Chapter 5Chapter 5

Part 1Part 1

Course GoalsCourse Goals

1.1. Application Skills (lab)Application Skills (lab)

2.2. Computer-ese (terms)Computer-ese (terms)

3.3. How computers work (hardware)How computers work (hardware)

4.4. History of Computing (ch. 5)History of Computing (ch. 5)

Early ComputingEarly Computing

Vacuum TubesVacuum Tubes Light Bulb SizedLight Bulb Sized

ENIACENIAC Considered by some to be the Considered by some to be the

world's first electronic digital world's first electronic digital computer computer

Colossus, 1944, EnglandColossus, 1944, England Electronic Numerical Electronic Numerical

Integrator And Computer Integrator And Computer 1945-61945-6 ~20,000 vacuum tubes~20,000 vacuum tubes The size of a roomThe size of a room Developed to compute artillery Developed to compute artillery

firing tables in WW2firing tables in WW2

ENIACENIAC

LinksLinks

ENIACENIAC http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-

story.htmlstory.html

Vacuum Tubes / TransistorsVacuum Tubes / Transistors http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/

history.htmlhistory.html

TermsTerms

Transistor – tiny electronic switch that can Transistor – tiny electronic switch that can rapidly turn “on” and “off”rapidly turn “on” and “off”

Integrated Circuit – an entire electrical Integrated Circuit – an entire electrical circuit, including wires, formed on a single circuit, including wires, formed on a single chipchip

Solid State – hardware in which electrons Solid State – hardware in which electrons travel through a solid material (i.e. silicon)travel through a solid material (i.e. silicon)

TermsTerms

Semiconductor – any material whose Semiconductor – any material whose electrical properties are intermediate in electrical properties are intermediate in terms of conductivityterms of conductivity

ASCII – American Standard Code for ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange (I won’t ask you Information Interchange (I won’t ask you that) – binary code used to store that) – binary code used to store characters (8 bit code)characters (8 bit code)

Making ProcessorsMaking Processors1.1. Make a Circuit DiagramMake a Circuit Diagram

2.2. Duplicate diagram many timesDuplicate diagram many times

3.3. Print and etch sheet of diagrams onto Print and etch sheet of diagrams onto slice of silicon (photolithography)slice of silicon (photolithography)

4.4. Repeat 3 for each layer in processorRepeat 3 for each layer in processor

5.5. Cut wafer into chipsCut wafer into chips

6.6. Test and mount chipsTest and mount chips

Great article on this: http://www.embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=17501489

ProcessorsProcessors

Larger wafer radius produces more chipsLarger wafer radius produces more chips 4” – 12 20 mm x 20mm chips4” – 12 20 mm x 20mm chips 6” – 24 chips6” – 24 chips 8” – 57 chips8” – 57 chips 12” - 14812” - 148

Microprocessor – The miniaturized Microprocessor – The miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor (the part circuitry of a computer processor (the part that processes information) – makes that processes information) – makes embedded systems possibleembedded systems possible

Power SupplyPower Supply

Surge Protector – protects against spikes Surge Protector – protects against spikes of high voltage (can burn out)of high voltage (can burn out)

Voltage Regulator – protects against Voltage Regulator – protects against spikes of low power (not very common)spikes of low power (not very common)

UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply – UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply – basically an emergency batterybasically an emergency battery

Comparison - 1998Comparison - 1998

Intel P II 300 MhzIntel P II 300 Mhz

64 MB 100 MHz DRAM64 MB 100 MHz DRAM

2D PCI 4MB Graphics2D PCI 4MB Graphics

4 GB ATA 5600 RPM HD4 GB ATA 5600 RPM HD

15” .28dp Monitor (13.5” visible)15” .28dp Monitor (13.5” visible)

Comparison - 2001Comparison - 2001

Intel P III 733 MhzIntel P III 733 Mhz

128 MB 133 MHz SDRAM128 MB 133 MHz SDRAM

3D AGP 8MB Graphics3D AGP 8MB Graphics

40 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD40 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD

17” .25dp Monitor (16” visible)17” .25dp Monitor (16” visible)

Comparison - 2003Comparison - 2003

Intel P IIII 1.8 GHzIntel P IIII 1.8 GHz

256 MB 266 MHz DDR RAM256 MB 266 MHz DDR RAM

3D AGP 64MB DDR Graphics3D AGP 64MB DDR Graphics

80 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD80 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD

19” .22dp Monitor (17.5” visible)19” .22dp Monitor (17.5” visible)

Comparison - 2005Comparison - 2005

Intel Pentium 4 2.80GHzIntel Pentium 4 2.80GHz

512MB 400 MHz DDR RAM 512MB 400 MHz DDR RAM

3D PCI Express 128MB DDR Graphics3D PCI Express 128MB DDR Graphics

120 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD120 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD

17 in (16.0 in viewable) Flat Panel Display 17 in (16.0 in viewable) Flat Panel Display