Chapter 4 vocabulary, Holt_Environmental ScienceName Date _Instructions: Complete the puzzle. Use the clues to help you fill the boxes with the correct words.

ACROSS1. a living thing; anything that can cany out life processes independen1ly

3. an environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms

5. an organism whose cells have nuclei, rigid cell walls, and no chlorophyll and that belongs to the kingdomFungi

6. an animal that does not have a backbone

10. the process of becoming adapted to an environment an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral changethat improves a population's ability to survive

11. a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fitlit

13. an animal that has a backbone; includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish

15. a woody vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fitlit

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All Rights Reserved. page 1

17. the selective breeding of organisms (by humans) for specific desirable characteristics

DOWN2. in biology, the ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent

4. an environmental factor that is associated with or results 1i"orn the activities of living organisms

7. extremely small, single-celled organiSms that usually have a cell wall and reproduce by cell division(singular, bacterium)

8. the place where an organism usually lives

9. a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other

12. an organism that belongs to the kingdom Protista

14. a community of organisms and their abiotic environment

16. a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All Rights Reserved.page 2

Name Class _ Date _

Section: Ecosystems: Everything Is ConnectedRead the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

An ecosystem is made up of both living and nonliving things. Bioticfactors are the living and once-living parts of an ecosystem, includ-ing all of the plants and animals. Biotic factors include dead organ-isms, dead parts of organisms, such as leaves, and the organisms'waste products. TIle biotic parts of an ecosystem interact with eachother in various ways. They also interact with the abiotic (ay bieAlIT ik) factors, tile nonIiving parts of the ecosystem. Abiotic fac-tors include air, water, rocks, sand, light, and temperature.

IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEASOne reading skill is the ability to identify the main idea of a passage. The mainidea is the main focus or key idea. Frequently, a main idea is accompanied bysupporting information that offers detailed facts about main ideas.

Read each question and write the answer in the space provided.t _What is an ecosystem made up of?

2. Biotic parts of an ecosystem interact with _

_________ and with _

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENTRead each question and write the answer in the space provided.

3. Biotic factors are the and

__________ parts of an ecosystem.

4. Abiotic factors are the parts of an ecosystem.S. The root word bio means "life." Jfyou know that biotic means "having life,"

what can you guess is one of the meanings of the prefix a-t

Copyright ~ by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved,Holt Environmental Science 7 The Organization of Life

3

Name _

IActive Reading continued

Class _ Date _

RECOGNIZING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCESOne reading skill is the ability to recognize similarities and differences between twophrases, ideas, or things. This is sometimes known as comparing and contrasting.

In the space provided, write "Sw next to biotic factolS and HAWnext to abiotic factors.

6. animals

__ 7. temperature

8.air__ 9. dead parts of organisms

___ 10. organisms' waste products

___ 11. water

__ 12.rocks

__ 13. plants

14. sand___ 1S. dead organisms

__ 16.light

SEQUENONG INFORMATIONOne reading skill is the ability to sequence information, or to logically place itemsor events in the order inwhich they occur.

Sequence the statements below to show the order in which the information waspresented in the passage. Write -1" on the line in front of the first informationpresented, "r in front of the next infonnation presented, and 50 on.

___ 17. The definition of biotic factors is given.

___ 18. Examples of abiotic factors are given.

___ 19. Examples of biotic factors are given.

___ 20. Interactions of biotic and abiotic factors are discussed.

___ 21. The definition of abiotic factors is given.

Copyright @ by llolt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.Holt Environmental Science 8 The Organization of Lije

Nrune _ Class _ Date __

Skills Worksheet PARK HABITAT

Map Skills

I-H"1' I I 1 1 J I~~1\'

I I I I I Central Park West I I I i J _l iii _l _lJi_l

~ 1.4.~{'W!~~~;'t'. c:'"

~H4.• r, tr~ t~" !:!;fi 4.~. 4. t ....~~4.~4.t '4.t~.4.tr~>; ~~~'4.' ~~:i1~• ... • .....• ~ ~ c.: t.. ':"";0')g~/1 ~,..I"'-<t@7"'tl'~J~ ~"" ...:r~,~

Fifth Avenue

II

t humans c.. squirrels , oak trees ~ bluejays .. toads I

A habitat does not have to be large in size. Small areas, such as your backyard,can be home to many communities of species. Every day in New York City'sCentral Park, hundreds of different species interact.Use the map above to answer the questions below.

