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Chapter 40

A World Without Borders


Economic Globalization

n  International Monetary Fund (IMF, founded 1944) q  Expansion of free trade

n  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947) q  123 member nations

n  World Trade Organization (WTO), takes over from GATT in 1995)

n  Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market q  Decentralize as necessary to take maximum advantage of

regional markets, labor pools, taxation policies n  Implications for exploitation of human and natural

resources


Economic Growth in Asia

n  Japan benefits from Marshall Plan, treaty limitations on defense spending

n  Massive postwar economic expansion, slowed in 1990s q  The “Little Tigers”: Hong Kong, Singapore, South

Korea, Taiwan imitate Japanese strategies n  China integrates elements of market economy,

benefits from huge cheap labor pool n  But interrelated economies fragile, financial crisis

in 1997


Trading Blocs

n  European Union q  Six nations when formed in 1957 q  Maestricht Treaty of 1993: moving toward political integration

n  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) q  Established 1960, dominated by Arab and Muslim countries q  Used economic might to place embargo on US oil, 1973-1975

n  Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) n  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)


European Union Membership


Consumption and Cultural Interaction

n  “Americanization” or “McDonaldization” q  American culture exported

n  Yet cultural borrowings from non-American societies

n  Internal transformations: Latino culture in America

n  English language becomes predominant q  Influence of British colonialism, America, the Internet


World Population by Region, 1900-2050 (Projected)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1900 1950 2000 2050

AfricaAsiaEuropeLatin AmericaNorth AmericaOceania


World Population, 1900-2050 (Projected)

010002000300040005000600070008000900010000

1900 1950 2000 2050

Millions


The Club of Rome

n  Scientists attempting to define planet’s “carrying capacity”, formed 1967

n  1972 report: The Limits of Growth n  Criticized for some erroneous predictions

(depletion of oil, gas, uranium, etc.) n  1999 revision: Beyond the Limits

q  Posit dark future


Environmental Impact

n  Biodiversity under threat: 4500 animal species threatened

n  Global warming q  Greenhouse gases q  Kyoto accords, 1997

n  Human mortality rate declines steadily, several regions work on birth control measures


Economic Inequities

n  Regional poverty a persistent problem n  Unequal distribution of resources

q  Impact of colonialism n  Slavery abolished in Saudi Arabia, Angola in

1960s, forced indenture remains in place in developing world q  International Labor Organization of the UN: 250

million children, ages 5-14, work, esp. southeast Asia q  Global trafficking of human slaves


The AIDS Crisis

n  Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus identified in New York, San Francisco 1981 q  Homosexual men, drug users, later spread to other

populations n  Crisis especially pronounced in Africa n  Treatments (not cures) available, but prohibitively

expensive


Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS as of December 2003


Global Terrorism

n  Terrorism: deliberate, systematic use of violence against civilians

n  Cheaper, more effective than conventional war, thus accessible to smaller groups

n  September 11, 2001: four planes hijacked by terrorists q  Crash into World Trade Center buildings (NYC), Pentagon, field

in Pennsylvania (passengers thwarted intended target) q  Masterminded by Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden (1957- ),

leader of al-Qaeda (“the Base”)


War in Afghanistan and Iraq

n  US President George W. Bush (1946- ) invades Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda training bases

n  Overthrows Taliban government n  Invasion of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein,

perceived as ally of bin Laden


Non-Governmental Agencies (NGOs)

n  Red Cross, Red Crescent: public health, humanitarian aid

n  Greenpeace (founded 1970): environmental causes


The United Nations

n  Superseded the League of Nations (1920-1946) n  Charter: to maintain international peace and

security n  Weak body in military areas, influential in larger

public health projects q  Eradication of smallpox

n  Supporters of universal human rights


The United Nations


Global Feminism

n  Displaced from jobs by returning soldiers after World War II, women in industrialized nations agitate for equal opportunities

n  Demand control over bodies: access to birth control and abortion, achieved in 1960s and 1970s

n  Arab and Muslim lands: continued gaps in literacy

n  Increasing number of women national leaders q  Indira Ghandi (India), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret

Thatcher (UK)


Migration Patterns

n  Rural areas depopulating to urban regions n  Creation of slums n  Immigration for economic reasons n  Refugees fleeing war, poverty n  Tourism increasingly common in 21st century

chapter 40wp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/11/chapter-40.pdf · slavery abolished in saudi arabia,...

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