– Set the foundation for Set the foundation for

other great America other great America civilizationscivilizations

Assyrian EmpireAssyrian Empire

Previous EmpiresPrevious Empires– Example: Hammurabi’s Babylon and New Kingdom Example: Hammurabi’s Babylon and New Kingdom

Egypt were relatively compact entities with Egypt were relatively compact entities with homogeneous populationshomogeneous populations

Assyrian Empire Assyrian Empire – Defeated rival kingdoms and ruled over diverse Defeated rival kingdoms and ruled over diverse

peoples and enormous landspeoples and enormous lands– an aggressive program of self-protection brought an aggressive program of self-protection brought

about expansionabout expansion– later the Assyrians were driven by greed and later the Assyrians were driven by greed and

religious conviction, fighting to control western religious conviction, fighting to control western Asia’s long-distance trade routes.Asia’s long-distance trade routes.

AssyriansAssyrians

- Military- Militarysuperior military organization (professional troops)superior military organization (professional troops)Land grants were given in exchange for military service. Land grants were given in exchange for military service. At its largest, the military comprised a half-million troops,At its largest, the military comprised a half-million troops,- Technology- TechnologyIron weapons and superior engineeringIron weapons and superior engineering– tunnels and mobile towers tunnels and mobile towers

- Control of the empire - Control of the empire varied over time. Initially relying on local rulers willing to varied over time. Initially relying on local rulers willing to collaboratecollaborateAssyria gradually extended direct control into the peripheryAssyria gradually extended direct control into the peripheryA large bureaucracy drawn from the elite class governed the A large bureaucracy drawn from the elite class governed the empire, backed up by the powerful military.empire, backed up by the powerful military.

The Early History of the Jews

Also known as the Israelites and Hebrews

Their history effects relations in the

Middle East today!

Genealogy

Judaism Heritage Chart

Father Abraham Married to Sarah

2 sons

Ishmael Mother is Hagar

Abraham's maidservant

Isaac Mother is Sarah

Cast out to desert

12 sons 12 Tribes of the Ishmaelite

Muslims

Jacob (Israel) Son of Isaac

12 sons 12 Tribes of Israel

Jews

•The Israelites were monotheistic, believing in one true God. •The Israelites believed God to be all-knowing, all-powerful, and present everywhere.• The Israelites believed that they were God’s “chosen people.”

Judaism

Teachings on Law and Morality• The laws of the Torah address all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal matters.

IsraelitesIsraelites

The ancestors The ancestors – were pastoralists who migrated from southern Mesopotamia were pastoralists who migrated from southern Mesopotamia

around the twentieth century B.C.E. around the twentieth century B.C.E. – Driving their livestock according to seasonal rainfall patterns, Driving their livestock according to seasonal rainfall patterns,

the early Israelites moved south into the region of present-the early Israelites moved south into the region of present-day Israel. day Israel.

In EgyptIn Egypt– Drought may have forced them to seek greener pastures in Drought may have forced them to seek greener pastures in

Egypt Egypt – Enslavement in Egypt and then flight, or Exodus, are a Enslavement in Egypt and then flight, or Exodus, are a

central part of the Hebrew Bible. central part of the Hebrew Bible.

Exodus Exodus – May have led to forty years of wandering in the desert that May have led to forty years of wandering in the desert that

the Israelites developed many of their religious beliefsthe Israelites developed many of their religious beliefs

Map of the Exodus

Why did it take them 40 years?

Kings of IsraelKings of IsraelSaul – established the monarchySaul – established the monarchy

David – second king, completed David – second king, completed the transition to monarchythe transition to monarchy

King Solomon – Israel reached King Solomon – Israel reached its greatest heightits greatest height

After Solomon, Israel was After Solomon, Israel was divided into two kingdomsdivided into two kingdoms

Assyrian destruction of northern Assyrian destruction of northern kingdom (Israel 721 BCE)kingdom (Israel 721 BCE)

Fall of southern kingdom (Judah) Fall of southern kingdom (Judah) to the Babylonian monarch to the Babylonian monarch Nebuchadnezzar in 587 BCENebuchadnezzar in 587 BCE– Led to diaspora Led to diaspora

Define: The Diaspora of the Jews

• The regained their homeland in 1948 when Israel is reestablished by the United Nations.

-Took Arab land? What do you think?

-Why Would the UN do that?

-What has been the result? • Still great prejudice, why?

women of Israelwomen of Israel

During the village based periodDuring the village based period– women’s vital role in sustaining the family earned women’s vital role in sustaining the family earned

them a fair portion of respect and influence. them a fair portion of respect and influence.

Consequences of UrbanizationConsequences of Urbanization– Women could not initiate divorce Women could not initiate divorce – could be punished by death for having extramarital could be punished by death for having extramarital

relationsrelations– Women could not inherit Women could not inherit – Women were expected to rear the children and Women were expected to rear the children and

work in agriculture, herding, or outside the family work in agriculture, herding, or outside the family for wages.for wages.

The Phoenicians

The Phoenicians

• Occupied string of cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast.

• What was the purpose?• Find valuable resources• (raw materials)• Resting place for merchant

fleets• Maintain a trade monopoly

The Phoenicians

• What were they famous for?

• Made glass from sand & purple dye from a tiny sea snail.

• Invented the alphabet.

Phoenician expansion in the Phoenician expansion in the MediterraneanMediterranean

There were two essential types of Phoenician There were two essential types of Phoenician expansionexpansion

– expansion through trade and commerceexpansion through trade and commerce

– direct colonization and settlement. direct colonization and settlement.

Why did they colonize?Why did they colonize?

– Colonization provided an outlet for excess Colonization provided an outlet for excess population and new sources and markets for population and new sources and markets for raw materials and other trade goods.raw materials and other trade goods.

CarthageCarthage

Carthage (814 BCE- 146 BCE)Carthage (814 BCE- 146 BCE)

GovernmentGovernment

Governed by two judgesGoverned by two judges

Senate (most powerful) made up of Senate (most powerful) made up of leading merchant familiesleading merchant families– Served for lifeServed for life

Sacrifices?Sacrifices?

Babies and children were sacrificed to the Babies and children were sacrificed to the gods (especially during crises)gods (especially during crises)

CarthageCarthage

Carthaginian foreign policy and expansion Carthaginian foreign policy and expansion – based on economic interests rather than on the based on economic interests rather than on the

desire for territorial acquisition and direct rule over desire for territorial acquisition and direct rule over other peoples. other peoples.

MilitaryMilitary– Powerful NavyPowerful Navy– control of sea lanes and access to goods and control of sea lanes and access to goods and

markets were Carthage’s primary objectivesmarkets were Carthage’s primary objectives– Maritime monopoly Maritime monopoly – Land-based military forcesLand-based military forces

were composed mostly of foreign mercenarieswere composed mostly of foreign mercenariesMerchant vessels from other nations were Merchant vessels from other nations were

CarthageCarthage

Why did they decline?Why did they decline?

Destroyed by the Romans during the third Destroyed by the Romans during the third Punic wars 146 BCEPunic wars 146 BCE

What happened to them?What happened to them?

Deported / integrated by the RomansDeported / integrated by the Romans

Some scholars suggest fire and salt was Some scholars suggest fire and salt was use to destroy their crops and civilization? use to destroy their crops and civilization? Maybe not why?Maybe not why?