chapter 4 slides from mc201 siue - radio industry & history
TRANSCRIPT
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Questions to ask:
• Do you still listen to radio? What stations?
• What do you like about radio? Dislike?
• In your opinion, does radio have a future? Why or why not?
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232 million people DAILY…..
• how is radio different?
• Is radio necessary?
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• Telephone/telegraph– Private
communication between individuals
• Radio–Communication
from one to a mass audience–Allowed
immediacy
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Let’s start with the basics:James Maxwell 1860s physicist
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Electromagnetic spectrum
• “Invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light”–Maxwell determined that a range of
these – radio waves – could be harnessed
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Marconi 1874-1937
Took Maxwell’s radio waves and figured out how to transmit Morse code on them– THE FIRST RADIO! 1894 “one to one radio”
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Marconi• Received a patent on “wireless
telegraphy”
• He saw radio merely as a wireless telegraph (one-to-one)
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Marconi – just MorseDe Forest – music & voice
• Called himself • “Father of Radio”
• Changed radio to• “one to many”
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DeForest• “I discovered an Invisible
Empire of the Air, intangible yet solid as granite.”
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Broadcasting is born!
• Used to be a farming term
• Now “radio” can reach many at once
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So we’ve got a new medium…..
• Let’s regulate it! – Wireless Ship Act of 1910• American ships need to have radios
– Radio Act of 1912• Radio stations need licenses to keep the airwaves from
getting too crowded
• Radio waves could not be owned.
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• World War I – what happened?• 1921 - 5 radio stations• 1923 – 600 radio stations• By 1925• 5.5 million radios
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AT&T’s station: WNBC New York
Hey! Let’s sell commercial time!!–One ad, $50. 1922
–What do you think the public reaction was?
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David Sarnoff
• Marconi’s message boy at age 15
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David Sarnoff
• “I have in mind a plan …which would make radio a household utility in the same sense as the piano or phonograph…..the idea is to bring music into the house by wireless.” (age 24)
• Went on to create……..?
• Also built car radios for General Motors
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Radio Act of 1927
Station owners did NOT own the airwaves, just the licenses to operate within them
Stations had to serve “the public interest, convenience and necessity”
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Golden age of radio•1930s – 1940s
•Why??
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War of the Worlds, 1938
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Transistors
• Built by Bell Labs 1947
• Made smaller radios possible
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Edwin Armstrong
• Discovered FM radio in the 1920s• Thought FM was the future• First FM station: Empire St Bldng• Long legal battles with Sarnoff• Killed himself in 1954
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AM radio vs FM radio
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Radio station programming
Done in blocks–6-10am–10am – 3pm–3 pm – 7pm–7 pm – midnight
–What are characteristics of each block?
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• PAYOLA– Illegal–Paying DJs to play
a certain song
• PAY FOR PLAY– Legal–Paying for “time”
on the air for the station to play certain songs a certain number of times
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Top Formats
• #1 News/Talk• #2 Adult contemporary• #3 contemporary hit radio (Top 40)• #4 country• #5 urban• #6 Spanish
All formats tracked by Arbitron ratings
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Telecommunications Act 1996
• Lifted restrictions on how many radio stations a corporation could own
• (34% fewer radio station owners now than in 1995)
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Syndicated Radio Shows
• Tom Joyner
• Rush Limbaugh
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“Lost localism” in radio
What is that?
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Clear Channel Stations
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Emmis Communications
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CBS Radio
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Bonneville Corporations
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How is NPR different?
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Trends in radio……
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• Does the radio industry give listeners what they want?• Or do they give listeners what
the industry wants?