chapter 4: society bell work get folders and books in folders draw a line and right chapter 4 task...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4: Society
Bell Work Get Folders and books In folders Draw a line and right Chapter 4 Task #1
Define what you think society is Then Read Page 92 -93
Read up to Hunting/Gathering Societies
Society
What is society? Group of people who interact in a defined territory
and share a culture We will look at four important views
explaining the nature of human societies
Gerhard Lenski
Focus is on Sociocultural Evolution Changes that occur as a society acquires new
technology The more technological info a society has, the
faster it will change Identifies 5 types of societies based on their level
of technology
Reading Activity
Get with 9 o’clock partner Read/Answer section assigned to you 10 minutes Share with class your findings
Hunting and Gathering: Based on surroundings
Use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation.
Food production is relatively inefficient Historical Period
Only type until about 12,000 years ago (few remain) Prod. Technology
Primitive weapons/tools Pop. Size
25-40 people; relatively small and scattered
Hunting and Gathering
Settlement Patterns Scattered, often nomadic (follows food)
Social Organization Family Centered, specialization limited to age/sex Little social inequality; very egalitarian
Examples Bushmen of S.W. Africa Aborigines of Australia Kaska Indians of Canada
Horticultural and Pastoral Historical Period
From 12,000 years ago to 3000 B.C Productive Technology
Horticultural: Use of hand tools to cultivating plants Pastoral: Domestication of animals
Population Size Up to several hundred in a settlement Connect up to a thousand thru trading ties
Horticultural and Pastoral Settlement Patterns
Horticulturists= small permanent settlements Pastoral= Nomadic
Social Organization Family Centered; Religious system developing Moderate Specialization (farmers, herders, etc) Increased social inequality
Examples Middle Eastern societies up to 5000 BC Various societies today in New Guinea and Pacific Islands
Agrarian: Based on Agriculture Historical Period
Started about 5,000 years ago Dwindling numbers today
Productive Technology Animal Drawn Plow Initiated Civilization: invented Wheel, writing, numbers.
Population Size Millions
Settlement Patterns Cities common, but only contain small portion
Social Organization Family importance lessens; Religious, economic, political systems
emerge Extensive Specialization; increased social-inequality
Examples: Egypt during pyramids, Medieval Europe
Industrial: Based on Industrialism Historical Period 1750 to present
Productive Technology Advanced sources of energy to power large
machinery increased goods production Water and steam power to operate mills/factories
Population Size Millions of people
Industrial Settlement Patterns
Various cities; contain most of population Social Organization
Highly Specialized: social inequality up then down Distinct religious, political, economic, educational,
and family systems Eroded many traditional values, beliefs, and customs
Examples Most societies today in Europe, N. America,
Australia, and Japan
Post-Industrial: Based on Info Tech. Historical Period Emerging in recent decades
Productive Technology Computers that support an info based economy Industrial Production declines; info processing w/
computers increases and changes job structure Population Size
Millions of people
Post-Industrial
Settlement Patterns Remains concentrated in cities
Social Organization Similar to Industrial but info processing and
service industry replacing industrial production Examples
High Functioning Industrial societies now entering this.
Limits of Technology
Expanding Technology can help solve many social problems
Also creates new (often harder) problems as it remedies old ones
Increases specialization and social inequality
Lesson Closing
Work on project stuff, ask questions!!!
Bell Work
Complete In the Times pg. 96 in folders Task #2
Answer these questions as task #3 What were the 5 types of sociology based on
Technology by Lenski? Hunting Gathering- hunters/gatherers Horticultural/ Pastoral- Growing plants/domestic animals Agrarian- Farming Industrial- Machinery to power large factories Post-industrial- Information age
Karl Marx: Society and Conflict Focus Stressed Social Conflict: Struggle b.t. parts of society
over valued resources…mostly class conflict Society and Production
Divided society in two: Capitalists/ Proletariats Capitalists (Profit oriented)
People who owned factories and other productive enterprises Proletariat
People who provided the labor for those factories/enterprises Believed in capitalistic society conflict b.t these two was
inevitable.
