chapter 40. animal structure - explore · pdf file 2005-03-10 · organ systems...

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2004-2005AP Biology

Chapter 40.

Animal Structure

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Animal form & function reflect biology’s major themes ß Animals provide examples of biology’s themes:

u diversity & unity of life u form & function are interwoven u evolution is the thread that ties it all together

ß adaptations observed in a comparative study of animals evolved by natural selection

The long, tongue-like proboscis is a structural adaptation for feeding. The moth can forage for nectar when temperatures are as low as 5°C. The moth uses a shivering-like mechanism for preflight warm-up of its muscles.

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Hierarchy of structure ß cells Æ tissues Æ organs

ß Tissues = groups of cells with common structure & function ßOrgans = composed of different

tissue types

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Tissue types ß Epithelial

u covers body surface & lines internal body cavities

u skin, mucous membranes, lining of digestive tract

ß Muscle u body movement u skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

ß Connective u framework of body u bone, cartilage, fibers, blood

ß Nervous u integration & control of response to

stimuli u neurons

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Epithelial tissue ß Functions

u lining, protecting & forming glands

u protection of internal environment against external environment

u secretion of a products

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Epithelial tissue cell types

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Muscle tissue ß Functions

u facilitates movement by contraction of muscle cells (fibers)

ß Types u skeletal ß striated

u cardiac u smooth

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Muscle tissue

“power” muscles (striated)

involuntary muscles of digestive system

heart muscle

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Nervous tissue ß Functions

u integrating stimuli u response to stimuli ß Types

u neurons, brain, spinal cord

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Connective tissue ß Functions

u support & binding u blood u storing fats u filling space

ß Types u bone u blood u fibers u cartilage u adipose (fat)

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Connective tissue

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Cartilage & bone ß Rigid connective tissues

u structural proteins deposited in matrix between cells

u bone is stronger ß strength from calcium salts

deposited in matrix w calcium reservoir

u cartilage is softer ß forms embryonic skeleton of

vertebrates & adult skeleton of sharks & rays ß in human body = ears, tip of

nose & at joints

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Organ Systems cells Æ tissues Æ organs Æ organ systems Æ organisms

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Homeostasis ß Systems work to

maintain a balance u integrated open &

closed systems u requires

monitoring, feedback & response

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Feedback circuits ß Negative feedback

u stimulus triggers control mechanism counteracting further change ß reverse effect

ß Positive feedback u stimulus triggers

control mechanism amplifying effect ß much less common

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Control of body temperature