Chapter 4: The Fall of Chapter 4: The Fall of TsarismTsarism

RevolutionRevolution

What is a Revolution?What is a Revolution?

A complete change in the way things are A complete change in the way things are done (Agricultural Revolution, Industrial done (Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Russian Revolution)Revolution, Russian Revolution)

Sometimes peacefulSometimes peaceful Sometimes violentSometimes violent Russian Revolution = the overthrow of the Russian Revolution = the overthrow of the

Tsar’s government and the establishment Tsar’s government and the establishment of Communist Ruleof Communist Rule

Events and Personalities Events and Personalities Leading up the 1917 RevolutionLeading up the 1917 Revolution

Karl MarxKarl Marx Spontaneous revolution Spontaneous revolution

of the working class of the working class ““Let the ruling classes Let the ruling classes

tremble at the prospect of tremble at the prospect of a communist revolution. a communist revolution. Proletarians have nothing Proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. to lose but their chains. They have the world to They have the world to win. Proletarians of all win. Proletarians of all lands, unite!”lands, unite!”

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Planned revolution by Planned revolution by

professional professional revolutionariesrevolutionaries

Revolution of all Revolution of all oppressed classes of oppressed classes of societysociety

Tsar Nicholas IITsar Nicholas II

Not a strong leaderNot a strong leader Did not keep Did not keep

promises made to promises made to increase personal increase personal freedoms (free freedoms (free speech, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of religion, freedom of movement, freedom movement, freedom of language)of language)

Easily influenced by Easily influenced by RasputinRasputin

Did not give DUMA Did not give DUMA (national parliament, (national parliament, much power)much power)

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday Unarmed peasants, led by Unarmed peasants, led by

Father Gapon, marched to Father Gapon, marched to Winter Palace singing, “God Winter Palace singing, “God Save the Czar” carrying Save the Czar” carrying petition requesting shorter petition requesting shorter work days, minimum wage, work days, minimum wage, calling of a constituent calling of a constituent assembly to create a assembly to create a constitution for Russia.constitution for Russia.

Palace Guards fired upon Palace Guards fired upon crowd killing hundreds, injuring crowd killing hundreds, injuring thousands (without orders)thousands (without orders)

Bond between Czar and his Bond between Czar and his people broken foreverpeople broken forever

World War IWorld War I Russia unprepared for warRussia unprepared for war Not enough supplies (food, weapons, clothing)Not enough supplies (food, weapons, clothing) Army poorly organizedArmy poorly organized Soldiers didn’t understand why they were fightingSoldiers didn’t understand why they were fighting Tsar Nicholas II and his ministers provided poor leadership and organizationTsar Nicholas II and his ministers provided poor leadership and organization

Events of the RevolutionEvents of the Revolution

February 1917February 1917 Spontaneous uprising of peasantsSpontaneous uprising of peasants Protesting shortage of bread:Protesting shortage of bread:

Industrial strikesIndustrial strikes Tramcars (city transit) forceably stoppedTramcars (city transit) forceably stopped Breaking of shop windowsBreaking of shop windows Waving red flags that read, “Down with war!”Waving red flags that read, “Down with war!”

Revolutionaries Take OverRevolutionaries Take Over When revolutionary leaders realized the revolution was actually When revolutionary leaders realized the revolution was actually

happening, they tried to organize the events to their benefit.happening, they tried to organize the events to their benefit. Leaders of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Social Revolutionaries all Leaders of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Social Revolutionaries all

joined together calling a three-day general strikejoined together calling a three-day general strike At least 60,000 soldiers join the revolutionariesAt least 60,000 soldiers join the revolutionaries These leaders, together with soldiers set up a Soviet (council)These leaders, together with soldiers set up a Soviet (council) Take control of Petrograd (St. Petersburg)Take control of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) Duma disobeys Tsar’s orders to dissolve and form the Provisional Duma disobeys Tsar’s orders to dissolve and form the Provisional

Government to run RussiaGovernment to run Russia Tsar Nicholas II steps down in favour of his son, Alexis, with Tsar’s Tsar Nicholas II steps down in favour of his son, Alexis, with Tsar’s

brother acting as regentbrother acting as regent Tsar’s brother refuses successionTsar’s brother refuses succession Romanov line to Russian throne endsRomanov line to Russian throne ends Romanov family placed under house arrest (confined to palace)Romanov family placed under house arrest (confined to palace) Russia now governed by a Provisional GovernmentRussia now governed by a Provisional Government

