chapter 4 the human body - triton college · pdf file• 1-4.2 describe the anatomy and...
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Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 11th Edition
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Chapter 4
The Human Body
Limmer et al., Emergency Care, 11th Edition
© 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Directory
U.S. DOT Objectives Directory
U.S. DOT Objectives are covered and/or supported by the PowerPoint™ Slide Program and Notes for Emergency Care, 11th Ed. Please see the Chapter 4 correlation below.
*KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE
• 1-4.1 Identify the following topographic terms: medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, mid-clavicular, bilateral, mid-axillary. Slides 8-10
• 1-4.2 Describe the anatomy and function of the following major body systems: respiratory (Slides 36-52), circulatory (Slides 53-82), musculoskeletal (Slides 19-35), nervous (Slides 83-88), and endocrine (Slides 94-95).
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Anatomy
and Physiology
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Anatomy
– The study of the structure or form of
living things
Physiology
– The study of function (activities and
processes)
Anatomy and Physiology
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Accurate patient assessment
Locating body organs, systems
Quality patient care
Why Knowledge of Anatomy
Is Necessary
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Anatomical
Terms
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Best described
as a person
standing,
facing forward,
with his palms
forward
Anatomical Position
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Anatomic Planes
(cont.)
Medial
–Refers to a position
closer to the midline
Lateral
–Refers to a position
farther away from the
midline
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Proximal
–Nearer to the point of
origin
Distal
–Father from the point of
origin
Anatomic Planes
(cont.)
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Anterior
– Nearer to or at the front
of the body
Posterior
– Nearer to or at the back
of the body
Anatomic Planes
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Abdominal Quadrants
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Supine Position
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Prone Position
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Left Lateral Recumbent
(Recovery Position)
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Right Lateral Recumbent
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Fowler’s Position
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Trendelenburg Position
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Body Systems
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Gives the body shape
Protects vital organs
Provides for body movement
Musculoskeletal System
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Skull and Facial Bones
Skull
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Cross-Section of the Brain
and Brain Stem
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Spinal Column
Spine
– Spinal column
contains 33
bones called
vertebrae.
Divided into five
sections:
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (4)
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Skeletal System
(cont.)
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Skeletal System
(cont.)
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Skeletal System
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Irregular bones
Long bone
Flat bones
Short bones
Four Types of Bones
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Upper Extremities
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Joints
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Ball-and-Socket Joint Hinge Joint
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Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Three Types of Muscle
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Attaches to bones
Forms the major muscle mass of
the body
Responsible for movement
Under conscious control
Voluntary Muscle (Skeletal)
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Found in gastrointestinal tract,
urinary system, blood vessels
Controls the flow of materials
through these structures
Involuntary Muscle (Smooth)
(cont.)
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Carries out automatic muscular
functions
No conscious control
Responds to stimuli such as heat,
cold, and stretching
Involuntary Muscle (Smooth)
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Found only in the heart
Involuntary muscle
Has its own blood supply
(coronary arteries)
Contracts on its own
(automaticity)
Cardiac Muscle
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Muscles of the Lower Extremity
Click the image to zoom.
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Oxygen moves into bloodstream
by inhalation.
Carbon dioxide is excreted
through exhalation.
Respiratory System
(cont.)
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Respiratory System
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The Thoracic Cavity
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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract.
Diaphragm moves downward.
Ribs move upward and outward.
Size of chest cavity increases.
Inhalation
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Inhalation—Air Flows into Lungs
Diaphragm Diaphragm
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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relax.
Diaphragm moves upward.
Ribs move down and inward.
Size of chest cavity decreases.
Exhalation
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Exhalation—Air Flows Out
of Lungs
Diaphragm
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1. Oxygen enters alveoli from
inhalation.
2. Carbon dioxide arrives via
capillaries.
3. Oxygen enters capillaries; carbon
dioxide enters alveoli.
Gas Exchange:
Inhalation Exhalation
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It is not enough to determine if your
patient is breathing.
The patient must be breathing
ADEQUATELY.
Adequate Breathing
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Adults 12–29 breaths/min.
Children 15–30 breaths/min.
Infants 25–50 breaths/min.
Adequate Breathing:
Normal Rates
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Breathing effort
Increased use of accessory muscles,
especially in infants and children
Inadequate Breathing
(cont.)
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Pale or cyanotic (blue) skin
Cool, clammy skin
Agonal respirations (occasional,
gasping, seen just before death)
Inadequate Breathing
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Signs of Inadequate Breathing
Nasal flaring
Excessive use
of
accessory
muscles
Chest
tightness
Cyanosis
Numbness,
tingling in
hands & feet
Pursed lips on
exhalation
Coughing, crowing,
high-pitched bark
Respiratory noise
• wheezing
• rattling
Impaired mentation
Unconsciousness• dizziness• restlessness• anxiety• confusion• combativeness
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Pediatric Airway Anatomy
(cont.)
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Trachea narrower (more easily
obstructed)
Trachea softer, more flexible than
an adult’s
Airway structures smaller (more
easily obstructed)
Pediatric Airway Anatomy
(cont.)
