chapter 4: verbs action verbs linking verbs helping verbs
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4:VerbsAction Verbs
Linking VerbsHelping Verbs
What is a Verb?
A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being.
There are two main kinds of verbs: action verbs and linking verbs. Both kinds can be accompanied by helping verbs.
ACTION VERBS
An action verb tells what the subject does. It can express mental or physical action.
Examples:
The storm tore through the town. (physical action)
A huge black horse galloped across the pasture. (physical action)
We daydreamed all through English class. (mental action)
Yesterday my mother thought about our vacation plans. (mental action)
LINKING VERBS
A linking verb links its subject to a word in the predicate.
The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb be:
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Other common linking verbs:
appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
Linking verbs, continued
Examples:
My best friend is Susan.
We were late for English class again!
Miss Setree seems excited today.
The mood of the crowd turned ugly very quickly.
Linking verbs, continued
Some verbs can be either action or linking, depending upon how the verb is used in the sentence.
King Kong looked at Ann Darrow. (action)
King Kong looked frightened. (linking)
I tasted my mom’s brownies. (action)
The lemon pie tasted very sour. (linking)
The flowers smell great! (linking)
I smelled the skunk’s “perfume.” (action)
HELPING VERBS
Helping verbs help main verbs express action or precise shades of meaning.
The combination of one or more helping verbs with a main verb is called a verb phrase.
Examples:
Tessa and Alicia have been practicing their routine all week.
I will study for the health test.
Johnny and Cooper should have known better than that!
Emilee has written five notes to her friends today!
Helping Verb Lists:
Forms of be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Forms of do: do, does, did
Forms of have: have, has, had
Other common helping verbs: may, might, must
can, could
shall, should
will, would
Action Verbs with Direct Objects and Indirect Objects
Sentence Patterns:
S – AV
S – AV – DO (The direct object names the receiver of
the action.)
S – AV – IO – DO (The indirect object tells to whom/what or for whom/what the action is done.)
Examples:
Julia loves her new kitten.
Elizabeth gave Tommy a note for his sister.
Josh loaned me five dollars.
I saw Brycen at the movies last weekend.
Devyn bought his grandmother a birthday card.
Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs
A transitive verb is an action verb that has a direct object.
Ex. We saw Tommy at the county fair.
The girls planted flower seeds in the pots.
An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not have a direct object.
Ex. Darin tripped on the stairs. Ashley raced to the finish line.
Alexis spoke quietly. Jill runs really fast!
Linking Verbs and Predicate Words
Subject Complement – the word that the linking verb connects to its subject; it identifies or explains the subject
There are two kinds of subject complements: predicate nouns (also known as predicate nominatives) and predicate adjectives.
Predicate Nouns(aka – Predicate Nominative)
A noun or pronoun that follows the linking verb; identifies, renames, or defines the subject.
Subject = Predicate Noun (S=PN)
Examples:
Julia is a rather quiet girl.
The winner was she.
My teacher has been the owner of that restaurant for several years.
Predicate Adjective
An adjective that follows the linking verb and modifies (describes) the subject
Examples:
That dog seems frightened by the speeding cars.
Those girls beside the gym look lost.
The flowers in my garden are yellow.
My cat is quite lazy during the day.
Principal Parts of Regular Verbs
Regular Verbs
A regular verb is a verb whose past and past participle are formed by adding –d or –ed to the present. The present participle is formed by adding –ing to the present.
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
believeis believing believed (has) believed
jump is jumping jumped (have) jumped
play are playing played (had) played
Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs whose past and past participle forms are not made by adding –d or –ed to the present.
Group I: the forms of the present, past , and past participle are all the same.
Present Present Participle PastPast Participle
burst (is) bursting burst (have) burst
cost (is) costing cost (have) cost
cut (is) cutting cut (have) cut
hit (is) hitting hit (have) hit
Irregular Verbs
Group 2: the forms of the past and past participle are the same.
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
bring (is) bringing brought (has) brought
leave (is) leaving left (had) left
sleep (is) sleeping slept (have) slept
Irregular Verbs
Group 3: the past participle is formed by adding –n or –en to the past.
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
bite (is) biting bit (has) bitten
freeze (is) freezing froze(has) frozen
lie (is) lying lay (has) lain
speak (is) speaking spoke(has) spoken
Irregular Verbs
Group 4: the past participle is formed from the present, usually by adding -n or –en.
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
do (is) doing did (have) done
fall (is) falling fell (has) fallen
go (is) going went (had) gone
write (is) writing wrote(has) written
Irregular Verbs
Group 5: A vowel in the verb changes from i in the present to a in the past and to u in the past participle.
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
begin (is) beginning began(have) begun
drink (is) drinking drank(has) drunk
shrink (is) shrinking shrank(had) shrunk
swim (is) swimming swam(have) swum
Irregular Verbs
Forms of Be: the past and past participle do not follow any pattern
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
am, is, are (is) being was, were (has) been
SIMPLE TENSES
TENSE – a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. Changing tenses allows you to be clear about the order in which things happen.
1. Present tense - shows that an action or condition takes place now
2. Past tense - shows that an action or condition was completed in the past
3. Future tense – shows that an action or condition will occur in the future
Present tense:
We walk to school every morning.
Shelby reads many books each month.
My mom prepares delicious meals.
I am in English class.
Past tense
I rode my bike to school yesterday.
My sister drove me to the movie theater.
Jill went to Indiana last week.
We took the English quiz and did great on it!