Provisional Government Provisional Government

Declared all Russian citizens equalDeclared all Russian citizens equal Freedom of speech, religion, press, and Freedom of speech, religion, press, and

assembly given to all citizensassembly given to all citizens Unions and strikes legalUnions and strikes legal Planned on continuing warPlanned on continuing war Provisional Government made these promises, Provisional Government made these promises,

but asked people to waitbut asked people to wait People tired of waiting and listened more and People tired of waiting and listened more and

more to the revolutionariesmore to the revolutionaries

Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky

Leader of small Leader of small socialist party socialist party became Russia’s became Russia’s Prime Minister in JulyPrime Minister in July

Wanted to establish Wanted to establish Parliamentary Parliamentary DemocracyDemocracy

Well educated and an Well educated and an excellent speaker, he excellent speaker, he lacked strong lacked strong leadership abilitiesleadership abilities

Kornilov AffairKornilov Affair

General Kornilov General Kornilov attempted to attempted to overthrow Provisional overthrow Provisional Government with Government with military takeovermilitary takeover

To prevent this To prevent this takeover, Kerensky takeover, Kerensky freed many Bolshevik freed many Bolshevik leaders from prison leaders from prison and supplied arms to and supplied arms to many revolutionariesmany revolutionaries

BolsheviksBolsheviks

Believed that a small group of trained Believed that a small group of trained revolutionaries could lead the workers to revolutionaries could lead the workers to overthrow the tsar and establish socialism overthrow the tsar and establish socialism in Russiain Russia

Led by LeninLed by Lenin Tried to attract the people with slogans Tried to attract the people with slogans

like, “All Power to the Soviets” and like, “All Power to the Soviets” and “Bread, Peace, and Freedom”“Bread, Peace, and Freedom”

Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution By end of September, there By end of September, there

was widespread peasant was widespread peasant rebellion in Russiarebellion in Russia

Lenin left Finland in disguise Lenin left Finland in disguise and attended a secret and attended a secret Bolshevik meeting in Bolshevik meeting in PetrogradPetrograd

Bolsheviks held mass Bolsheviks held mass meetings with thousands in meetings with thousands in attendanceattendance

Kerensky declares Russia to Kerensky declares Russia to be in a state of emergency and be in a state of emergency and orders arrest of Trotsky and orders arrest of Trotsky and other Bolshevik leadersother Bolshevik leaders

Events of Bolshevik RevolutionEvents of Bolshevik Revolution

1.1. Cruiser Cruiser AuroraAurora listens to Trotskey and disobeys Governments order to go out to listens to Trotskey and disobeys Governments order to go out to seasea

2.2. Trotsky orders the removal of thousands of guns from the Fortress of Peter and Trotsky orders the removal of thousands of guns from the Fortress of Peter and Paul to arm the Red Guards (Bolshevik troops)Paul to arm the Red Guards (Bolshevik troops)

3.3. Small bands of armed Bolsheviks seize important buildings (rail stations, telegraph Small bands of armed Bolsheviks seize important buildings (rail stations, telegraph exchanges, banks, printing plants, and powerhouses). Most regiments in exchanges, banks, printing plants, and powerhouses). Most regiments in Petrograd did not get involved.Petrograd did not get involved.

4.4. Trotsky declares Provisional Government overthrown, power now in hands of Trotsky declares Provisional Government overthrown, power now in hands of SovietsSoviets

5.5. Kerensky escapes in American Embassy carKerensky escapes in American Embassy car6.6. Bolshevik troops surround Winter Palace and give ultimatum to surrender or be Bolshevik troops surround Winter Palace and give ultimatum to surrender or be

shelled; ministers would not surrendershelled; ministers would not surrender7.7. Cruiser Cruiser AuroraAurora fires blank shells at Winter Palace to signal beginning of attack fires blank shells at Winter Palace to signal beginning of attack8.8. Bolsheviks (composed of soldiers, sailors, and workers) storm Winter PalaceBolsheviks (composed of soldiers, sailors, and workers) storm Winter Palace9.9. Bolsheviks encounter little resistance, mass confusion but few injuriesBolsheviks encounter little resistance, mass confusion but few injuries10.10. Bolsheviks control Government, Lenin was new leaderBolsheviks control Government, Lenin was new leader

How Did Bolsheviks Win?How Did Bolsheviks Win?