1. Analyzing Data Identify one organism, one population, and one community.

2. Using a Key Which organism has the largest population? Which organism hasthe smallest population?

3. Analyzing Data Do the items in the key represent biotic or abiotic factors?

4. Inferring Relationships List specific characteristics of this park that make ita habitat.

5. Making a Hypothesis If the human population decreased, how do you thinkother populations would be affected?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.Holt Environmental Science 11

~

The Organization of Life

Name Class _

Skills Worksheet

Concept Review

Date _

4MATCHING

In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best matches thedescription.__ 1. an individual living thing

___ 2. a group of various species that live in thesame place and interact with each other

___ 3. living or once living part of an ecosystem

___ 4. unequal survival and reproduction thatresults from the presence or absence ofparticular traits

___ 5. all the organisms living in an area andtheir physical envirorunent

___ 6. change in the genetic characteristicsof a population from one generation tothe next

7. all the members of the same species thatlive in the same place at the sante time

___ 8. nonliving part of an ecosystem

___ 9. ability of one or more organisms totolerate a particular chemical designedto kill it

___ 10. group of organisms that are closelyrelated and that can mate to producefertile offspring

a. ecosystemb. populationc. natural selectiond.organisme. resistancef. abiotic factorg. evolutionh.speciesi. communityj. biotic factor

MULTIPLE CHOICEIn the space provided, write the leHer of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

11. What kind of habitat does a red backed salamander need to survive?a. damp forest floorb. sunny top of a treec. dry forest floord. sunny desert rock

Copyrlght.~ __by Ilolt, Rinehart and \Vmston. All rights reserved.Holt fJWI!OI1mentalScience 1 The Organization of life

s-

Nrune _

IConcept Review continued

Class _ Date _

__ 12. Which of the following king-doms include organisms thatcan make their own food?a. protists and plantsb. plants and animalsc. fungi and plantsd. fungi and protists

__ 13. The Chihualtua is a dog thatexists because ofa. natural selection.b. artificial selection,c. resistance.d. abiotic factors.

___ 14. Humans have promoted theevolution of insects that areresistant to insecticides bya. trying to control pests

with chemicals.b. using insecticides that are

outdated.c. using the wrong

insecticide.d. breeding more useful

insects.

___ 15. Which of the following is nottrue of an adaptation?a. It is an advantage to an

organism in certainenvironments.

b. It increases an organism'schance of reproducing.

c. It increases an organism'schance of survival.

d. It decreases an organ-ism's chance of evolving.

___ 16. Which of the following isnot one of the kingdoms ofliving things?a. archaebacteriab. protobacteriac. eubacteriad. protists

Copyright © by Ilolt, Rin.ehart and Winston. All rigltts reserved.

__ 17.One way that bacteria andfungi are important to theenvironment is that theya. produce oxygen.b. use the sun's energy to

make their own food.c. are a major food source

in many ecosystems.d. break down dead

organisms.

__ 18. Phytoplankton are importantprotists because they are theinitial source ofa. food in most land

ecosystems.b. food in most ocean and

freshwater ecosystems.c. oxygen in the atmosphere.d. Both (a) and (b)

___ 19. Many angiosperms dependona. other animals in the

oceans.b. gymnosperms for

reproducing.c. plants for food.d. animals to carry pollen

and disperse seeds.

___ 20. Which of the following char-acteristics is shared by bac-teria, fungi, and plants?a. They usually have cell

walls.b. They have cell nuclei.c. They are single celled.d. They have the ability to

make their own food.

Hok Environmental Science 2 The Organization of life

Name: Period:--------------------------------------- -------------------Vocabulary Chapter 5 Pages 116-121 and pages 129-133

Vocabulary What is this? What are some What does it look like? (draw aWord examples? picture or diagram)

Photosynthesis

Consumer

Decomposer

Cellularrespiration

Food chain

Food web

Producer

Vocabulary What is this? What are some What does it look like? (draw aWord examples? picture or diagram)

Trophic level

Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Ecologicalsuccession

Pioneerspecies

Climaxcommunity

Name~~~~~~~~~~~_IActive Readi ng continued

Class_~~~~_ Date_~~~~_Name Class_~~~~~ Date~~~~~

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENTRead each question and write the answer in the space provided.

Section: Energy Flow in EcosystemsRead the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when a plant uses sun-light to make sugar molecules by a process called photosyntMsis.During photosynthesis, plants, algae, and some bacteria captnresolar energy. Solar energy drives a series of chemical reactions thatrequire carbon dioxide and water. The result of photosynthesis isthe production of sugar molecules known as ca'I'iJohydmtes.Carbohydrates are energy-rich molecules which organisms use tocarry out daily activities. As organisms consume food and useenergy from carbohydrates, the energy travels from one organismto another. Plants produce carbohydrates in their leaves. When ananimal eats a plant, some energy is transferred from the plant to theanimal. Organisms use this energy to move, grow, and reproduce.