Society and Production All societies were made up of Social institutions
Major spheres of social life (subsystems) meant to meet human needs
Believed the Economy to be the infrastructure that all social institutions were based Modern societies economies reinforced capitalistic
domination Basis= Materialism
That production of material goods shapes all of society False Consciousness: blaming individual over
society
Conflict and History
Early hunting/gathering societies were equal Movement towards industrial capitalism led to
increase in social inequality Blame on the bourgeoisie class (capitalists) As well as an increase in the proletariat
What do you think his main vision was? Class uprising by the proletariat!!
Lesson Closing
Read Post Industrial Workplace Answer Questions in Journals as Task #4
Look at Superstructure Diagram pg. 101 Do you agree/disagree w/ Marx?
Read pgs. 102-104; Capitalism up to Weber Work on any part of projects
Ask Questions
Bell Work: Get books/folders
What is the Focus of Karl Marx? Stressed Social Conflict
What did he divide society into? Capitalists Proletariats
Explain each division Capitalists= owners of factories Proletariats= providers of labor
What is the infrastructure of all social institutions? Economy
What is the basis of his view or shaper of society? Materialism
Capitalism and Class Conflict
Two major classes Rulers: capitalists Oppressed: proletariat
Class conflict: Inevitable in Marx’s view Antagonism (hostility) b.t. classes over distribution
of wealth in society
Capitalism and Class Conflict
How will conflict occur? Proletariat must reach class
consciousness Recognition of their class
unity against capitalism WORKERS UNITE!!!
Organize and rise in revolution w/ numbers
Nature of capitalists will resist unity
Capitalism and Alienation
Marx believed that capitalism promoted Alienation Experience of isolation from feeling powerless
4 Ways Capitalism does this! (Think Rundown) Alienation from the act of working Alienation from the products of work Alienation from other workers Alienation from human potential
REVOLUTION
Certainty that eventually a socialist revolution would overthrow the capitalist system!!
Lesson Closing
Anomie (loss/erosion of norms/values) Society is failing to give moral guidance to individuals
Read rest of Marx vs. Durkheim Supplemental lecture Answer questions in folder as Task #5
Then Read What is Marxism; Task #6: Summarize the articles key points of what
Marxism is and look up/define two words you didn’t know/understand
Bell Work
Get books/folders What are the 5 types of societies by Lenski?
Hunter/Gatherer, Pastoral/Horticultural, Agrarian, Industrial, Post-industrial
What did Marx belief to be the foundation of a society? Economy
What was Marx’s main focus? Social conflict based on Materialism
What is Lenski’s main focus? Society changes occur as technology is developed
Max Weber: Rationalization of society Direct Contrast to Marx
Reflected more of an idealistic perspective that human ideas shape society
Ideal types: Abstract statements of the essential
characteristics of any social phenomenon I.E.: Hunter/Gatherer, pre/post industrial societies
Max Weber: Rationalization of society Two world views
Classified according to the way people think about their world
Members of pre-industrial societies are bound by Tradition Sentiments/beliefs passed from generation to generation. People are guided by past, and what is right/wrong by what
they have accepted for a long time Members of post-industrial societies are guided by
Rationality Deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient
means to accomplish something Tradition become just one type of the info calculated
Max Weber: Rationalization of society Rationalization of society
Historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought
Evidenced by the Industrial revolution and capitalism
Look at pg. 106 caption This willingness to adopt new technology is a strong
indicator of how rationalized a society is.
Max Weber: Rationalization of society Is capitalism Rational?
Considered capitalism the essence of rationality Weber vs. Marx
Weber believed it to be rational Marx not. Why?