Future tense:
We will take the science exam next week.
I will loan you my book.
The boys will help us plant flowers in the park on Saturday.
My horse will gallop faster than yours.
Progressive Forms of the Verb
A progressive form of a tense expresses an action or condition in progress. The progressive forms of the three simple tenses are used to show that actions or conditions are, were, or will be in progress. To make the progressive form, add the present, past, or future form of “be” to the present participle.
1. Present progressive – an action that is in progress (I am learning to drive my son’s motorcycle.)
2. Past progressive – an action that was on-going (We were fishing at Cloe Lake last night.)
3. Future progressive – an action that will be in progress (I will be waiting anxiously for the test results.)
Verb Conjugation – Present Tense
Present Tense
Singular Plural
I study we study
you study you study
he, she, it studies they study
Verb Conjugation – Past Tense
Past Tense
Singular Plural
I studied we studied
you studied you studied
he, she, it studied they studied
Verb Conjugation – Future Tense
Future Tense
Singular Plural
I will study we will study
you will study you will study
he, she, it will study they will study
Verb Conjugation – Present Progressive Form
Singular Plural
I am studying we are studying
you are studying you are studying
he, she, it is studying they are studying
Verb Conjugation – Past Progressive Form
Singular Plural
I was studying we were studying
you were studying you were studying
he, she, it was studying they were studying
Verb Conjugation – Future Progressive Form
Singular Plural
I will be studying we will be studying
you will be studying you will be studying
he, she, it will be studying they will be studying
Perfect Tenses
The present perfect tense places an action or condition in a stretch of time leading up to the present. (Ben has created a monster as his science fair project.)
The past perfect tense places a past action or condition before another past action or condition. (After Tessa had won the race, we congratulated her.)
The future perfect tense places a future action or condition before another future action or condition. (Miss Setree will have graded the tests before we go home this afternoon.)
Verb Conjugation – Present Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I have talked we have talked
you have talked you have talked
he, she, it has talked they have talked
Verb Conjugation – Past Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I had talked we had talked
you had talked you had talked
he, she, it had talked they had talked
Verb Conjugation – Future Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I will have talked we will have talked
you will have talked you will have talked
he, she, it will have talkedthey will have talked
Using Verb Tenses
Writing About the Present – You can write about the present using the present tense, the present perfect tense, or the present progressive form.
1. The present tense places the actions in the present. (The students work on their science projects during class.)
2. The present perfect tense places the actions in the period of time leading up to the present. (The students have worked on their projects all week.)
3. The present progressive form shows the actions are in progress now. (The students are working on their projects this week.)
Writing About the Past – You can use past verb forms to indicate the order in which events occurred.
1. The past tense shows action that began and was completed in the past. (Kevin made cookies for his friend’s birthday.)
2. The past perfect tense places the actions before other past actions. (Jonathan had planned a surprise party for his mother before his sister thought of it.)
3. The past progressive form shows that the actions in the past were in progress. (Scientists were inventing new technologies for years before they began using computers.)
Writing About the Future – By using different future verb forms, you can show how future events are related in time.
1. The future tense shows that the actions have not yet occurred. (Next month we will go to Kennywood.)
2. The future perfect tense places an action before other future actions. (Before she graduates, Angellica will have read more than two thousand books.)
3. The future progressive form shows that the actions in the future will be continuing. (Our students will be continuing their education at the high school.)
Troublesome Verb Pairs
Lie and Lay
Sit and Set
Rise and Raise
Let and Leave
Teach and Learn
May and Can
Lie and Lay
Lie means to rest in a flat position. It does not take an object. (The dog lies at his master’s feet.) Its principal parts are lie – (is) lying – lay – (has) lain
Lay means to put or place. It takes an object. (The boy laid the dog’s treats on the floor.) Its principal parts are lay – (is) laying – laid – (has) laid
Sit and Set
Sit means to be seated. It does not take an object. (My cat sits on the window sill every day to watch the birds at the feeder.) Its principal parts are sit – (is) sitting – sat – (has) sat
Set means to put or to place. It takes an object. (I set the dishes on the table.)
Its principal parts are set – (is) setting – set – (has) set
Rise and Raise
Rise means to move upward; to get out of bed. It does not take an object. (The moon rises over the lake every evening.) Its principal parts are rise – (is) rising – rose – (has) risen.
Raise means to lift or to care for or bring up. It takes an object. (My parents raised seven children.) Its principal parts are raise – (is) raising – raised – (has) raised.
Let and Leave
Let means to permit or to allow. Its principal parts are let – (is) letting – let – (has) let Dan let me use his book for the math test. Will you let me use your bicycle?
Leave means to go away from. Its principal parts are leave – (is) leaving - left – (has) left We will leave the dance at 9:00. Did you leave your hoodie at home? I left the building at 3:45.
Teach and Learn
Teach means to show how or to explain. Its principal parts are teach – (is) teaching – taught – (has) taught. I taught my parakeet how to speak. Will you teach me how to speak Spanish?
Learn means to understand or to gain knowledge. Its principal parts are learn – (is) learning – learned – (has) learned. I learned a new dance this week. Did you learn the new dance routine? You should learn to cook.
May and Can
May means to be allowed to or to be likely to. It asks permission or refers to something that is possible. Another form of may is might. May I borrow your bike? We might be allowed to go to the school dance. May we go to the movies tonight?
Can means to be able to do something. Another form of can is could. I can skateboard at the park. Could you bring the potato chips for the party?