Chapter 4

Socialization

Chapter Outline Why Is Socialization Important Around the

Globe? Social Psychological Theories of Human

Development Sociological Theories of Human

Development

Chapter Outline Agents of Socialization Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization Socialization Through the Life Course Resocialization Socialization in the Future

Socialization The lifelong process of social interaction

through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

Socialization is the essential link between the individual and society.

Agents of Socialization

The agents of socialization are made up of people that have a impact on our norms, behaviors and values.

These agents consist of family, school, mass media and peers. The most important agent to an individual is family.

Family helps mold a child's attitude, values and beliefs. Family is there for the earliest stages of development so it has the

greatest impact.

Another agent of socialization is school. When a child begins school, he/she is first introduced to an

environment in which he/she must interact with teachers and students. They also relay knowledge, create awareness and establish Feelings of

tolerance.

Agents of Socialization… Mass media has been increasingly more

influential to people. With TV, the Internet and advertisements everywhere

reflecting how you should look and how to act, it is hard to miss it.

When you reach your teenage years, your peers begin to have more impact on your life. You start to veer away from your family a more and

associate with people of the same age group.

Why Socialization Is Important Teaches us ways to think, talk and act

that are necessary for social living. Ensures that members of society are

socialized to support the existing social structure.

Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True or False ? In the United States, full-day child

care often costs as much per year as college tuition at a public college or university.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True. Full-day child care typically costs

between $4,000 and $10,000 per child per year, which is as much or more than tuition at many public colleges and universities.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True or False? The cost of child care is a major

problem for many U.S. families.

How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?

True. Child care outside the home is a major

financial burden, particularly for the one out of every three families with young children but with an income of less than $25,000 a year.

Human Development Each of us is a product of

two forces: Heredity- “nature” the social environment -“nurture.”

Biology dictates our physical makeup. The social environment largely

determines how we develop and behave.

Question _____ is the lifelong process of social

interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity.

a. Human development

b. Socialization

c. Behavior modification

d. Imitation

Answer: b Socialization is the lifelong process of

social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity.

Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs

Freud’s Theory of Personality

Freud’s Theory of Personality Human development occurs in three

states that reflect different levels of personality: Id Ego Superego

Erikson and Psychosocial Development: 8 Stages According to Erikson, each stage is

accompanied by a crisis that involves transitions in social relationships:

1. Trust versus mistrust (birth to age one).

2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 3).

3. Initiative versus guilt (3 to 5).

4. Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11).

Erikson and Psychosocial Development

5. Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18).6. Intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35). 7. Generativity versus self-absorption (35 to

55). 8. Integrity versus despair (maturity and old

age).

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children understand the world through sensory contact and immediate action.

2. Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children begin to use words as symbols and form mental images.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

3. Concrete operational stage (7 to 11) - children think in terms of tangible objects and events.

4. Formal operational stage (12 and up) - adolescents begin to think about the future and evaluate different courses of action.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

1. Preconventional level (7 to 10)Children’s perceptions are based on punishment and obedience.

2. Conventional level (10 to adult)People are concerned with how they are perceived by peers and how one conforms to rules.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

3. Post-conventional level Few adults reach this stage People view morality in terms of individual

rights “moral conduct” is judged by principles based

on human rights that transcend government and laws.

Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development

Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish concerns.

Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others.

Stage 3: She makes a decision based on a desire to do the greatest good for self and for others.

Question According to Sigmund Freud, the _____

consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

a. id

b. ego

c. super ego

d. libido

Answer: c According to Sigmund Freud, the super

ego consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

Self-concept Self-concept is the totality of our beliefs and

feelings about ourselves. Four components make up our self-concept:

1. the physical self (“I am tall”)

2. the active self (“I am good at soccer”)

3. the social self (“I am nice to others”)

4. the psychological self (“I believe in world peace”)

The Looking-Glass Self

Stage 1: We imagine how we look to others:

The Looking-Glass SelfStage 2: We imagine how other people judge

the appearance that we think we present:

The Looking-Glass SelfIf we think the evaluation

is favorable our self-concept is enhanced.

The Looking-Glass Self

If we think the evaluation is unfavorable our self-concept is diminished.

Mead and Role-takingThe self is divided into “I” and “Me”: “I” represents the unique traits of each person. “Me” is composed of the demands of others

and the awareness of those demands. “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three

stages of self development.

Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development

1. Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)Children prepare for role-taking by imitating the people around them.

2. Play Stage (3 - 5)Children begin to see themselves in relation to others.

Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development

3. Game Stage (early school years)Children understand their social position and the positions of those around them.Children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others.

Agents of Socialization Family Peer Group School Mass Media

Peer Groups A peer group is a group of people who are

linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.

Peer groups function as agents of socialization by contributing to our sense of “belonging” and our feelings of self-worth.

Peer groups provide children with an opportunity for successful adaptation to situations such as gaining access to ongoing play, protecting shared activities

Question Which agent of socialization do you think is the

most responsible for gender differences in how males and females are socialized?

a. The family

b. Religion

c. The peer group

d. Education

e. Mass media

Functionalist Perspective: Functions of Schools

1. Teach students to be productive members of society.

2. Transmit culture.

3. Social control and personal development.

4. Select, train, and place individuals on different rungs in society.

Conflict Perspective: Schools

Experiences depend on social class, racial–ethnic background, gender, and other factors.

Children learn to be neat, punctual, quiet, wait their turn, and remain attentive to their work.

Schools socialize children for later roles in the work force.

Media As Socializing Agents

1. Inform us about events.

2. Introduce us to a variety of people.

3. Provide an array of viewpoints on current issues.

4. Make us aware of products that will supposedly help us.

5. Entertain us.

Question Which media source do you think has

the strongest impact on attitudes and behaviors of your generation?

a. Advertisingb. Televisionc. Music and music videosd. The Internete. Magazines

Gender Socialization The aspect of socialization that contains

specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society.

Important in determining what we think the “preferred” sex of a child should be and in influencing our beliefs about acceptable behaviors for males and females.

Racial Socialization The aspect of socialization that contains

specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status as it relates to : personal and group identity Intergroup and interindividual

relationships position in the social hierarchy

Socialization Through the Lifecourse Each time we experience a change in

status (becoming a college student or getting married), we learn a new set of rules, roles, and relationships.

Before we achieve a new status, we often participate in anticipatory socialization, the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles.

Occupational Socialization Sociologist Wilbert Moore divided occupational

socialization into four phases: 1. Career choice.2. Anticipatory socialization (learning

aspects of the occupation before entering it).

3. Conditioning and commitment (learning the occupation and committing to it).

4. Continuous commitment (remaining committed even when problems arise).

Social Devaluation When a person or group is considered to

have less social value than other persons or groups.

Social devaluation is especially acute when people are leaving roles that have defined their sense of social identity and provided them with meaningful activity.

Resocialization Learning a new set of attitudes, values, and

behaviors. Resocialization is voluntary when we assume

a new status of our own free will. Involuntary resocialization occurs against a

person’s wishes and generally takes place within a total institution. Military boot camps, jails, concentration

camps, and some mental hospitals are total institutions.

Question All of the following are examples of

voluntary resocialization, except:

a. becoming a student.

b. going to prison.

c. becoming a Buddhist.

d. joining Alcoholics Anonymous.

Answer: b Going to prison is not an example of

voluntary resocialization.

Quick Quiz

1. Socialization is essential for:

a. the individual's survival and for human development.

b. all of the choices.

c. the survival and stability of society.

d. society to learn how to reproduce itself.

Answer: b Socialization is essential for the

individual's survival and for human development, the survival and stability of society and for society to learn how to reproduce itself.

2. The lifelong practice of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society is called:

a. socialization

b. sociological imagination

c. acculturation

d. assimilation

Answer: a The lifelong practice of social interaction

through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society is called socialization.

3. Kohlberg's research classified moral reasoning into three sequential levels as follows:

a. id, ego, superego

b. imagination, imitation, and simulation

c. preparatory, play, game

d. preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Answer: d Kohlberg's research classified moral

reasoning into three sequential levels as follows preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

4. The ________ by Charles Horton Cooley refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

a. generalized other

b. reference group self

c. looking glass self

d. ego

Answer: c The looking glass self by Charles

Horton Cooley refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

5. Agents of socialization include:

a. mass media

b. school

c. all of the choices

d. the family

Answer: c Agents of socialization include the mass

media, school, and the family.