Marx thought it didn’t mean the greater good Weber thought it so b/c people used rationalization to make
money in any possible way
Lesson Closing Task #6: Answer Questions 1-8 on pg. 114 Go over with 5 Min.’s left
Bell Work
Grab books/folders Get article from back Go over answers from 1-8 on pg. 114 Finish Weber
Protestants and Capitalism
Weber’s Great Thesis Traced roots of modern rationality (and capitalism)
to Calvinist Protestantism Preached predestination and notion that success in
one’s calling testified to one’s place among the saved “Working hard and being successful = heaven”
Showed ability of ideas to shape society
7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization
Distinctive social institutions These are rational strategies to meet human needs efficiently
Large-Scale Organizations Show rational strategies of making larger decisions. Church,
government, etc. Specialized Tasks
Not seen in traditional societies. Personal Discipline
Modern societies value this. Encouragement of achievement/success show rationality in business
7 Characteristics of Rational Social Organization
Awareness of time Summed up in “Time is money”
Technical Competence Rationality judges people on “what” they are. Basis on education, skills, and abilities Sports saying “If you’re not getting better you’re getting
worse” Impersonality
Rational societies use competence for hiring, creating an impersonal interaction
Concern more over tasks/skills than people themselves
Rationality and Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy Large, rational organizations
Growth of Rational bureaucracies was key in origin of modern society
Bureacracy is similar to capitalism Everything wants to be done w/ as much
speed/efficiency as possible
Rationality and Alienation
Agreed w/ Marx in that modern society generated dehumanization and alienation
Reasoning was different though!! Marx believed it caused by inequality
Weber believed it to be caused by the countless rules and regulations of bureaucracy.
Lesson Closing
Task #7: Read article and answer ?’s to it in your folder
Look at Caption on left of pg. 208; realize what it portrays How many times have you heard a govt. official or
someone say….. Its not personal, its policy, or business?
Task #8:Answer Your Turn on pg. 108
Bell Work
Get books/Folders Ready for notes right away RIGHT MEOW!!
Durkheim: Society and Function Viewed Social facts as a focus for looking a society. Believed them rooted in society and not just individual experiences Patterns of human behavior (norms, values, beliefs)
Function: Society as a system Idea that social facts help society function as a whole
system not just individual existence Read section over this (pg. 109)
Durkheim: Society and Function Personality
People build personalities by internalizing social facts
How we think, act, and feel is a product from the society that nurtures us.
Modernality and Anomie He recognized the advantages of modern day
freedoms but warned of Anomie Condition in which society provide little moral guidance.
Read Section (pg. 110) and think of a current example that proves to this!! Miley Cyrus!?!?
Durkheim: Society and Function Evolving Societies
Believed in different reasons than Marx/Weber for cause of Rapid social change (Ind. Rev.)
Key Expanding Division of Labor: Specialized economic activity
Traditional Societies Strong collective conscience or Mechanical solidarity
Social bonds, based on shared values, strong among members
Modern Societies Mech. Solidarity becomes weaker Organic Solidarity: social bonds based on specialization,
becomes stronger People become less moral conscious and more Interdependent
Four Visions of Society
What holds them together? Lenski: United through a shared culture, but
lessens as technology develops Marx: No real unity but more social class conflict
Only true unity if production becomes a cooperation Weber: Tradition joined them in past, now it is
rational large-scale organizations Durkheim: Unity through solidarity, mechanical of
past and organic today ( morals vs. specialization)
How do they change?
Lenski: Based in terms of changing tech. and production power
Marx: Based on production power that brings class conflict into
open Weber:
Occurs b/c people change the way they view the world. From traditional (morals) to rational.
Durkheim: Changes in solidarity, from mechanical (likeness, morals)
to organic (specialization)
Why have they changed?
Lenski: Social change through technological innovation
Marx: Class struggles push for change
Weber: Ideas push for change (Calvinism)
Durkheim: Division of labor pushes change
Lesson Closing
Read Applying Soc. Box (pg. 112 Answer ?s in folder
Test on Wednesday Review tomorrow