5. Energy-rich molecules that organisms use to carry out daily activities are

6. 111e process by which a plant uses sunlight to make sugar molecules is called

SEQUENCING INFORMATIONOne reading skill is the ability to sequence information, or to logically place itemsor events in the order in which they occur.

1. Plants, algae, and some bacteria capture ~~~~~~~~~_during photosynthesis.a. solar energyb. carbohydrates

Sequence the statements below to show the steps in the process of energy pro-duction and consumption. Write "I" on the line in front of the first step. '"2" on theline in front of the second step. and so on.

~~_ 7. Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates.

~~_ 8. Plants, algae, and some bacteria capture solar energy.

~~_ 9. Energy is transferred from one organism to another.

~~_10. Solar energy drives a series of chemical reactions.

~~_11. Other organisms consume carbohydrates found in plants, algae, andsome bacteria.

IDENTIFYINC MAIN IDEASOne reading skill is the ability to identify the main idea of a passage. The mainidea is the main focus or key idea Frequently a main idea is accompanied by sup-porting information that offers detaIled facts about main ideas.

In the space provided. write the letter of the term or phrase that best completeseach statement or best answers each question.

c. carbon dioxided. organisms

RECOCNIZING CAUSE AND EFFECTOne reading skill is the ability to recognize cause and effect.

~~_ 2. The chemical reactions driven by solar energy requirea. carbon dioxide and water. c. organisms and water.b. plants and algae. d. carbon dioxide and sugar

molecules.

In the space provided. write the letter of the effect that best matches the cause.

__ ll.A plant uses sunlight forphotosynthesis.

14. An animal eats a plant

8. Carbohydrates are produced.

b. Energy travels from one organismto another.

c. Energy from the plant is trans-ferred and used to move, grow,and reproduce.

__ 1. During photosynthesis, plants makea. carbohydrates. c. water.b. carbon dioxide. d. None of the above

~~_ 4. Where does the production of carbohydrates in a plant take place?a. in the carbohydrates c. in the ecosystemb. in the leaves d. in the stems

~~_12. Organisms consume foodand use energy fromcarbohydrates,

Copyright e by Holt, Rillcllllrt and Winston. AI! "Iig"_.'h""'-'"ce",,,,,::;''';:.'''''' ':.... ~~~~~~~~_Holt Environmental Science 8 How Ecosystems Work

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart alld WinsfA1u.All rights reserved.

Ho!t EnvironmentalScience 9 How Ecosystems Work

g

Review___ 1. A Belgian priest, Georges Lamaitre, was the first to develop a "big bang"theory. In 1927, after studying red shifts of galaxies, he proposed that the universebegan with an immense infusion of pure energy into space. Later, Edwin Hubblediscovered that the speed of a galaxy moving away from Earth was proportional toits distance. This relation was predicted by Lamaitres theory. Then, in 1964, ArnoPenzias and Robert Wilson discovered the cosmic background radiation, which wasalso predicted by Lamaitre's theory. Which of the following best describes the workof these scientists and the development of the Big Bang Theory?

A. Scientific theories are the cumulative result of evidence from manyscientists.

B. Scientific theories are rarely confirmed so scientists try to provide moreevidence.

C. Georges Lemaitre should be given credit as the one who developed theBig Bang theory.

D. Because of the work of these scientists, the Big Bang should now be afact instead of a theory.

___ 2. Which of the following planets has a very hot atmosphere and is about thesame size as our earth?

A. JupiterB. MarsC. PlutoD. Venus

___ 3. Why would a red giant star be brighter than a white dwarf?A. the giant is hotterB. the giant has more surface areaC. the giant is closer to the earthD. the dwarf is coolerE. the dwarf is surrounded by gas

___ 4. What causes the earth's seasons?A. the distance to the sunB. the tilt of the earth's axisC. the elliptical orbit of the earthD. the sun is brighter in the summerE. the closeness of the moon to the earth

5. Which answer below best describes the future of models of the life cyclesof stars?

A. Models will probably stay the same because scientists do not enjoycreating new models.

B. Models will probably stay the same because scientists have learned allthere is to know about the life cycle of stars.

C. Models will probably change because scientists like to make changes.D. Models will probably change because new technology will provide

better information about the life cycle of stars.

___ 6. What kind of evidence do scientists use to locate boundaries of plates andinterpret what type of boundary is present?

A. matching fossil recordsB. similar rock layersC. distribution of earthquakes and volcanoesD. the way the continental coastlines fit together like a puzzle

7. Earth's crust and rigid upper mantle are broken into enormous slabs calledtectonic plates that interact at plate boundaries. The three types of plateboundaries are transform, divergent, and convergent.

Describe the plate movements at two of these boundaries.Give one example of a formation created at each of the boundaries that youdescribed above.

Cf