Chapter 4, Section 4 Chapter 4, Section 4 “The Civil Rights “The Civil Rights Struggle”Struggle”

Main IdeaMain Idea

Even though the Constitution guaranteed Even though the Constitution guaranteed rights to Americans, African Americans rights to Americans, African Americans and other groups still did not have civil and other groups still did not have civil rights. African Americans organized a rights. African Americans organized a civil rights movement to gain equality. civil rights movement to gain equality.

I. I. Struggle for RightsStruggle for Rights (140-141) (140-141)

A.A. After the Civil War, African Americans After the Civil War, African Americans routinely faced routinely faced discrimination.discrimination.

BB.. Discrimination-Discrimination- unfair treatment based unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group. on prejudice against a certain group.

Company E, 4th US Colored Infantry. Shown armed with rifles at Fort Company E, 4th US Colored Infantry. Shown armed with rifles at Fort Lincoln.Lincoln.

C.C. After the Civil War, Southern States passed so- After the Civil War, Southern States passed so-called called “Jim Crow”“Jim Crow” laws laws requiring African-Americans requiring African-Americans and whites to be separated in most public places, and whites to be separated in most public places, incl. schools. incl. schools.

The social separation of races was called The social separation of races was called Segregation.Segregation.

(Later, African Americans had to sit in the back of (Later, African Americans had to sit in the back of

buses, separate sections in restaurants/theaters and buses, separate sections in restaurants/theaters and use separate public restrooms/water fountains)use separate public restrooms/water fountains)

African Americans fared much better in the North: 1. Could vote freely

2. Segregation was less noticeable***It would take more than 100 years for African ***It would take more than 100 years for African

Americans to secure their Civil Rights***Americans to secure their Civil Rights***

D.D. Civil Rights-Civil Rights- rights of full citizenship and rights of full citizenship and equality under law. equality under law.

E.E. National Association for the Advancement of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Colored People ((NAACPNAACP)) worked through the worked through the courts to challenge laws that denied African courts to challenge laws that denied African Americans rights.Americans rights.

(founded 1909)(founded 1909)

F.F. The The National Urban LeagueNational Urban League helped helped improve opportunities for African improve opportunities for African American in cities. American in cities.

G.G. Many groups and others built a civil rights Many groups and others built a civil rights movement. It made important gains and movement. It made important gains and President TrumanPresident Truman ordered an ordered an end toend to segregation in the armed forcessegregation in the armed forces.(1948) .(1948)

“ “Discrimination and segregation in the Armed Discrimination and segregation in the Armed Forces…is a grave threat…to the internal stability Forces…is a grave threat…to the internal stability of our nation. Segregation becomes all the more of our nation. Segregation becomes all the more important at a time when the United States should important at a time when the United States should be assuming moral leadership in the world.”be assuming moral leadership in the world.”

–A. Philip Randolph, –A. Philip Randolph, Civil Rights leader Civil Rights leader

H.H. Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of Education (1954)Topeka, Kansas, NAACP lawyers (1954)Topeka, Kansas, NAACP lawyers successfully argued that segregation in successfully argued that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. It public schools was unconstitutional. It violated the 14th amendment’s principal violated the 14th amendment’s principal of equal protection under law.of equal protection under law.

I.I. Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man.

Her action resulted in a boycott of the Montgomery bus system.

One year later the S.C. rules that public bus segregation was unconstitutional.

Parks and MLK gained national prominence

J. J. Dr. KingDr. King was the main leader during civil was the main leader during civil rights movement. rights movement.

1.1. Believed in non-violent protest Believed in non-violent protest

2.2. Organized marches, boycotts, & Organized marches, boycotts, & demonstrationsdemonstrations

3.3. Inspired many with “I Have a Dream” Inspired many with “I Have a Dream” (1963)(1963)

K.K. African Americans staged African Americans staged “sit-ins”“sit-ins” at lunch at lunch counters that served only whites. counters that served only whites.

White and African American White and African American “Freedom “Freedom Riders”Riders” rode buses together to protest rode buses together to protest segregation. segregation.

***Such protests were met with violence ***Such protests were met with violence by whites.***by whites.***

L. L. Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited prohibited discrimination in public facilities, discrimination in public facilities, employment, education, and voter employment, education, and voter registration. Banned all discrimination!!!registration. Banned all discrimination!!!

M.M. 24th Amendment outlawed poll taxes. The 24th Amendment outlawed poll taxes. The Voting Act of 1965 further protected access Voting Act of 1965 further protected access of minorities to the polls. of minorities to the polls.

Landmark Civil Rights ActsLandmark Civil Rights Acts 1. Brown v. Board (1954)

2. Civil Rights Act of 1957

(Congress sets up commission on civil rights and creates a division in the Justice Dept.)

3. Equal Pay Act of 1963

(Bans wage discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or national origin)

4. Civil Rights Act of 1957

(Strengthens 14th Amend. protections;

bans discrimination in employment, voting, & public accommodations.)

5.5.Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

Empowers federal gov. to intervene in voter registration discrimination

6. Open Housing Act of 1968Open Housing Act of 1968

Prevents people selling/renting homes from using certain forms of discrimination

7. 7. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

Provides that businesses receiving federal funds must have affirmative action

programs to increase the number of female/minority workers

8. 8. Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990

Bans discrimination in employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications against persons with physical or mental disabilities.

