Chapter 5 and 6 Evolution of Living Things & History of Life on Earth Sections 1-3 Pages Sections 1-3 Pages Differences among Organisms Adaptation: A Adaptations may be ________or ________behaviors. Species: A group Groups of individuals of the same species living in the same place make up a _____________. Do species change over time? Evolution: The process in which inherited characteristics within a population change over generations such that ___ _____sometimes arise Evidence of Changes over Time Fossils: Usually formed from complete organisms, parts of organisms, or a set of foot prints Fossil Record: organizes fossils by their _____ ___and ______ ________ Earths History as a Clock Change over Time: Evidence of Ancestry Drawing Connections Scientists examine the fossil record to figure out the relationships between ______ and _____ organisms Examining Organisms Evidence of whale evolution: using fossils to support the hypothesis Comparing Organisms Comparing skeletal structure: similar bones can be examined in different animals to demonstrate a _______ _________ Comparing DNA: If species that have similar traits evolved from a common ancestor, the species would have similar _______ ______ How Does Evolution Happen? Charles Darwin: During a 5 year voyage, this 21 year old, traveled post college to study nature. On his journey aboard the Beagle, Darwin collected _____ and ______ samples. He visited the ________ Islands. Darwins Finches Noticed the similarities between plants and animals on Galapagos and _________ (600 miles apart). Darwin's Thinking Traits: a Selective Breeding: The human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain________ __________ Ideas about Population Darwin gained knowledge from Thomas Malthus book An Essay on the Principle of Population. Darwin reasoned that the offspring of survivors inherit traits that help the offspring __________________. Ideas about Earth Darwin began to think species could evolve ____ ______. Darwin learned from Principles of Geology (Charles Lyell) that Earth had been formed by natural processes over a long period of time. Darwins Theory of Natural Selection Darwin struggled for over 20 years with his ideas until Wallace mailed him a letter expressing similar ideas In 1859 Darwin published Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection in which he proposed the theory of evolution happens through a process that he called_______ ________. Genetics and Evolution Darwin lacked evidence for _____ of his theory He could not prove ___ ______ __________ Scientists today found that variation happens as a result of differences of _____ These changes occur whenever offspring are _______ These changes allow the organism better ability to _______ and ______, this is called __________ Changes in Population Adaptation to Hunting: example tusk less elephants Insecticide Resistance: insects can develop quick resistance because of their rapid reproduction of offspring, having a shorter_____________ Competition for Mates: example bird species Forming a New Species Speciation Separation: usually begin when (mountain range, canyon, lake formation) Adaptation: over generation the separated group _________ ___ ______ Division: If the two groups are reunited (barrier removed) they are no longer . Fossilized Organisms A fossil is the remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological processes Fossils in rock: sometimes decaying organisms get quickly buried by sediment (rock), then the sediment becomes a rock. The harder parts of the animal (bones) become well preserved in this newly formed rock. Fossils in amber: Organisms (insects) get caught in soft sticky tree sap which hardens and preserves them. Absolute Dating The process of establishing the age of an object by determining the number of years it has existed is called absolute dating. Radiometric Dating If you know the rate of decay for a radioactive element, you can determine the absolute age of the rock. Based on a parent to daughter ratio, you can determine the absolute age, this process is called radiometric dating. A half life is the time that it takes one half of the radioactive sample to decay. After every half-life, the amount of parent material decreases by one-half. , , 1/8, 1/16 Try this example: Carbon 14s half-life is 5, 730 years. How old will the object containing this be when , 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 of its Carbon 14 remains. Geological Column Used to help geologists, they combine data from all the known undisturbed rock sequences around the world Geologists use the geological column to interpret rock sequences and to identify layers in puzzling rock sequences Extinction The death of every member of the species. Can be caused by global change and/or change in ocean currents Changing Earth ________: All Earth one supercontinent breaking up ______ _______: Continents/huge pieces of land moved slowly on plates Adaptation to slow change: Precambrian Time Time from the formation of the Earth, ____ billion years ago to about ____ million years ago. Violent events (volcanic eruptions) and harsh atmosphere. Simple chemicals may have reacted during these storms from the energy of radiation. Single celled organisms resulted (__________). Precambrian Time Photosynthesis and Oxygen- Cyanobacteria used sunlight to make food over 3 billion years ago, and started to release _______. ______ layer began to form as a result. Multi cellular Organisms-A billion years after prokaryotes appeared Earth had _______ (many celled organisms with a nucleus) Paleozoic Era flourished appeared Amphibians and reptiles Insects Largest mass extinction in Earths history.cause? . Mesozoic Era Age of the ________ Small _______ Dinosaurs and birds Extinction.cause?.... Cenozoic Era Age of _______ Mammals competed with ________ Due to climate changemammals __________________. Humans and other Primates Primates group of mammals that include humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs (__________________) Hominids- includes humans and other human like ancestors. The main difference is __________ walking upright Hominids through Time Early Hominids- similar to humans more than apes. Oldest fossils in Africa- 6 to 7 millions years old. Australopithecines- Similar to apes, found in Africa. Had human like and ape like characteristics Global Hominids- Slender, more human like, _____ and more _______ brain, _____ ______ and used ______. (homo habilis and homo erectus) Recent Hominids Neanderthals- about 400,000 years ago, extinction, reason unknown Early and Modern Humans- _____ ______, first to create art Paleontologists will review their ideas about evolution of hominids Comparison of Hominids AustralopithecinesEarly HomoHomo sapiens Bipedalism Brains Tools Art Known Locations Brain Pops, Games, etc. Darwin Natural Selection Primates Human EvolutionGAMES!!!darwin.htmldarwin.htmlaction.htmlaction.htmlme.htmlme.html