Kerensky not a strong Kerensky not a strong leaderleader

Provisional Government Provisional Government disorganizeddisorganized

Other parties not as Other parties not as organized as Bolsheviksorganized as Bolsheviks

Bolsheviks composed of Bolsheviks composed of professional professional revolutionaries dedicated revolutionaries dedicated to their goals and capable to their goals and capable of carrying them outof carrying them out

What Did Lenin Do Upon Coming What Did Lenin Do Upon Coming to Power?to Power?

Immediately proposed an Immediately proposed an end to War (WWI) (what end to War (WWI) (what peasants wanted most peasants wanted most was peace)was peace)

Proposed the distribution Proposed the distribution of all land to peasants, of all land to peasants, landowners would not be landowners would not be paid for land taken from paid for land taken from themthem

Lenin’s proposals Lenin’s proposals adoptedadopted

After the RevolutionAfter the Revolution

Bolsheviks encountered stiff resistance in Bolsheviks encountered stiff resistance in some citiessome cities

Bolsheviks defeated in Kiev (Ukraine)Bolsheviks defeated in Kiev (Ukraine) Bolshevik power weak in Siberia, Georgia, Bolshevik power weak in Siberia, Georgia,

Armenia, and Central AsiaArmenia, and Central Asia Strongest in Central Russia and in large Strongest in Central Russia and in large

cities where many workers livedcities where many workers lived

Democracy?Democracy?

November 25 elections held to form Constituent November 25 elections held to form Constituent Assembly in RussiaAssembly in Russia

Socialist Revolutionary Party got more than twice the Socialist Revolutionary Party got more than twice the votes of the Bolshevik Party (peasants liked SRP’s idea votes of the Bolshevik Party (peasants liked SRP’s idea of peasant ownership of land)of peasant ownership of land)

When Constituent Assembly met on January 18, 1918, When Constituent Assembly met on January 18, 1918, Bolsheviks posted their soldiers at the entrances Bolsheviks posted their soldiers at the entrances preventing many Socialist Revolutionaries from enteringpreventing many Socialist Revolutionaries from entering

During meeting, Bolsheviks were disorderly and During meeting, Bolsheviks were disorderly and succeeded in closing down the assemblysucceeded in closing down the assembly

Russia’s first chance at democracy short livedRussia’s first chance at democracy short lived

Ending WWIEnding WWI

Bolsheviks needed peasant support to stay in Bolsheviks needed peasant support to stay in powerpower

Lenin decided to get Russia out of WWI and Lenin decided to get Russia out of WWI and send peasant soldiers homesend peasant soldiers home

In March of 1918, Lenin signed treaty with In March of 1918, Lenin signed treaty with Germany accepting German occupation of Germany accepting German occupation of Ukraine, Belorussia, the Baltics, and FinlandUkraine, Belorussia, the Baltics, and Finland

Russia lost over one quarter of its farmland and Russia lost over one quarter of its farmland and one third of its population, almost all its coal one third of its population, almost all its coal mines, and more than half its industriesmines, and more than half its industries

Huge loss to Russia’s economyHuge loss to Russia’s economy

Civil WarCivil War After signing peace treaty, Bolsheviks After signing peace treaty, Bolsheviks

faced armed resistance to their rulefaced armed resistance to their rule Civil war lasted from 1918 to 1921Civil war lasted from 1918 to 1921 Some non-Russian nationalities took Some non-Russian nationalities took

up arms to win independence from up arms to win independence from RussiaRussia

Great Britain, France, and the USA Great Britain, France, and the USA sent troops to Russia to defeat sent troops to Russia to defeat Bolsheviks because they did not want Bolsheviks because they did not want these ideas of revolution spread these ideas of revolution spread around the worldaround the world

Fight by Bolsheviks to establish Fight by Bolsheviks to establish communism in Russia, which was communism in Russia, which was renamed the Russian Soviet renamed the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (USSR) Federated Socialist Republic (USSR) in 1918in 1918

Bolsheviks changed their name to the Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist PartCommunist Part