In the 1970’s the federal gov. began:In the 1970’s the federal gov. began:

Affirmative Action-Affirmative Action-

Programs intended to make up for past Programs intended to make up for past discrimination. It encouraged the hiring and discrimination. It encouraged the hiring and promoting of minorities and women, and the promoting of minorities and women, and the admission of more minorities into universities. admission of more minorities into universities.

***Critics complain that affirmative action ***Critics complain that affirmative action programs gave preferential treatment to programs gave preferential treatment to women and minorities, amounting to women and minorities, amounting to discrimination against men and whites.*** discrimination against men and whites.***

The struggle for equal rights continues. The struggle for equal rights continues.

75,000 workplace discrimination complaints 75,000 workplace discrimination complaints each year.each year.

In addition, many Americans feel they are In addition, many Americans feel they are subject to subject to racial profilingracial profiling..

Racial ProfilingRacial Profiling-- being singled out because being singled out because the way you look. Some become victims of the way you look. Some become victims of hate crimes. hate crimes.

Time and again history has proven that race-based policies Time and again history has proven that race-based policies do not make us safer. In fact, not only do such practices do not make us safer. In fact, not only do such practices waste limited resources, they make us less safe. Here are waste limited resources, they make us less safe. Here are some examples:some examples:

President McKinley's AssassinationPresident McKinley's Assassination - In September of 1901 President McKinley was murdered by - In September of 1901 President McKinley was murdered by Leon Czolgosz (pronounced "Cholgosh"). George Foster, a secret service agent during McKinley's Leon Czolgosz (pronounced "Cholgosh"). George Foster, a secret service agent during McKinley's term in office, admitted to overlooking Czolgosz because he was focused on a "dark complexioned term in office, admitted to overlooking Czolgosz because he was focused on a "dark complexioned man". Ironically, it was the African-American former constable whose complexion aroused so much man". Ironically, it was the African-American former constable whose complexion aroused so much suspicion, Jim Parker, who saved President McKinley from a third bullet and apprehended Czolgosz. suspicion, Jim Parker, who saved President McKinley from a third bullet and apprehended Czolgosz. This act of heroism was widely credited with extending the President's life for several days.This act of heroism was widely credited with extending the President's life for several days.

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment - Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. lashed out against U.S. citizens - Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. lashed out against U.S. citizens and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry. Signed by President Roosevelt in February of 1942, and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry. Signed by President Roosevelt in February of 1942, Executive order 9066 allowed for the removal of Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry from Executive order 9066 allowed for the removal of Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry from Western coastal regions to guarded internment camps. Located across the U.S., these permanent Western coastal regions to guarded internment camps. Located across the U.S., these permanent detention camps lasted until 1946, imprisoning over 110,000 people. Throughout the entire course of detention camps lasted until 1946, imprisoning over 110,000 people. Throughout the entire course of the war, 10 people were convicted of spying for Japan. None of them were of Japanese or Asian the war, 10 people were convicted of spying for Japan. None of them were of Japanese or Asian descent.descent.

The Oklahoma City bombingThe Oklahoma City bombing - After bombing a federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995, the two - After bombing a federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995, the two white male assailants were able to flee while officers reportedly operated on the initial theory that white male assailants were able to flee while officers reportedly operated on the initial theory that 'Arab terrorists' had committed the attacks.'Arab terrorists' had committed the attacks.

Post-9/11 casesPost-9/11 cases - The arrests of John Walker Lindh (a white, middle-class male) and Richard Reid (a - The arrests of John Walker Lindh (a white, middle-class male) and Richard Reid (a British citizen of West Indian and European ancestry) confirm that effective law enforcement British citizen of West Indian and European ancestry) confirm that effective law enforcement techniques must rely solely on behavior and not race or nationality in order to ensure security. techniques must rely solely on behavior and not race or nationality in order to ensure security. Moreover, in 2003, reportedly as an act of civil disobedience, a white college student from Maryland Moreover, in 2003, reportedly as an act of civil disobedience, a white college student from Maryland smuggled box cutters, bleach, matches, and an item with the same consistency of plastic explosives smuggled box cutters, bleach, matches, and an item with the same consistency of plastic explosives onto six airplanes. Later, he said that he was able to pass through airport security multiple times onto six airplanes. Later, he said that he was able to pass through airport security multiple times because he did not "fit the profile".because he did not "fit the profile".

Some Americans even become victims of Some Americans even become victims of hate crimeshate crimes (based on race, color, national (based on race, color, national origin, gender, disability)origin, gender, disability)

Mini Quiz!!!Mini Quiz!!!

1. The social separation of races….?1. The social separation of races….?2. Helped improve the lives of African Americans 2. Helped improve the lives of African Americans

in U.S. cities?in U.S. cities?3. What is Affirmative Action? Is it controversial…3. What is Affirmative Action? Is it controversial…

Yes or No?Yes or No?4. Being singled out because of the way you 4. Being singled out because of the way you

look? look? 5. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in what type 5. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in what type

of protest?of protest?