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Chapter 5 Environmental and Energy Infrastructure Copyright 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction to Infrastructure: An Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering First Edition Michael R. Penn and Philip J. Parker

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9% Renewable 91% Non-Renewable

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Coal and nuclear material are transported by rail Natural gas and Petroleum are transported by pipeline

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Conventional power plants create heat from fuel which produces steam. This steam is then run through a turbine connected to a generator.

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Long distance: transmitted at several hundred thousand volts to minimize loss. Short distance: transmitted at 7,200 volts. Home use: stepped down to 240 volts.

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Energy demand increased 25% from 1999 Transmission construction decreased by 30% Poor power quality costs our economy $25-$180 annually.

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Typically a communitys entire water supply is treated to drinking water standards. >1% of that water is used for drinking. Some communitys have second water system for non-drinking water that is not treated. US personal average: 60 gal/person/day US average including industry: 120 gal/person/day

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Water Sources: Lakes and Reservoirs City of Houston Surface Water Supply Sources Houston

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Due to varying demand yet constant pump rates storage is necessary.

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Two goals Potable Safe to drink Aesthetically pleasing Looks clear and clean

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Drinking water is distributed via pressurized pipes. Older pipes are cast iron and wood Newer pipes are ductile Iron or PVC

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The US has 53,000 community water systems. 83% serve 3,300 or fewer people. These smaller systems face challenges they do not have the resources to combat.

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Wastewater polite name for sewage. Water from showers/baths, toilets, laundry, carwashes, restaurants, offices, etc. Treated prior to discharge into rivers, lakes, estuaries, oceans, or groundwater.

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Sanitary sewers designed to carry wastewater often also carry stormwater due to leakage or improperly connected pipes.

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Sewer pipes are typically PVC or reinforced concrete. Pipe sizes: Laterals pipes from homes Collectors pipes in neighborhoods Interceptors sewer mains.

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In systems with combined sewers there the is possibility of overflow in rain events. Example of a combined sewer outfall. The door will open and spill out the untreated sewage in overflow conditions.

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Removes larger macroscopic particles and debris. Consists of screens and settling tanks.

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Removal of fats, oils, greases, and settleable material.

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Uses microorganisms in a suspended slurry (activated sludge). Decomposes organic material before it is dumped into the environment Keeps the wastewater from reaping havoc on the DO of the dumping environment.

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Removal of phosphorus or nitrogen

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Combined sewers overflow a total of 850 billion gallons a year. (2004, EPA) Sanitary sewers overflow 10 billion gallons of raw sewage every year. (2004, EPA)

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Stormwater runoff from rain events. Mostly from impervious surfaces, but also pervious ones. Stormwater inlet on the side of a crowned roadway

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Carried from inlets to storm sewers then to outfalls Typically untreated Inadequate outfall rip-rap apron designed to minimize erosion.

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Used to pass open channel flow under roads or structures Either short sections of storm sewer or box culverts

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After development the increase in impermeable surfaces causes the runoff to be much more intense. Storage helps to mitigate that effect.

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This system is engineered to release at the same flowrate as pre-development land.

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Plastic cubes create significant underground pore space. Conventional underground tank.

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In sewer systems that are not combined typically little or no treatment occurs. Table 5.1 Possible Pollutants

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Important for making urban areas more livable Increase property values

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Its a funny show. This fall - Thursdays 9:30/8:30c Airs on NBC

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On average states spend 0.23% of their annual budgets on parks. Due to increasing populations, the number of acres per person has been quickly dropping.

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Municipal solid waste everything thrown away or recycled by homes, and businesses.

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Typically after roadside pickup the waste is taken to transfer stations Recyclables often separated here From there it is compacted and sent to regional landfills

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The US seems to have reached a plateau at 33% of MSW recycled. Other developed countries have reached 60%.

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Most states have banned yard waste from their landfills. This is often composted and sold for profit. Pre-composting on right. Post-composting on left.

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Modern landfills are lined with geomembranes to keep runoff (called leachate) from infiltrated groundwater. The leachate is then treated like all wastewater

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Highest grade awarded to any category in 2009. ASCE wants to see more methane capture projects that reduce greenhouse gasses and create energy.

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Prior to the 1970s hazardous waste was not distinguished from municipal waste. Superfund a federal program to clean the worst of the hazardous waste contaminated sites. Brownfields real estate that goes undeveloped because of real or perceived contamination.

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Superfund allotted budget has dwindled since the 90s. Used to clean about 70 sites a year. In recent year that has dropped to 25-30.