Bolsheviks defeated their enemy’s in Bolsheviks defeated their enemy’s in 19211921

Bolshevik SuccessBolshevik Success

Their enemy was not unitedTheir enemy was not united Trotsky created a well-organized and disciplined army Trotsky created a well-organized and disciplined army

increasing the size of the Red Army by conscripting increasing the size of the Red Army by conscripting thousands of workers and peasants as well as former thousands of workers and peasants as well as former Tsarist soldiersTsarist soldiers

Bolsheviks increased their support among workers and Bolsheviks increased their support among workers and peasants by promising land and a brighter futurepeasants by promising land and a brighter future

Used terror against opponentsUsed terror against opponents In newly conquered areas, Bolsheviks used secret police In newly conquered areas, Bolsheviks used secret police

to destroy all opposition, arresting and executing people to destroy all opposition, arresting and executing people on the spoton the spot

Results of Civil WarResults of Civil War

Much of Russia in ruinsMuch of Russia in ruins Cities, land, factories Cities, land, factories

destroyed after almost destroyed after almost eight years of fightingeight years of fighting

Millions died or fled Millions died or fled countrycountry

Bolsheviks had mammoth Bolsheviks had mammoth task of rebuilding countrytask of rebuilding country

End of RomanovsEnd of Romanovs Taken to Western SiberiaTaken to Western Siberia After Bolsheviks took power taken to After Bolsheviks took power taken to

Ekaterinburg (in Ural Mountains)Ekaterinburg (in Ural Mountains) Lenin sent telegram authorizing their Lenin sent telegram authorizing their

executionexecution Taken to cellar at 1:30 a.m. with family Taken to cellar at 1:30 a.m. with family

doctor and servantsdoctor and servants Nicholas and Alexandra fell first under Nicholas and Alexandra fell first under

the hail of bulletsthe hail of bullets Bullets bounced off the daughters, Bullets bounced off the daughters,

diamonds found in their corsetsdiamonds found in their corsets Those who survived the bullets were Those who survived the bullets were

killed by bayonetskilled by bayonets Bodies loaded onto truck, stripped of Bodies loaded onto truck, stripped of

jewels, thrown into a minejewels, thrown into a mine Mine not deep enough to hide them, Mine not deep enough to hide them,

bodies dumped into a pit in a marshy bodies dumped into a pit in a marshy areaarea

Even the family dog was killedEven the family dog was killed

Chapter ProjectChapter Project

1.1. Write a biography on either Leon Trotsky or Vladimir Write a biography on either Leon Trotsky or Vladimir LeninLenin

2.2. Write a story from the perspective of Lenin, a member Write a story from the perspective of Lenin, a member of the royal family, a revolutionary, Kerensky, a of the royal family, a revolutionary, Kerensky, a peasant conscripted to fight for the Red Army detailing peasant conscripted to fight for the Red Army detailing the events of the fall of Tsarismthe events of the fall of Tsarism

3.3. Create a picture book (that also has some Create a picture book (that also has some writing/captions) which sequences the significant writing/captions) which sequences the significant events of the fall of Tsarismevents of the fall of Tsarism

4.4. Create a series of newspaper front pages following the Create a series of newspaper front pages following the significant events of the fall of Tsarismsignificant events of the fall of Tsarism

Project Due Date: Wednesday, February 4, 2004Project Due Date: Wednesday, February 4, 2004

Possible References:Possible References:1.1. This PowerPointThis PowerPoint2.2. Your textbookYour textbook3.3. The following websites:The following websites:

http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_revolutionen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_revolution http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture6.htmlhttp://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture6.html http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture7.htmlhttp://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture7.html http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/OctRev.htmlhttp://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/OctRev.html http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/ http://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCTITLE%20Leninhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=@DOCTITLE%20Lenin

%20%20Vladimir%20Ilyich%20%20Vladimir%20Ilyich http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSlenin.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSlenin.htm en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Leninen2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1900/1917-b.htmlwww.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1900/1917-b.html http://www.virtualclassroom.net/tvc/rusrev/sld007.htmhttp://www.virtualclassroom.net/tvc/rusrev/sld007.htm http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htm www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/classroom/alevel/revol.htmwww.thehistorychannel.co.uk/classroom/alevel/revol.htm