Chapter 4:Tissues, Glands, &

Membranes

Joel G. Soria, MD

OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVESEpithelial Tissue • List the characteristics of epithelial tissue. • Classify and give an example of the major types

of epithelial tissue. • Explain the function in epithelial tissue of the

following: cell layers, cell shapes, free cell surfaces and connections between cells.

• Define and categorize glands. Connective Tissue • Describe the classification of connective tissues

and give examples of each major type.

OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVESMuscle Tissue • Name the three types of muscle tissue and list

their functions. Nervous Tissue • State the functions of nervous tissue and

describe a neuron. Membranes • List the structural and functional characteristics

of mucous and serous membranes.

Content OutlineI. Epithelial Tissue

A. General characteristics B. Functions of Epithelia 1. Protecting underlying structures 2. Acting as barriers 3. Permitting the passage of substances 4. Secreting substances 5. Absorbing substances

Content OutlineI. Epithelial Tissue C. Classification

1. Simple squamous epithelium 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium 3. Simple columnar epithelium 4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 5. Stratified squamous epithelium 6. Transitional epithelium

Content Outline I. Epithelial Tissue

D. Structural and Functional Relationships1. Cell Layers and Cell Shapes a. Stratified—protective b. Simple—diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption c. Thin, flat—diffusion d. Cuboidal and columnar—secretion and

absorption

Nomenclature• ___________ ___________ ___________ • (Givename) (middlename) (surname)• ___________ ___________ epithelium• ___________ (Shape) epithelium• (# of layer) (Shape) epithelium

Ex: (single layer) (cube-like) epithelium• Simple cuboidal epithelium

Table 4.3.2

Content Outline I. Epithelial Tissue

E. Glands1. Exocrine glands

a. Unicellular glandb. Simple straight tubular glandc. Simple coiled tubular glandd. Simple acinar or alveolar glande. Compound tubular glandf. Compound acinar or alveolar glandg. Compound tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar

2. Endocrine glands and hormones

Content OutlineII. Connective Tissue A. General Characteristics 1. Extracellular matrix a. Protein fibers 1) Collagen fibers 2) Reticular fibers 3) Elastic fibers b. Ground substance—proteoglycans c. Fluid

Content OutlineII. Connective Tissue 2. Cell functions a. Blast cells b. Cyte cells c. Clast cells d. Macrophages and mast cells

Content OutlineII. Connective Tissue

B. Functions of Connective Tissue 1. Enclosing and separating 2. Connecting tissues to one another 3. Supporting and moving 4. Storing 5. Cushioning and insulating 6. Transporting 7. Protecting

Table 4.4

Content OutlineII. Connective Tissue

Classification of Connective Tissue

1. Matrix with Protein Fibers as the Primary Feature

a. Dense connective tissue

1) Collagenous connective tissue 2) Elastic connective tissue

b. Loose or areolar connective tissue c. Special - Adipose tissue (fat)

Loose or areolar connective tissue

Adipose tissue (fat)

Adipose tissue (fat)

Dense collagenous connective tissue

Dense elastic connective tissue

Content OutlineC. Classification of Connective Tissue

2. Matrix with both Protein Fibers and Ground Substance

a. Cartilage

1) Hyaline cartilage 2) Fibrocartilage 3) Elastic cartilage

b. Bone

1) Compact bone 2) Cancellous bone

3. Fluid Matrix - Blood

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

Compact bone

Table 4.10

Content Outline

III. Muscle Tissue

A. Contractibility

B. Three types

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Cardiac muscle

3. Smooth muscle

IV. Nervous Tissue

A. Neuron

B. Neuroglia

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Nerve tissue

Content OutlineVI. Inflammation A. Symptoms 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain 5. Disturbance of function

Content OutlineInflammation B. Mechanisms 1. Mediators of inflammation a. Histamine b. Kinins c. Prostaglandins d. Leukotrienes 2. Edema 3. Neutrophils and pus C. Chronic Inflammation

Content OutlineVII. Tissue Repair A. Processes 1. Regeneration 2. Replacement C. Cell types 1. Labile cells 2. Stable cells 3. Permanent cells D. Granulation tissue and wound contracture

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