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Cricoid not well developed (less
rigid)
Chest wall softer (infants are
abdominal breathers)
Tongue proportionally larger than
an adult’s
Pediatric Airway Anatomy
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Retractions
Nasal Flaring
Seesaw
Breathing
Diaphragmatic Breathing
Inadequate
Breathing:
Infants and
Children
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Circulatory
System
(cont.)
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The heart is the pump for blood.
Blood is the fluid that brings food
and oxygen to the cells, and
removes waste products.
Blood vessels are the pipes that
blood flows through.
Circulatory System
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The Heart
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Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Receives blood from veins;
pumps to right ventricleReceives blood from lungs;
pumps to left ventricle
Pumps blood to the lungs Pumps blood through the
aorta to the body
Heart Chambers
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Valves between chambers prevent the
backflow of blood.
Contains specialized contractile and
conductive tissue
The Heart
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Cardiac
Conduction
System
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Lungs,
Heart, and
Great
Vessels
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The movement of blood through
the heart and vessels
Circulation
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Vessels
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Arteries
– Carry blood away from heart
Veins
– Carry blood toward heart
Arterioles
– Smallest arteries
Venules
– Smallest veins
Vessels of Circulation
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Tiny vessels that connect
arterioles to venules
Allow for the exchange of waste
and nutrients at the cellular level
Capillaries
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Blood Composition
(cont.)
Red blood cells:
–Give blood its color
–Carry oxygen to organs
–Carry carbon dioxide away from
organs
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Blood Composition
(cont.)
White blood cells:
–Provide defense against infection
–Produce antibodies
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Plasma
– Fluid that carries blood cells and
nutrients
Platelets
– Essential for formation of clots
Blood Composition
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Left ventricle contracts, sending a
wave of blood through the arteries.
It is palpated when EMT compresses
an artery near the skin surface and
over a bone.
Specific pulses are recommended
for specific patients and situations.
Pulse
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Carotid Pulse
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Femoral Pulse
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Major Blood
Vessels of
the Thigh
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Radial Pulse
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Brachial Pulse
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Posterior Tibial Pulse
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Dorsalis Pedis Pulse
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Blood Pressure
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Pressure exerted against the walls
of an artery when the left ventricle
contracts
Systolic Blood Pressure
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Pressure exerted against the walls
of an artery when the left ventricle
is at rest
Diastolic Blood Pressure
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Blood Pressure Is Described as:
Diastolic
or120 mmHg
80 mmHg
Systolic
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The delivery of oxygen and other
nutrients to the cells of all organ
systems and the removal of waste
products
Adequate perfusion is necessary for
life.
Perfusion
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Inadequate circulation of blood
through an organ or structure
Results in inadequate oxygen supply
to cells and causes buildup of waste
products
Hypoperfusion
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Skin
–Cool, pale
–Clammy
–Cyanotic
Pulse
–Rapid, weak
Signs and Symptoms
of Hypoperfusion
(cont.)
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Breathing
–Rapid, shallow
Behavior
–Restless, anxious
–Nausea, vomiting
Signs and Symptoms
of Hypoperfusion
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Controls the voluntary and
involuntary activity of the body
Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
and nerves
Nervous System
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Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
– Includes the autonomic nervous
system
Nervous System:
Two Components
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Includes the brain and spinal
cord; responds to changes
inside and outside of the body
Central Nervous System
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Sensory nerves
– Carry information from the body to
the brain and spinal cord
Motor nerves
– Carry information from the brain
and spinal cord to the body
Peripheral Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Controls all basicbodily functions,and responds to external changes
Parallels spinal cordbut is separately involved in control ofexocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera, and externalgenitalia
Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Provides a complete network of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
AutonomicNervous SystemParallels spinal cordbut is separately involved in control ofexocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera, and externalgenitalia
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Right Axillary Region
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Allows for food travel and
breakdown
Main organs include:
–Stomach
–Large intestine
–Small intestine
Digestive System
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Abdominal Quadrants
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Abdominal Cavity
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Protects the body from the
environment and organisms
Helps regulate body temperature
Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure,
and pain
Skin
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Layers
of the
Skin
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Secretes chemicals that regulate
body activities and functions:
– Insulin
– Epinephrine
Endocrine System
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Endocrine
System
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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1. Define the following anatomical
terms:
Medial
Anterior
Mid-clavicular
Lateral
Posterior
Distal
Review Questions
(cont.)
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2. List the three functions of the
musculoskeletal system.
3. Name the five divisions of the spine
and describe the location of each.
4. Describe the physical processes of
inhalation and exhalation.
Review Questions
(cont.)
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5. List four places a peripheral pulse
may be felt.
6. Describe the central nervous system
and peripheral nervous system.
7. List three functions of the skin.
Review Questions
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Street Scenes
As you assess your young patient, how
does his anatomy impact on the
process?
What should you be alert to when
examining the child’s abdomen?
(cont.)
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What are the significant findings based on the assessment and your knowledge of the human body?
Do you have any concerns about additional injuries to this patient? If so, what are they?
Street Scenes